The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by July 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *********, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Graph and download economic data for Industrial Production: Utilities: Renewables and Other Electric Power Generation (NAICS = 221114-8) (IPN221114T8N) from Jan 2001 to May 2025 about power transmission, utilities, electricity, NAICS, and USA.

Total Construction Spending: Power in the United States was 0.10000 % Chg. from Preceding Period in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Total Construction Spending: Power in the United States reached a record high of 23.00000 in January of 2003 and a record low of -30.50000 in January of 2011. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Total Construction Spending: Power in the United States - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Total Public Construction Spending: Power in the United States (PBPWRCONS) from Jan 2002 to Jun 2025 about public, expenditures, construction, and USA.

United States - Investment in Government Fixed Assets: Federal: Nondefense: Structures: Power was 693.00000 Bil. of $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Investment in Government Fixed Assets: Federal: Nondefense: Structures: Power reached a record high of 1626.00000 in January of 2015 and a record low of 4.00000 in January of 1955. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Investment in Government Fixed Assets: Federal: Nondefense: Structures: Power - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar in U.S. City Average (CUUR0000SA0R) from Jan 1913 to Jul 2025 about urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

United States - Investment in Government Fixed Assets: State and local: Structures: Power was 12347.00000 Bil. of $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Investment in Government Fixed Assets: State and local: Structures: Power reached a record high of 12347.00000 in January of 2023 and a record low of 9.00000 in January of 1902. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Investment in Government Fixed Assets: State and local: Structures: Power - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Regional Price Parities: All Items for Punta Gorda, FL (MSA) (RPPALL39460) from 2008 to 2023 about Punta Gorda, PPP, all items, FL, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Total Private Construction Spending: Power in the United States (MPCV11XXS) from Feb 2002 to Jun 2025 about expenditures, construction, private, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Investment in Government Fixed Assets: Federal: Nondefense: Structures: Power (I3GNDEF1SP000) from 1949 to 2023 about nondefense, fixed, investment, federal, assets, government, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Total Private Construction Spending: Power in the United States (PRPWRCON) from Jan 1993 to Jun 2025 about expenditures, construction, private, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Real private fixed investment in structures: Nonresidential: Power: Other power (W029RX1A020NBEA) from 2007 to 2024 about nonresidential, electricity, fixed, investment, private, real, GDP, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (W189RX1A020NBEA) from 2007 to 2023 about nondefense, electricity, fixed, investment, gross, federal, new, government, real, GDP, and USA.

United States - Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (chain-type quantity index) was 69.00100 Index 2009=100 in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (chain-type quantity index) reached a record high of 236.28400 in January of 2015 and a record low of 3.41600 in January of 1975. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (chain-type quantity index) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

United States - Gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power was 0.69300 Bil. of $ in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power reached a record high of 1.62600 in January of 2015 and a record low of 0.00400 in January of 1955. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

Many of the Federal Reserve's (the Fed's) monetary policy operations involve trading with primary dealers. We find that, for agency MBS, dealers charge 2.5 cents (per $100 face value) higher selling to the Fed than to non-Fed customers. Controlling for the same dealer, same security, and same trading time, this discriminatory pricing likely arises from dealers' market power rather than inventory costs. Further, matching trade size reduces the price differential by more than half, implying that dealers' market power greatly relates to the Fed's purchases in large amounts, whereas the Fed's limited breadth of counterparty choice also plays some role.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Power County, ID (GDPALL16077) from 2001 to 2023 about Power County, ID; Pocatello; ID; industry; GDP; and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Power (W199RX1A020NBEA) from 2007 to 2023 about state & local, electricity, fixed, investment, gross, new, government, real, GDP, and USA.

United States - Gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (chain-type price index) was 140.50800 Index 2009=100 in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (chain-type price index) reached a record high of 140.50800 in January of 2023 and a record low of 7.43100 in January of 1951. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Power (chain-type price index) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Power (W199RC1A027NBEA) from 1929 to 2023 about state & local, electricity, fixed, investment, gross, new, government, GDP, and USA.