As of April 1st, 2023, around **** percent of regional police officers in Japan were women, representing a continuous increase since 2014. The term regional police refers to police officers employed in Japanese regional and prefectural police departments.

The data was collated from over 2000 female police officers in relation to the wearing of body armour, bra type and size, discomfort and ability to perform simple tasks. The data relates to officers from the police forces of England and Wales only, collected in 2016.

Introduction

Body armour, a staple in modern policing and security, has undergone a remarkable transformation from its rudimentary beginnings to the sophisticated, high-tech equipment of today. Initially designed to protect against blunt force trauma, its capabilities have expanded to include protection against ballistic threats, edged weapons, and even chemical agents.
Historical Perspective The earliest forms of body armour were essentially padded garments designed to absorb the impact of blows. Over time, materials like metal and leather were incorporated to enhance protection. However, these early iterations were often heavy, restrictive, and offered limited protection. The advent of modern synthetic materials marked a significant turning point. Kevlar, a synthetic fibre with exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, revolutionised body armour design. It enabled the creation of lighter, more flexible, and more effective protective garments.

The Modern Body Armour

Contemporary body armour is a complex system consisting of multiple layers designed to stop or deflect projectiles. The core protective elements are typically made from advanced materials like Kevlar, Dyneema, or ceramic, each with its own specific properties. - Ballistic Panels: These are the primary protective layers, designed to stop bullets. They are often made from a combination of materials for optimal performance. - Soft Armour: Located behind the ballistic panels, soft armour helps to distribute the impact of a projectile, reducing the risk of injury.
- Stab and Slash Resistant Layers: Incorporated into some body armour, these layers provide protection against edged weapons.
- Additional Features: Many modern body armour systems include features like trauma pads, which help to distribute the impact of blunt force trauma, and hydration systems.

Visualisations: Survey_data_UK_female_police-2016.csv

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F38f2ddd294d989676b60882bcbb37b5c%2FScreenshot%202024-08-11%2010.08.03.png?generation=1723367868558151&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2Fd4c18f829f4c5596e4d72f6a92305e9c%2FScreenshot%202024-08-11%2010.07.09.png?generation=1723367899160870&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F2084862d1dd6971385b34014a4e4f5a3%2FScreenshot%202024-08-11%2010.01.32.png?generation=1723367922483012&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F700b26dfa3c8289c5f5cfbf4e896902e%2FScreenshot%202024-08-11%2010.00.37.png?generation=1723367943455044&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2Fa890861e525a92a581cb6abf7ae6f439%2FScreenshot%202024-08-11%2009.58.20.png?generation=1723367976482819&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F13231939%2F375f998265f9002f3cfefdd1a45ea001%2FScreenshot%202024-08-11%2009.57.29.png?generation=1723368006828554&alt=media" alt="">

A Markdown document with the R code for the above plots, the original survey, EDA and further plots. link

Feedback from female officers has shown that body armour can be uncomfortable and painful to wear for long periods of time.

Body Armour for Female Officers: A Long-Overdue Development

Traditionally, body armour was designed with male physiques in mind. This oversight resulted in ill-fitting and uncomfortable equipment for female officers, compromising both comfort and protection. The introduction of gender-specific body armour in England and Wales in 2023 represents a significant step forward in officer safety and well-being. The third-generation body armour is tailored to individual body shapes and sizes, offering a better fit and enhanced protection.
Key features of the new body armour include: - Customised Fit: Designed to accommodate the specific contours of the female body.
- Lighter Weight: Reducing physical strain and fatigue.
- Increased Flexibility: Enhancing mobility and comfort. - Enhanced Protection: Offering superior coverage, including critical areas like the neck and armpits. - Advanced Materials: Incorporating hydrophobic, self-cleaning, anti-microbial, and heat-repellent properties.

The new armour is designed to mold to the female form and keep the wearer cooler. It also positions equipment for easy access and minimises load to help with...

This statistic provides a breakdown of the gender share of sworn officers in local police departments in the United States as of June 30, 2016, by the size of the population served by the department. In 2016, **** percent of the officers working in local police departments serving more than ********* people were female.

