The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by June 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Base: Total (BOGMBASE) from Jan 1959 to May 2025 about monetary base and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Transactions (BOGZ1FU713164003A) from 1946 to 2024 about monetary authorities, stocks, transactions, liabilities, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Level (MAFRBIA027N) from 1945 to 2024 about monetary authorities, IMA, stocks, liabilities, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The amount of money that depository institutions maintained in their accounts at their regional Federal Reserve Banks was just below *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2023. This was a notable increase compared to the previous year, when reserve balances stood at roughly *** trillion U.S. dollars.

Content

More details about each file are in the individual file descriptions.

Context

This is a dataset from the Federal Reserve hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according to the frequency that the data updates. Explore the Federal Reserve using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the Federal Reserve organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Clay Banks on Unsplash
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United States Operating Cash Balance: Federal Reserve Account data was reported at 578.473 USD bn in 15 Apr 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 602.292 USD bn for 14 Apr 2022. United States Operating Cash Balance: Federal Reserve Account data is updated daily, averaging 117.704 USD bn from Jan 1998 (Median) to 15 Apr 2022, with 6017 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,830.546 USD bn in 27 Jul 2020 and a record low of 2.973 USD bn in 15 May 2008. United States Operating Cash Balance: Federal Reserve Account data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of the Fiscal Service. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Government & Other Securities – Table US.DB011: US Treasury Operating Cash Balance: Bureau of the Fiscal Service.

The Federal Reserve (Fed) experienced an unprecedented shift in its financial performance, with its net income plummeting from 58.84 billion U.S. dollars in 2022 to negative 114.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2023 - an exceptionally sharp decrease. This negative net income in 2023 marked the lowest point in the observed period. As the majority of the Fed's net income is typically remitted to the U.S. Treasury, these earnings remittances also saw a significant decline in 2023. This drastic decline in net income occurred because of the rapidly rising interest rates in 2023.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This item includes other Federal Reserve assets and non-float-related as-of adjustments. In addition to the as-of adjustments, there are many components in this category, including the following major items:

Assets denominated in foreign currencies: Foreign currencies are revalued to reflect movements in market exchange rates each day. If, in the revaluation, the value of the currency increases, then other Federal Reserve assets increase. On the other side of the balance sheet, "Other liabilities and capital" increase because the increase in value of the currency becomes earnings, which are reflected in the earnings category within the capital account. Other liabilities and capital decline in value as the earnings are removed from this category and the U.S. Treasury's general account increases because the funds are remitted to this account at the Reserve Banks. Since 1963, the Federal Reserve has occasionally agreed to warehouse foreign currency for the Treasury. In such transactions, the Federal Reserve takes the foreign currency from the Treasury in return for dollars provided to the Treasury. The Federal Reserve makes a spot purchase of the currency and protects the value of those currencies purchased by simultaneously selling the same amount of currencies forward at the same price to the Treasury.

When the Federal Reserve warehouses foreign currencies for the Treasury, both "other Federal Reserve assets" and "U.S. Treasury, general account" increase in value at the time of the spot transaction. Both accounts decline when the forward transaction is completed or when currencies are withdrawn from the warehousing arrangement prior to maturity.

Premiums paid on securities bought: This release reports Federal Reserve holdings of securities at face value, not necessarily at market value. If the Federal Reserve pays more than the face value for securities it purchased, the premiums over the face value are amortized as the securities mature. Part of the premium is transferred daily to the earnings category as a "negative earning." As the premium in "Other Federal Reserve assets" is reduced, a simultaneous balancing reduction is made in "Other liabilities and capital." Securities purchased at a premium over face value are accounted for in this way because, at maturity, the Federal Reserve Banks receive only the face amount of the securities, not the amount actually paid. The premiums paid on securities bought under repurchase agreements, though, are not amortized. These premiums are, in effect, returned to the Federal Reserve Banks when the securities are repurchased by the dealer, since the negotiated price in the original transaction reflects the premiums.

Accrued interest and other accounts receivable: This item represents the daily accumulation of interest earned on U.S. government securities--other than bills--owned by the Federal Reserve or held under repurchase agreements, on loans to depository institutions, and on foreign currency investments. Interest is accrued daily. Reserve Bank premises and operating equipment less allowances for depreciation: This item states the value, at initial cost, of the land and buildings of the Reserve Banks and branches less an allowance for depreciation on buildings, including building-related machinery and equipment.

