The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country will have throughout their reproductive years. From 1800 until 1865, Japan's fertility rate grew quite gradually, from 4.1 children per woman, to 4.8. From this point the fertility rate drops to 3.6 over the next ten years, as Japan became more industrialized. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Japan's fertility rate grew again, and reached it's highest recorded point in the early 1920s, where it was 5.4 children per woman. Since this point it has been gradually decreasing until now, although it did experience slight increases after the Second World War, and in the early 1970s. In recent decades Japan's population has aged extensively, and today, Japan has the second oldest population and second highest life expectancy in the world (after Monaco). In contrast to this, Japan has a very low birth rate, and it's fertility rate is expected to fall below 1.4 children per woman in 2020.

The Czech fertility rate, or the number of children per woman, fluctuated in the observed period. The highest figures were recorded directly after the end of the Second World War at 3.25 in 1946. Then, it slowly decreased, while spiking occasionally. It hit an all-time low figure of 1.13 births in 1999. In 2023, the fertility rate was 1.45

Israel's total fertility rate has remained relatively stable over the past decade, with a slight decrease to **** births per woman in 2023. This high fertility rate, coupled with an increasing life expectancy, contributes to Israel's unique demographic situation among developed nations. The country's population growth is expected to continue, driven by these factors and a birth rate that outpaces the death rate. Diverse population and immigration impact Israel's demographic landscape is shaped by its diverse population and history of immigration. As of the end of 2024, the number of permanent residents in the country reached some *** million. Of them, some ** percent were Jews and ** percent Arabs. In the decade following the fall of the Soviet Union, about *********** Jewish immigrants arrived in the country. This wave of immigration has contributed to the country's cultural diversity and economic high-tech boom. Economic growth and declining unemployment As Israel's population continues to expand, its economy is also projected to grow. Gross domestic product (GDP) is forecast to increase by over a quarter between 2024 and 2029. Simultaneously, the unemployment rate has fallen to its lowest level in recent years, hitting **** percent in 2023. This combination of population growth, economic expansion, and low unemployment suggests a robust economic outlook.

The total fertility rate of Brazil at the end of the nineteenth century was approximately 6.3 births per woman; this means that the average woman of reproductive age would have roughly 6 children in their lifetime. Brazil's fertility rate then decreased and plateaued at just under six children per women in the first half of the twentieth century, before increasing slightly in the 1940s; this increase coincides with the worldwide baby boom that was experienced in the aftermath of the Second World War, during which time Brazil's economy and political landscape stabilized. From the late 1960s onwards, Brazil's fertility rate went into decline, and dropped by approximately three children per woman in the next three decades. This decline is similar to that of many other developing nations during this time, where access to contraception, improved education and declining infant and child mortality rates contributed to lower fertility rate across the globe. In the past fifteen years, Brazil's fertility rate has continued to decrease (albeit, at a much slower rate than in previous decades) and in 2020, it is expected to be at just 1.7 children per woman.

Global declines in insect abundance are of significant concern. While there is evidence that climate change is contributing to insect declines, we know little of the direct mechanisms responsible for these declines. Male fertility is compromised by increasing temperatures, and the thermal limit to fertility has been implicated as an important factor in the response of insects to climate change. However, climate change is affecting both temperature and hydric conditions, and the effects of water availability on male fertility have rarely been considered. Here we exposed male crickets Teleogryllus oceanicus to either low- or high-humidity environments while holding temperature constant. We measured water loss and the expression of both pre- and post-mating reproductive traits. Males exposed to a low-humidity environment lost more water than males exposed to a high-humidity environment. A male's cuticular hydrocarbon profile (CHC) did not affect the amount of water lost, and males did not adjust the composition of their CHC profiles in response to hydric conditions. Males exposed to a low-humidity environment were less likely to produce courtship song or produced songs of low quality. Their spermatophores failed to evacuate and their ejaculates contained sperm of reduced viability. The detrimental effects of low humidity on male reproductive traits will compromise male fertility and population persistence. We argue that limits to insect fertility based on temperature alone are likely to underestimate the true effects of climate change on insect persistence, and that the explicit incorporation of water regulation into our modelling will yield more accurate predictions of the effects of climate change on insect declines.

There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base.

Rototilling is applied in late April.

Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m.

Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52.

The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground.