"In 2015, The Washington Post began to log every fatal shooting by an on-duty police officer in the United States. In that time there have been more than 5,000 such shootings recorded by The Post. After Michael Brown, an unarmed Black man, was killed in 2014 by police in Ferguson, Mo., a Post investigation found that the FBI undercounted fatal police shootings by more than half. This is because reporting by police departments is voluntary and many departments fail to do so. The Washington Post’s data relies primarily on news accounts, social media postings, and police reports. Analysis of more than five years of data reveals that the number and circumstances of fatal shootings and the overall demographics of the victims have remained relatively constant..." SOURCE ==> Washington Post Article

For more information about this story

This dataset has been prepared by The Washington Post (they keep updating it on runtime) with every fatal shooting in the United States by a police officer in the line of duty since Jan. 1, 2015.

2016 PoliceKillingUS DATASET
2017 PoliceKillingUS DATASET
2018 PoliceKillingUS DATASET
2019 PoliceKillingUS DATASET
2020 PoliceKillingUS DATASET

Features at the Dataset:

The file fatal-police-shootings-data.csv contains data about each fatal shooting in CSV format. The file can be downloaded at this URL. Each row has the following variables:

• id: a unique identifier for each victim
• name: the name of the victim
• date: the date of the fatal shooting in YYYY-MM-DD format
• manner_of_death: shot, shot and Tasered
• armed: indicates that the victim was armed with some sort of implement that a police officer believed could inflict harm
  • undetermined: it is not known whether or not the victim had a weapon
  • unknown: the victim was armed, but it is not known what the object was
  • unarmed: the victim was not armed
• age: the age of the victim
• gender: the gender of the victim. The Post identifies victims by the gender they identify with if reports indicate that it differs from their biological sex.
  • M: Male
  • F: Female
  • None: unknown
• race:
  • W: White, non-Hispanic
  • B: Black, non-Hispanic
  • A: Asian
  • N: Native American
  • H: Hispanic
  • O: Other
  • None: unknown
• city: the municipality where the fatal shooting took place. Note that in some cases this field may contain a county name if a more specific municipality is unavailable or unknown.
• state: two-letter postal code abbreviation
• signs of mental illness: News reports have indicated the victim had a history of mental health issues, expressed suicidal intentions or was experiencing mental distress at the time of the shooting.
• threat_level: The threat_level column was used to flag incidents for the story by Amy Brittain in October 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/10/24/on-duty-under-fire/ As described in the story, the general criteria for the attack label was that there was the most direct and immediate threat to life. That would include incidents where officers or others were shot at, threatened with a gun, attacked with other weapons or physical force, etc. The attack category is meant to flag the highest level of threat. The other and undetermined categories represent all remaining cases. Other includes many incidents where officers or others faced significant threats.
• flee: News reports have indicated the victim was moving away from officers
  • Foot
  • Car
  • Not fleeing

The threat column and the fleeing column are not necessarily related. For example, there is an incident in which the suspect is fleeing and at the same time turns to fire at gun at the officer. Also, attacks represent a status immediately before fatal shots by police while fleeing could begin slightly earlier and involve a chase. - body_camera: News reports have indicated an officer w...

The degree to which female political actors influence policy is hotly debated in political science. However, relatively little research considers how women's representation in the police influences policing outcomes. We argue that increasing women's representation should be associated with increases in rape report rates but should not be associated with changes in rape arrest rates. We expect public perceptions of female police to affect victims' willingness to report and cooperate with the police, but the masculine, hierarchical, and complex nature of police investigations of rape will make it difficult for those report increases to translate into increases in arrests for those crimes. We leverage unique police administrative data from 1987 to 2016 and find that while women's representation is associated with increased rape report rates, there is no relationship with rape arrest rates, highlighting an important justice gap. Our paper has implications not only for the study of female representation and representative bureaucracy, but also provides insights into how descriptive representation may be limited by institutional culture, norms, practices, and procedures.