United States Liabilities: Flow: MA: saar: Misc: Federal Reserve Bank Stock data was reported at 1.112 USD bn in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.804 USD bn for Dec 2017. United States Liabilities: Flow: MA: saar: Misc: Federal Reserve Bank Stock data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.078 USD bn from Dec 1951 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 266 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.752 USD bn in Jun 2009 and a record low of -1.924 USD bn in Sep 2011. United States Liabilities: Flow: MA: saar: Misc: Federal Reserve Bank Stock data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.AB011: Funds by Sector: Flows and Outstanding: Monetary Authority.

Money Supply M0 in the United States decreased to 5648600 USD Million in May from 5732900 USD Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

The FR 2420 is a transaction-based report that collects daily liability data on federal funds, borrowings from non-exempt entities, Eurodollars, and certificates of deposits (CDs) and time deposits (TDs) from (1) domestically chartered commercial banks and thrifts that have $18 billion or more in total assets, or $5 billion or more in assets and meet certain unsecured borrowing activity thresholds, and (2) U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks with total third-party assets of $2.5 billion or more.

Daily Federal Funds Rate from 1928-1954 (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/categories/33951).

The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds (balances held at Federal Reserve Banks) with each other overnight. When a depository institution has surplus balances in its reserve account, it lends to other banks in need of larger balances. In simpler terms, a bank with excess cash, which is often referred to as liquidity, will lend to another bank that needs to quickly raise liquidity. (1) The rate that the borrowing institution pays to the lending institution is determined between the two banks; the weighted average rate for all of these types of negotiations is called the effective federal funds rate.(2) The effective federal funds rate is essentially determined by the market but is influenced by the Federal Reserve through open market operations to reach the federal funds rate target.(2) The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets eight times a year to determine the federal funds target rate. As previously stated, this rate influences the effective federal funds rate through open market operations or by buying and selling of government bonds (government debt).(2) More specifically, the Federal Reserve decreases liquidity by selling government bonds, thereby raising the federal funds rate because banks have less liquidity to trade with other banks. Similarly, the Federal Reserve can increase liquidity by buying government bonds, decreasing the federal funds rate because banks have excess liquidity for trade. Whether the Federal Reserve wants to buy or sell bonds depends on the state of the economy. If the FOMC believes the economy is growing too fast and inflation pressures are inconsistent with the dual mandate of the Federal Reserve, the Committee may set a higher federal funds rate target to temper economic activity. In the opposing scenario, the FOMC may set a lower federal funds rate target to spur greater economic activity. Therefore, the FOMC must observe the current state of the economy to determine the best course of monetary policy that will maximize economic growth while adhering to the dual mandate set forth by Congress. In making its monetary policy decisions, the FOMC considers a wealth of economic data, such as: trends in prices and wages, employment, consumer spending and income, business investments, and foreign exchange markets. The federal funds rate is the central interest rate in the U.S. financial market. It influences other interest rates such as the prime rate, which is the rate banks charge their customers with higher credit ratings. Additionally, the federal funds rate indirectly influences longer- term interest rates such as mortgages, loans, and savings, all of which are very important to consumer wealth and confidence.(2) References (1) Federal Reserve Bank of New York. "Federal funds." Fedpoints, August 2007. (2) Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. "Monetary Policy (https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy.htm)".

For questions on the data, please contact the data source (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/ContactUs/feedback.aspx?refurl=/releases/h15/%). For questions on FRED functionality, please contact us here (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/contactus/).

United States - Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Level was 37182.00000 Mil. of $ in January of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Level reached a record high of 37182.00000 in January of 2024 and a record low of 177.00000 in January of 1945. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Level - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Currency in Circulation (CURRCIR) from Aug 1917 to Jun 2025 about currency and USA.

The total operating expenses of the Federal Reserve (Fed) were **** billion U.S. dollars in 2023, down from **** billion U.S. dollars in 2022. Total operating expenses included salaries and benefits, Board expenses, currency costs, and the operations of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.