In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three competition treatments: transplants were grown in 50cm diameter subplots 1) with no neighbors, 2) with the roots but not shoots of neighbors, 3) with all above and belowground parts of neighbors present. One transplant was grown in the center of each subplot. Competition treatments were applied to subplots within the main plots during 14-18 May, 1990. Competition treatments were replicated three times in each of the ten replicate plots for each of the four combinations of nitrogen supply rate and disturbance. Thus, the 40 plots of the nitrogen and disturbance combinations (2 nitrogen levels x 2 disturbance levels x 10 replicates) each contained 9 subplots (3 competition treatments x 3 replicates), each subplot comprising one transplant in one competition treatment. A total of 360 seedlings were transplanted. Competition treatments were assigned randomly to subplots within each plot.

In 1991, three species of contrasting sizes, life histories, growth rates and positions along gradients of nitrogen and disturbance in the experiment were used: Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron repens, and Setaria viridis. Transplants were grown individually in subplots, with 1) all neighbors and 2) no neighbors. The experiment was conducted in high and low nutrient environments to test for the interaction between the environment, the size and the species. There were ten replicate plots of each of the two environments, one receiving no additional nitrogen and the second receiving nitrogen at 17g/m2/yr. In total, there were 32 transplants (3 species x 3 size classes x 2 competition treatments x 1, 2 or 3 replicates) in each plot, and 20 plots (2 environments x 10 replicates), or 640 transplants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field during 3-6 June, 1991.

WRKYs are transcriptional factors involved in stress tolerance and development of plants. In the present study, we characterized OsWRKY28, a group IIa WRKY gene, in rice, because its expression was found to be upregulated by arsenate exposure in previous transcriptomic studies. Subcellular localization using YFP–OsWRKY28 fusion protein showed that the protein was localized in the nuclei. Transgenic rice plants expressing pOsWRKY28::GUS suggested that the gene was expressed in various tissues in the whole plant, with a strong expression in the root tips, lateral roots and reproductive organs. The expression of OsWRKY28 was markedly induced by arsenate and other oxidative stresses. In a hydroponic experiment, loss-of-function mutation in OsWRKY28 resulted in lower accumulation of arsenate and phosphate concentration in the shoots. The mutants showed altered root system architecture, with fewer lateral roots and shorter total root length than wild-type plants. In a soil pot experiment, the mutants produced lower grain yield than wild-type because of reduced fertility and smaller effective tiller numbers. Transcriptomic profiling using RNA-seq showed altered expression in the mutant of genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytohormones, especially jasmonic acid (JA). Exogenous JA treatments mimicked the phenotypes of the oswrky28 mutants with inhibited root elongation and decreased arsenate/phosphate translocation. Our results suggested that OsWRKY28 affected arsenate/phosphate accumulation, root development at the seedling stage and fertility at the reproductive stage possibly by influencing homeostasis of JA or other phytohormones.

Studies of sexual signalling generally focus on interactions between dyadic pairs, yet communication in natural populations often occurs in the context of complex social networks. The ability to survey social environments and adjust signal production appropriately should be a critical component of success in these systems, but has rarely been documented empirically. Here, we used autonomous recording devices to identify 118 472 songs produced by 26 male common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) over two breeding seasons, coupled with detailed surveys of social conditions on each territory. We found strong evidence that common yellowthroat males adjusted their total song production in response to both changes in within-pair social context and changes in the fertility of neighbouring females up to 400 m away. Within the social pair, males drastically reduced their song production when mated, but the magnitude of this reduction depended on both the time of day and on the fertility status of the social mate. By contrast, when fertile females were present on nearby territories, males increased their song output, especially during daytime singing. At this time, it is unclear whether males actively gathered information on neighbouring female fertility or whether the patterns that we observed were driven by changes in social interactions that varied with neighbourhood fertility. Regardless of the mechanism employed, however, subtle changes in the social environment generated substantial variation in signalling effort.

It is estimated that more than 8 billion people live on Earth and the population is likely to hit more than 9 billion by 2050. Approximately 55 percent of Earth’s human population currently live in areas classified as urban. That number is expected to grow by 2050 to 68 percent, according to the United Nations (UN).The largest cities in the world include Tōkyō, Japan; New Delhi, India; Shanghai, China; México City, Mexico; and São Paulo, Brazil. Each of these cities classifies as a megacity, a city with more than 10 million people. The UN estimates the world will have 43 megacities by 2030.Most cities' populations are growing as people move in for greater economic, educational, and healthcare opportunities. But not all cities are expanding. Those cities whose populations are declining may be experiencing declining fertility rates (the number of births is lower than the number of deaths), shrinking economies, emigration, or have experienced a natural disaster that resulted in fatalities or forced people to leave the region.This Global Cities map layer contains data published in 2018 by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). It shows urban agglomerations. The UN DESA defines an urban agglomeration as a continuous area where population is classified at urban levels (by the country in which the city resides) regardless of what local government systems manage the area. Since not all places record data the same way, some populations may be calculated using the city population as defined by its boundary and the metropolitan area. If a reliable estimate for the urban agglomeration was unable to be determined, the population of the city or metropolitan area is used.Data Citation: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. Statistical Papers - United Nations (ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 2019, https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en.