The killing of Tyre Nichols in January 2023 by Memphis Police Officers has reignited debates about police brutality in the United States. Between 2013 and 2024, over 1,000 people have been killed by police every year. Some of the most infamous examples include the murder of George Floyd in May 2020 and the shooting of Breonna Taylor earlier that year. Within the provided time period, the most people killed by police in the United States was in 2024, at 1,375 people. Police Violence in the U.S. Police violence is defined as any instance where a police officer’s use of force results in a civilian’s death, regardless of whether it is considered justified by the law. While many people killed by police in the U.S. were shot, other causes of death have included tasers, vehicles, and physical restraints or beatings. In the United States, the rate of police shootings is much higher for Black Americans than it is for any other ethnicity, and recent incidents of police killing unarmed Black men and women in the United States have led to widespread protests against police brutality, particularly towards communities of color. America’s Persistent Police Problem Despite increasing visibility surrounding police violence in recent years, police killings have continued to occur in the United States at a consistently high rate. In comparison to other countries, police in the U.S. have killed people at a rate three times higher than police in Canada and 60 times the rate of police in England. While U.S. police have killed people in almost all 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, New Mexico was reported to have the highest rate of people killed by the police in the United States, with 8.03 people per million inhabitants killed by police.

The Ministry of Women and Child Development in collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs have started the engagement of Mahila Police Volunteers in States/UTs who will act as a link between police and community and facilitate women in distress.

The rate of fatal police shootings in the United States shows large differences based on ethnicity. Among Black Americans, the rate of fatal police shootings between 2015 and December 2024 stood at 6.1 per million of the population per year, while for white Americans, the rate stood at 2.4 fatal police shootings per million of the population per year. Police brutality in the United States Police brutality is a major issue in the United States, but recently saw a spike in online awareness and protests following the murder of George Floyd, an African American who was killed by a Minneapolis police officer. Just a few months before, Breonna Taylor was fatally shot in her apartment when Louisville police officers forced entry into her apartment. Despite the repeated fatal police shootings across the country, police accountability has not been adequate according to many Americans. A majority of Black Americans thought that police officers were not held accountable for their misconduct, while less than half of White Americans thought the same. Political opinions Not only are there differences in opinion between ethnicities on police brutality, but there are also major differences between political parties. A majority of Democrats in the United States thought that police officers were not held accountable for their misconduct, while a majority of Republicans that they were held accountable. Despite opposing views on police accountability, both Democrats and Republicans agree that police should be required to be trained in nonviolent alternatives to deadly force.

Information on the age of suspect for offences against executing officers and rescue services Breakdown by offence; Total number of suspects, male, female in age groups Number of suspected male female in age brackets per victim category

Sadly, the trend of fatal police shootings in the United States seems to only be increasing, with a total 1,173 civilians having been shot, 248 of whom were Black, as of December 2024. In 2023, there were 1,164 fatal police shootings. Additionally, the rate of fatal police shootings among Black Americans was much higher than that for any other ethnicity, standing at 6.1 fatal shootings per million of the population per year between 2015 and 2024. Police brutality in the U.S. In recent years, particularly since the fatal shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, police brutality has become a hot button issue in the United States. The number of homicides committed by police in the United States is often compared to those in countries such as England, where the number is significantly lower. Black Lives Matter The Black Lives Matter Movement, formed in 2013, has been a vocal part of the movement against police brutality in the U.S. by organizing “die-ins”, marches, and demonstrations in response to the killings of black men and women by police. While Black Lives Matter has become a controversial movement within the U.S., it has brought more attention to the number and frequency of police shootings of civilians.

