The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by May 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached * percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Graph and download economic data for FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median (FEDTARMD) from 2025 to 2027 about projection, federal, median, rate, and USA.

Part A: The following articles by the Federal Reserve are about TIC data, or make significant use of TIC data. Part B: The following statistics from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) use adjusted TIC data.

S&P/Case-Shiller home price index and 12 demographic and macroeconomic factors in five metropolitan areas: Boston, Dallas, New York, Chicago, and San Francisco (SF) data were collected from the Federal Reserve Bank, FBI, and Freddie Mac. https://fred.stlouisfed.org; http://www.freddiemac.com/pmms/; https://www.philadelphiafed.org/surveys-and-data/community-development-data/consumer-credit-explorer; https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2005;

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of Iron or Steel was 190.20000 Index 2000=100 in March of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of Iron or Steel reached a record high of 212.60000 in May of 2022 and a record low of 94.80000 in May of 2002. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of Iron or Steel - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

International journal of central banking Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - International journal of central banking - In July 2004, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the European Central Bank, and each of the Group of Ten* (G-10) central banks announced their plans to support the development of a new publication focused on central bank theory and practice. Other central banks were invited to participate in this joint project, and there are now 55 sponsoring institutions. From its initiation, the sponsors were committed to ensuring that the International Journal of Central Banking (IJCB) offer peer-reviewed articles of high analytical quality for a professional audience. The primary objectives of the IJCB are to widely disseminate the best policy-relevant and applied research on central banking and to promote communication among researchers both inside and outside of central banks. Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., then Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, first proposed the idea of such a journal and discussed the concept with several BIS colleagues and with Ben S. Bernanke, then Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who agreed to serve as the initial managing editor. Charles Bean, then Chief Economist of the Bank of England, strongly supported the project, and the journal's governing body, comprising representatives from the sponsoring institutions, was established. The journal's managing editor, co-editors and associate editors coordinate solicitation and review of articles across a range of disciplines reflecting the missions of central banks around the world. While featuring policy-relevant articles on any aspect of the theory and practice of central banking, the publication has a special emphasis on research bearing on monetary and financial stability. Managing editors of the journal and their affiliations during their terms as managing editor: Ben S. Bernanke 2000 - 2005, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System John B. Taylor 2005 - 2007, Stanford University Frank Smets 2008 - 2010, European Central Bank John C. Williams 2011 - 2016, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Loretta J. Mester 2016 - 2019, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Luc Laeven 2020 - present, European Central Bank

United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of iron or steel, not elsewhere specified or included was 102.40000 Index Dec 2012=100 in December of 2018, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of iron or steel, not elsewhere specified or included reached a record high of 104.50000 in April of 2018 and a record low of 95.50000 in March of 2017. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of iron or steel, not elsewhere specified or included - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

We report average expected inflation rates over the next one through 30 years. Our estimates of expected inflation rates are calculated using a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland model that combines financial data and survey-based measures. Released monthly.

United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof was 154.80000 Index 2000=100 in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof reached a record high of 162.90000 in July of 2022 and a record low of 96.90000 in March of 2002. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Other Articles of Plastics was 97.60000 Index 2000=100 in December of 2022, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Other Articles of Plastics reached a record high of 108.90000 in November of 2009 and a record low of 96.10000 in December of 2010. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Other Articles of Plastics - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

In April 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 21 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in April 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 10.2 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Indicators chosen to measure economic deprivation.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt: Total Public Debt (GFDEBTN) from Q1 1966 to Q1 2025 about public, debt, federal, government, and USA.

We use the yield curve to predict future GDP growth and recession probabilities. The spread between short- and long-term rates typically correlates with economic growth. Predications are calculated using a model developed by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Released monthly.

United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof was 156.70000 Index 2000=100 in December of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof reached a record high of 177.40000 in April of 2022 and a record low of 88.10000 in December of 1993. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Plastics and Articles Thereof; Rubber and Articles Thereof - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

Proportion of multidimensional deprived by race and ethnicity.

Graph and download economic data for Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Articles of Stone, Plaster, Cement, Asbestos, Mica or Similar Materials; Ceramic Products; Glass and Glassware (IDXIII) from Dec 1992 to Apr 2025 about ceramic, glass, cement, harmonized, exports, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Financial industries are the most important users of derivatives. Thus, derivative accounting should be of economic significance to bank holding companies. Moreover, bank holding companies are required by law to provide detailed information on derivative holdings in a uniform format through regulatory filing (Quarterly FR-Y9C reports filed with the Federal Reserve Bank). The sample used in this study covers bank holding companies during the period from 2001 through 2005. The sample period is restricted up to 2005 because the key variable in this study that captures the hedging derivatives’ impact on income was only included in the FR-Y9C reports during this period. Bank holding companies in my sample must meet the following criteria: (1) quarterly financial statement data are available through COMPUSTAT, (2) stock return data are available through CRSP, and (3) the bank holding company filed FR-Y9C reports with the Federal Reserve Bank during the sample period, (4) This selection procedure yields a final sample of 168 unique bank holding companies

Graph and download economic data for Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Paper and Paperboard; Articles of Paper Pulp, of Paper or of Paperboard; Articles of Paper Pulp, Paper or Paperboard (ID48) from Jan 2025 to Apr 2025 about paperboard, harmonized, exports, price index, indexes, price, and USA.