The Assisted Reproductive Catheter (ARC) market, valued at $638 million in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 14.4% from 2025 to 2033. This significant growth is driven by several factors. Increasing infertility rates globally, coupled with rising awareness and acceptance of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in-vitro fertilization (IVF), are key market drivers. Technological advancements in catheter design, leading to improved efficacy, reduced invasiveness, and enhanced patient comfort, are further fueling market expansion. Furthermore, the expanding geriatric population and delayed childbearing are contributing to the increased demand for ART procedures and, consequently, ARCs. However, the market faces certain restraints, including the high cost of ART procedures, stringent regulatory approvals for new devices, and potential complications associated with catheterization. Despite these challenges, the market's positive growth trajectory is expected to continue, driven by ongoing research and development leading to safer and more effective catheters and increasing healthcare expenditure in developed and developing nations. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players like C.R. Bard and emerging companies like Rocket Medical and Surgimedik. These companies are focusing on innovation and strategic partnerships to gain a larger market share. The market segmentation, while not explicitly provided, likely includes various catheter types based on material (e.g., silicone, polyurethane), design (e.g., single-lumen, multi-lumen), and application (e.g., embryo transfer, oocyte retrieval). Geographic variations in adoption rates are expected, with developed regions such as North America and Europe holding a larger market share initially, followed by increasing adoption in Asia-Pacific and other emerging markets. The market is poised for significant growth over the next decade, presenting attractive opportunities for investors and stakeholders in the reproductive healthcare sector.

The statistic shows the total population in Japan from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the total population of Japan amounted to around 123.89 million inhabitants. See the figures for the population of South Korea for comparison. Total population in Japan From steadily low fertility rates to a growing elderly population, it is no secret that Japan’s population is shrinking. Population growth rates jump around a little, but are currently following a declining trend. The post-war baby boom generation is now in the 65-and-over age group, and the percentage of the population in that category is expected to keep growing, as is indicated by a high median age and high life expectancy. Japan already has the highest percentage of its population over 65 in the world, and the aging population puts some pressure on the Japanese government to provide welfare services for more people as rising numbers leave the workforce. However, the amount of jobs opened up for the younger generations by the older generations leaving the workforce means that unemployment is kept to a minimum. Despite a jump in unemployment after the global recession hit in 2008, rates were almost back to pre-recession rates by 2013. Another factor affecting Japan is the number of emigrants to other countries. The United States absorbs a number of emigrants worldwide, so despite a stagnating birth rate, the U.S. has seen a steady rise in population.

There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base.

Rototilling is applied in late April.

Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m.

Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52.

The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground.

In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three competition treatments: transplants were grown in 50cm diameter subplots 1) with no neighbors, 2) with the roots but not shoots of neighbors, 3) with all above and belowground parts of neighbors present. One transplant was grown in the center of each subplot. Competition treatments were applied to subplots within the main plots during 14-18 May, 1990. Competition treatments were replicated three times in each of the ten replicate plots for each of the four combinations of nitrogen supply rate and disturbance. Thus, the 40 plots of the nitrogen and disturbance combinations (2 nitrogen levels x 2 disturbance levels x 10 replicates) each contained 9 subplots (3 competition treatments x 3 replicates), each subplot comprising one transplant in one competition treatment. A total of 360 seedlings were transplanted. Competition treatments were assigned randomly to subplots within each plot.

In 1991, three species of contrasting sizes, life histories, growth rates and positions along gradients of nitrogen and disturbance in the experiment were used: Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron repens, and Setaria viridis. Transplants were grown individually in subplots, with 1) all neighbors and 2) no neighbors. The experiment was conducted in high and low nutrient environments to test for the interaction between the environment, the size and the species. There were ten replicate plots of each of the two environments, one receiving no additional nitrogen and the second receiving nitrogen at 17g/m2/yr. In total, there were 32 transplants (3 species x 3 size classes x 2 competition treatments x 1, 2 or 3 replicates) in each plot, and 20 plots (2 environments x 10 replicates), or 640 transplants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field during 3-6 June, 1991.

There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base.