For any questions about this data please email me at jacob@crimedatatool.com. If you use this data, please cite it.Version 7 release notes:Add data from 2018Version 6 release notes:Adds data in the following formats: SPSS and Excel.Changes project name to avoid confusing this data for the ones done by NACJD.Version 5 release notes: Adds data for 1960-1974 and 2017. Note: many columns (including number of female officers) will always have a value of 0 for years prior to 1971.Removes support for .csv and .sav files.Adds a number_of_months_reported variable for each agency-year. A month is considered reported if the month_indicator column for that month has a value of "normal update" or "reported, not data."The formatting of the monthly data has changed from wide to long. This means that each agency-month has a single row. The old data had each agency being a single row with each month-category (e.g. jan_officers_killed_by_felony) being a column. Now there will just be a single column for each category (e.g. officers_killed_by_felony) and the month can be identified in the month column. This also results in most column names changing. As such, be careful when aggregating the monthly data since some variables are the same every month (e.g. number of officers employed is measured annually) so aggregating will be 12 times as high as the real value for those variables. Adds a date column. This date column is always set to the first of the month. It is NOT the date that a crime occurred or was reported. It is only there to make it easier to create time-series graphs that require a date input.All the data in this version was acquired from the FBI as text/DAT files and read into R using the package asciiSetupReader. The FBI also provided a PDF file explaining how to create the setup file to read the data. Both the FBI's PDF and the setup file I made are included in the zip files. Data is the same as from NACJD but using all FBI files makes cleaning easier as all column names are already identical. Version 4 release notes: Add data for 2016.Order rows by year (descending) and ORI.Version 3 release notes: Fix bug where Philadelphia Police Department had incorrect FIPS county code. The LEOKA data sets contain highly detailed data about the number of officers/civilians employed by an agency and how many officers were killed or assaulted. All the data was acquired from the FBI as text/DAT files and read into R using the package asciiSetupReader. The FBI also provided a PDF file explaining how to create the setup file to read the data. Both the FBI's PDF and the setup file I made are included in the zip files. About 7% of all agencies in the data report more officers or civilians than population. As such, I removed the officers/civilians per 1,000 population variables. You should exercise caution if deciding to generate and use these variables yourself. Several agency had impossible large (>15) officer deaths in a single month. For those months I changed the value to NA. See the R code for a complete list. For the R code used to clean this data, see here. https://github.com/jacobkap/crime_data.The UCR Handbook (https://ucr.fbi.gov/additional-ucr-publications/ucr_handbook.pdf/view) describes the LEOKA data as follows:"The UCR Program collects data from all contributing agencies ... on officer line-of-duty deaths and assaults. Reporting agencies must submit data on ... their own duly sworn officers feloniously or accidentally killed or assaulted in the line of duty. The purpose of this data collection is to identify situations in which officers are killed or assaulted, describe the incidents statistically, and publish the data to aid agencies in developing policies to improve officer safety."... agencies must record assaults on sworn officers. Reporting agencies must count all assaults that resulted in serious injury or assaults in which a weapon was used that could have caused serious injury or death. They must include other assaults not causing injury if the assault involved more than mere verbal abuse or minor resistance to an arrest. In other words, agencies must include in this section all assaults on officers, whether or not the officers sustained injuries."

How many police officers are there in the U.S.? In 2023, there were 720,652 full-time law enforcement officers employed in the United States, an increase from 708,001 the previous year. Within the provided time period, the number of full-time law enforcement officers was lowest in 2013, with 626,942 officers. Employment in law enforcement According to the source, law enforcement officers are defined as those individuals who regularly carry a firearm and an official badge on their person, have full powers of arrest, and whose salaries are paid from federal funds set aside specifically for sworn law enforcement. Law enforcement, particularly when it comes to officers, is a male-dominated field. Law enforcement employees can either be officers or civilians, and federal law enforcement agencies cover a wide area of jurisdictions -- from the National Park Service to the FBI.
Police in the United States The police in the United States have come under fire over the past few years for accusations of use of unnecessary force and for the number of people who are shot to death by police in the U.S. Police officers in the United States are regularly armed, and in comparison, 19 countries, including Iceland, New Zealand, and Ireland, do not regularly arm their police forces.

Version 5 release notes: Removes support for SPSS and Excel data.Changes the crimes that are stored in each file. There are more files now with fewer crimes per file. The files and their included crimes have been updated below.Adds in agencies that report 0 months of the year.Adds a column that indicates the number of months reported. This is generated summing up the number of unique months an agency reports data for. Note that this indicates the number of months an agency reported arrests for ANY crime. They may not necessarily report every crime every month. Agencies that did not report a crime with have a value of NA for every arrest column for that crime.Removes data on runaways.Version 4 release notes: Changes column names from "poss_coke" and "sale_coke" to "poss_heroin_coke" and "sale_heroin_coke" to clearly indicate that these column includes the sale of heroin as well as similar opiates such as morphine, codeine, and opium. Also changes column names for the narcotic columns to indicate that they are only for synthetic narcotics. Version 3 release notes: Add data for 2016.Order rows by year (descending) and ORI.Version 2 release notes: Fix bug where Philadelphia Police Department had incorrect FIPS county code. The Arrests by Age, Sex, and Race data is an FBI data set that is part of the annual Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program data. This data contains highly granular data on the number of people arrested for a variety of crimes (see below for a full list of included crimes). The data sets here combine data from the years 1980-2015 into a single file. These files are quite large and may take some time to load. All the data was downloaded from NACJD as ASCII+SPSS Setup files and read into R using the package asciiSetupReader. All work to clean the data and save it in various file formats was also done in R. For the R code used to clean this data, see here. https://github.com/jacobkap/crime_data. If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions please contact me at jkkaplan6@gmail.com.I did not make any changes to the data other than the following. When an arrest column has a value of "None/not reported", I change that value to zero. This makes the (possible incorrect) assumption that these values represent zero crimes reported. The original data does not have a value when the agency reports zero arrests other than "None/not reported." In other words, this data does not differentiate between real zeros and missing values. Some agencies also incorrectly report the following numbers of arrests which I change to NA: 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 99999, 99998. To reduce file size and make the data more manageable, all of the data is aggregated yearly. All of the data is in agency-year units such that every row indicates an agency in a given year. Columns are crime-arrest category units. For example, If you choose the data set that includes murder, you would have rows for each agency-year and columns with the number of people arrests for murder. The ASR data breaks down arrests by age and gender (e.g. Male aged 15, Male aged 18). They also provide the number of adults or juveniles arrested by race. Because most agencies and years do not report the arrestee's ethnicity (Hispanic or not Hispanic) or juvenile outcomes (e.g. referred to adult court, referred to welfare agency), I do not include these columns. To make it easier to merge with other data, I merged this data with the Law Enforcement Agency Identifiers Crosswalk (LEAIC) data. The data from the LEAIC add FIPS (state, county, and place) and agency type/subtype. Please note that some of the FIPS codes have leading zeros and if you open it in Excel it will automatically delete those leading zeros. I created 9 arrest categories myself. The categories are: Total Male JuvenileTotal Female JuvenileTotal Male AdultTotal Female AdultTotal MaleTotal FemaleTotal JuvenileTotal AdultTotal ArrestsAll of these categories are based on the sums of the sex-age categories (e.g. Male under 10, Female aged 22) rather than using the provided age-race categories (e.g. adult Black, juvenile Asian). As not all agencies report the race data, my method is more accurate. These categories also make up the data in the "simple" version of the data. The "simple" file only includes the above 9 columns as the arrest data (all other columns in the

Abstract

This is the tenth census undertaken by the Statistics Office, the first being in 1971, and it has been held every five years ever since.

The census counts all persons present in the Cook Islands on the census night of the 1st December 2016, including visitors temporary in the country. Cook Islanders who are living or are temporarily on vacation abroad are excluded.

1. Organisation
   The overall organisation and control of the census, by virtue of the Statistics Act 2016, is vested upon the Government Statistician who, for the purpose of the census will be referred to as the Census Officer. A number of sections of the Act apply in carrying out the census. These include the “confidentiality” clause, which provides against the release or publication of any individual particulars and the offences and penalty clauses, which may be invoked against any persons failing to abide by the provisions of the Act.

2. Scope and Coverage The scope of the early Cook Islands censuses was limited; in fact they consisted of head counts only. With the passage of time the census has expanded. Gradually, questions on sex, age, marital status, religion, education, employment, etc., have been included. Questions on unpaid work and income earned were included for the first time in the 1996 Census. In the 2016 Census, questions on relationship to head of household was expanded to reflect household living arrangement.
   A personal questionnaire is completed for every man, woman and child alive at midnight on census night within the geographical boundaries of the Cook Islands. The Census excludes those persons on foreign vessels, yachts and aircraft flying through or stopping temporarily (transit). A dwelling questionnaire is completed for every occupied dwelling as at midnight on census night.