Rototilling is applied in late April.

Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m.

Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52.

The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground.

In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three competition treatments: transplants were grown in 50cm diameter subplots 1) with no neighbors, 2) with the roots but not shoots of neighbors, 3) with all above and belowground parts of neighbors present. One transplant was grown in the center of each subplot. Competition treatments were applied to subplots within the main plots during 14-18 May, 1990. Competition treatments were replicated three times in each of the ten replicate plots for each of the four combinations of nitrogen supply rate and disturbance. Thus, the 40 plots of the nitrogen and disturbance combinations (2 nitrogen levels x 2 disturbance levels x 10 replicates) each contained 9 subplots (3 competition treatments x 3 replicates), each subplot comprising one transplant in one competition treatment. A total of 360 seedlings were transplanted. Competition treatments were assigned randomly to subplots within each plot.

In 1991, three species of contrasting sizes, life histories, growth rates and positions along gradients of nitrogen and disturbance in the experiment were used: Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron repens, and Setaria viridis. Transplants were grown individually in subplots, with 1) all neighbors and 2) no neighbors. The experiment was conducted in high and low nutrient environments to test for the interaction between the environment, the size and the species. There were ten replicate plots of each of the two environments, one receiving no additional nitrogen and the second receiving nitrogen at 17g/m2/yr. In total, there were 32 transplants (3 species x 3 size classes x 2 competition treatments x 1, 2 or 3 replicates) in each plot, and 20 plots (2 environments x 10 replicates), or 640 transplants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field during 3-6 June, 1991.

There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base.

Rototilling is applied in late April.

Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m.

Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52.

The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground.

In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three competition treatments: transplants were grown in 50cm diameter subplots 1) with no neighbors, 2) with the roots but not shoots of neighbors, 3) with all above and belowground parts of neighbors present. One transplant was grown in the center of each subplot. Competition treatments were applied to subplots within the main plots during 14-18 May, 1990. Competition treatments were replicated three times in each of the ten replicate plots for each of the four combinations of nitrogen supply rate and disturbance. Thus, the 40 plots of the nitrogen and disturbance combinations (2 nitrogen levels x 2 disturbance levels x 10 replicates) each contained 9 subplots (3 competition treatments x 3 replicates), each subplot comprising one transplant in one competition treatment. A total of 360 seedlings were transplanted. Competition treatments were assigned randomly to subplots within each plot.

In 1991, three species of contrasting sizes, life histories, growth rates and positions along gradients of nitrogen and disturbance in the experiment were used: Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron repens, and Setaria viridis. Transplants were grown individually in subplots, with 1) all neighbors and 2) no neighbors. The experiment was conducted in high and low nutrient environments to test for the interaction between the environment, the size and the species. There were ten replicate plots of each of the two environments, one receiving no additional nitrogen and the second receiving nitrogen at 17g/m2/yr. In total, there were 32 transplants (3 species x 3 size classes x 2 competition treatments x 1, 2 or 3 replicates) in each plot, and 20 plots (2 environments x 10 replicates), or 640 transplants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field during 3-6 June, 1991.

Abstract

By the middle of the 1990s, Indonesia had enjoyed over three decades of remarkable social, economic, and demographic change and was on the cusp of joining the middle-income countries. Per capita income had risen more than fifteenfold since the early 1960s, from around US$50 to more than US$800. Increases in educational attainment and decreases in fertility and infant mortality over the same period reflected impressive investments in infrastructure.

In the late 1990s the economic outlook began to change as Indonesia was gripped by the economic crisis that affected much of Asia. In 1998 the rupiah collapsed, the economy went into a tailspin, and gross domestic product contracted by an estimated 12-15%-a decline rivaling the magnitude of the Great Depression.

The general trend of several decades of economic progress followed by a few years of economic downturn masks considerable variation across the archipelago in the degree both of economic development and of economic setbacks related to the crisis. In part this heterogeneity reflects the great cultural and ethnic diversity of Indonesia, which in turn makes it a rich laboratory for research on a number of individual- and household-level behaviors and outcomes that interest social scientists.

The Indonesia Family Life Survey is designed to provide data for studying behaviors and outcomes. The survey contains a wealth of information collected at the individual and household levels, including multiple indicators of economic and non-economic well-being: consumption, income, assets, education, migration, labor market outcomes, marriage, fertility, contraceptive use, health status, use of health care and health insurance, relationships among co-resident and non- resident family members, processes underlying household decision-making, transfers among family members and participation in community activities. In addition to individual- and household-level information, the IFLS provides detailed information from the communities in which IFLS households are located and from the facilities that serve residents of those communities. These data cover aspects of the physical and social environment, infrastructure, employment opportunities, food prices, access to health and educational facilities, and the quality and prices of services available at those facilities. By linking data from IFLS households to data from their communities, users can address many important questions regarding the impact of policies on the lives of the respondents, as well as document the effects of social, economic, and environmental change on the population.