3. Objectives of the Census Taking account of the many comments, evaluations and recommendations arising from the 2011 Census, the design of the 2016 Census is based on a number of key strategic aims: 1) to give the highest priority to getting the national and local population counts right; 2) to maximise overall response and minimise differences in response rates in specific areas and among particular population sub-groups; 3) to build effective partnerships with other organisations, particularly local authorities, in planning and executing the field operation; 4) to provide high quality, value-for-money, statistics that meet user needs ; 5) to protect, and be seen to protect, confidential personal census information.

4. The selection of topics and questions The topic content of the 2016 Census has been driven largely by the demands and requirements of users of census statistics, the evaluation of the 2016 and 2011 Census, and the priority of government as stated in the National Strategic Development Plan of the Cook Islands (NSDP) and the advice and guidance of organizations with experience of similar operations. These have been determined by extensive consultation with various Ministries of government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Households and Individuals.

Universe

A Dwelling Questionnaire must be completed for every occupied dwelling as at midnight on Census Night. A Personal Questionnaire must be completed for each and every man, woman and child alive at midnight on Census Night within the geographical boundaries of the Cook Islands, excluding those persons on foreign vessels, yachts and aircraft flying through or stopping temporarily (transit).

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

-The selection of topics and questions: The topic content of the 2016 Census has been driven largely by the demands and requirements of users of census statistics, the evaluation of the 2016 and 2011 Census, and the priority of government as stated in the National Strategic Development Plan of the Cook Islands (NSDP) and the advice and guidance of organizations with experience of similar operations. These have been determined by extensive consultation with various Ministries of government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

-The census questions: The topics proposed for the census are those that have been shown to be most needed by the major users of census information and for which questions have been devised that can be expected to produce reliable and accurate data. In each case, no other comparable and accessible source of the information is available in combination with other items in the census. Consultation on the topic content for the 2016 Census has (as ever) resulted in a much larger demand for questions than would be possible to accommodate on a census form that households could reasonably be expected to complete. Consequently a number of difficult decisions have had to be made in assessing the different requirements for information and balancing the needs for change against continuity. In assessing which topics should be included in the census, Statistics Office has had to consider a number of factors. The criteria for evaluating the strength of users' requirements for information were that: ? there should be a clearly demonstrated and signi?cant need ? the information collected was of major national importance ? users' requirements could not adequately be met by information from other sources ? there should be a requirement for multivariate analysis (that is the ability to cross-analyse one variable against other), and ? there should be consideration of the ability for comparison with previous censuses wherever possible

So therefore were 2 questionnaires or forms used for the Census and they are: 1. Dwelling form - consist of the housheholds information on dwelling type, land tenure, dwelling materials, water and sanitation, energy, household facilities, solid waste, agriculture and fishing activities and equipments, household consumption, communication technology etc. and household relationship to head 2. Personal form - consist of the every member/individuals of the households' information on nationality, migration, ethnic origin, marital status, religion, physically challenged, literacy, information technology, education, training attainment, occupation, industry, employment, income, smoking, drinking, cultural activities and fertility

They were published in english and all are provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations

After sending the forms to Statistics New Zealand for scanning, Cook Islands Statistics Office (CISO) staff then carry out the coding of the industries and occupation and the first visual editing if there are some inconsistencies in the questionnaire mainly using the Access software, and the tabulations is carried-out in both Access and Excel ready for analysis and report writing.

For a comprehensive guide to this data and other UCR data, please see my book at ucrbook.comVersion 12 release notes:Adds 2021 data.Version 11 release notes:Adds 2020 data. Please note that the FBI has retired UCR data ending in 2020 data so this will (probably, I haven't seen confirmation either way) be the last LEOKA data they release. Changes .rda file to .rds.Version 10 release notes:Changes release notes description, does not change data.Version 9 release notes:Adds data for 2019.Version 8 release notes:Fix bug for years 1960-1971 where the number of months reported variable was incorrectly down by 1 month. I recommend caution when using these years as they only report either 0 or 12 months of the year, which differs from every other year in the data. Added the variable officers_killed_total which is the sum of officers_killed_by_felony and officers_killed_by_accident.Version 7 release notes:Adds data from 2018Version 6 release notes:Adds data in the following formats: SPSS and Excel.Changes project name to avoid confusing this data for the ones done by NACJD.Version 5 release notes: Adds data for 1960-1974 and 2017. Note: many columns (including number of female officers) will always have a value of 0 for years prior to 1971. This is because those variables weren't collected prior to 1971. These should be NA, not 0 but I'm keeping it as 0 to be consistent with the raw data. Removes support for .csv and .sav files.Adds a number_of_months_reported variable for each agency-year. A month is considered reported if the month_indicator column for that month has a value of "normal update" or "reported, not data."The formatting of the monthly data has changed from wide to long. This means that each agency-month has a single row. The old data had each agency being a single row with each month-category (e.g. jan_officers_killed_by_felony) being a column. Now there will just be a single column for each category (e.g. officers_killed_by_felony) and the month can be identified in the month column. This also results in most column names changing. As such, be careful when aggregating the monthly data since some variables are the same every month (e.g. number of officers employed is measured annually) so aggregating will be 12 times as high as the real value for those variables. Adds a date column. This date column is always set to the first of the month. It is NOT the date that a crime occurred or was reported. It is only there to make it easier to create time-series graphs that require a date input.All the data in this version was acquired from the FBI as text/DAT files and read into R using the package asciiSetupReader. The FBI also provided a PDF file explaining how to create the setup file to read the data. Both the FBI's PDF and the setup file I made are included in the zip files. Data is the same as from NACJD but using all FBI files makes cleaning easier as all column names are already identical. Version 4 release notes: Add data for 2016.Order rows by year (descending) and ORI.Version 3 release notes: Fix bug where Philadelphia Police Department had incorrect FIPS county code. The LEOKA data sets contain highly detailed data about the number of officers/civilians employed by an agency and how many officers were killed or assaulted. All the data was acquired from the FBI as text/DAT files and read into R using the package asciiSetupReader. The FBI also provided a PDF file explaining how to create the setup file to read the data. Both the FBI's PDF and the setup file I made are included in the zip files. About 7% of all agencies in the data report more officers or civilians than population. As such, I removed the officers/civilians per 1,000 population variables. You should exercise caution if deciding to generate and use these variables yourself. Several agency had impossible large (>15) officer deaths in a single month. For those months I changed the value to NA. The UCR Handbook (https://ucr.fbi.gov/additional-ucr-publications/ucr_handbook.pdf/view) describes the LEOKA data as follows:"The UCR Program collects data from all contributing agencies ... on officer line-of-duty deaths and assaults. Reporting agencies must submit data on ... their own duly sworn officers feloniously or accidentally killed or assaulted in the line of duty. The purpose of this data collection is to identify situations in which

An overview of the proportion of male and female non-German suspects in the total number of suspects detected (without regard to nationality) in relation to the offences as a whole and to each type of offence. Furthermore, a distinction is made between non-German suspects who are illegally (Sp. 7) or allowed to reside in the Federal Republic of Germany (Sp. 8) and after the occasion of the authorised stay

As of December 31, the U.S. police shot 1,173 people to death in 2024. In 2023, 1,164 people were shot to death by police in the United States. Police treatment Since as early as the 18th century, police brutality has been a significant issue in the United States. Black Americans have been especially marginalized by police officers, as they have faced higher rates of fatal police shootings compared to other ethnicities. Disparities also exist in perceptions of police treatment depending on ethnicity. A majority of Black Americans think that Black and White people do not receive equal police treatment, while more than half of White and Hispanic Americans think the same. Police reform The upsurge in Black Lives Matter protests in response to the killing of Black Americans as a result of police brutality has created a call for police reform. In 2019, it was found that police killings decreased by a quarter in police departments that implemented a policy that requires officers to use all other means before shooting. Since the killing of George Floyd in May 2020, 21 states, including New York and California, have passed bills that focused on police supervision.