The Indonesia Family Life Survey complements and extends the existing survey data available for Indonesia, and for developing countries in general, in a number of ways.

First, relatively few large-scale longitudinal surveys are available for developing countries. IFLS is the only large-scale longitudinal survey available for Indonesia. Because data are available for the same individuals from multiple points in time, IFLS affords an opportunity to understand the dynamics of behavior, at the individual, household and family and community levels. In IFLS1 7,224 households were interviewed, and detailed individual-level data were collected from over 22,000 individuals. In IFLS2, 94.4% of IFLS1 households were re-contacted (interviewed or died). In IFLS3 the re-contact rate was 95.3% of IFLS1 households. Indeed nearly 91% of IFLS1 households are complete panel households in that they were interviewed in all three waves, IFLS1, 2 and 3. These re-contact rates are as high as or higher than most longitudinal surveys in the United States and Europe. High re-interview rates were obtained in part because we were committed to tracking and interviewing individuals who had moved or split off from the origin IFLS1 households. High re-interview rates contribute significantly to data quality in a longitudinal survey because they lessen the risk of bias due to nonrandom attrition in studies using the data.

Second, the multipurpose nature of IFLS instruments means that the data support analyses of interrelated issues not possible with single-purpose surveys. For example, the availability of data on household consumption together with detailed individual data on labor market outcomes, health outcomes and on health program availability and quality at the community level means that one can examine the impact of income on health outcomes, but also whether health in turn affects incomes.

Third, IFLS collected both current and retrospective information on most topics. With data from multiple points of time on current status and an extensive array of retrospective information about the lives of respondents, analysts can relate dynamics to events that occurred in the past. For example, changes in labor outcomes in recent years can be explored as a function of earlier decisions about schooling and work.

Fourth, IFLS collected extensive measures of health status, including self-reported measures of general health status, morbidity experience, and physical assessments conducted by a nurse (height, weight, head circumference, blood pressure, pulse, waist and hip circumference, hemoglobin level, lung capacity, and time required to repeatedly rise from a sitting position). These data provide a much richer picture of health status than is typically available in household surveys. For example, the data can be used to explore relationships between socioeconomic status and an array of health outcomes.

Fifth, in all waves of the survey, detailed data were collected about respondents¹ communities and public and private facilities available for their health care and schooling. The facility data can be combined with household and individual data to examine the relationship between, for example, access to health services (or changes in access) and various aspects of health care use and health status.

Sixth, because the waves of IFLS span the period from several years before the economic crisis hit Indonesia, to just prior to it hitting, to one year and then three years after, extensive research can be carried out regarding the living conditions of Indonesian households during this very tumultuous period. In sum, the breadth and depth of the longitudinal information on individuals, households, communities, and facilities make IFLS data a unique resource for scholars and policymakers interested in the processes of economic development.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Communities
• Facilities
• Households
• Individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Because it is a longitudinal survey, the IFLS4 drew its sample from IFLS1, IFLS2, IFLS2+ and IFLS3. The IFLS1 sampling scheme stratified on provinces and urban/rural location, then randomly sampled within these strata (see Frankenberg and Karoly, 1995, for a detailed description). Provinces were selected to maximize representation of the population, capture the cultural and socioeconomic diversity of Indonesia, and be cost-effective to survey given the size and terrain of the country. For mainly costeffectiveness reasons, 14 of the then existing 27 provinces were excluded.3 The resulting sample included 13 of Indonesia's 27 provinces containing 83% of the population: four provinces on Sumatra (North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Lampung), all five of the Javanese provinces (DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, and East Java), and four provinces covering the remaining major island groups (Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi).

Within each of the 13 provinces, enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly chosen from a nationally representative sample frame used in the 1993 SUSENAS, a socioeconomic survey of about 60,000 households.4 The IFLS randomly selected 321 enumeration areas in the 13 provinces, over-sampling urban EAs and EAs in smaller provinces to facilitate urban-rural and Javanese-non-Javanese comparisons.

Within a selected EA, households were randomly selected based upon 1993 SUSENAS listings obtained from regional BPS office. A household was defined as a group of people whose members reside in the same dwelling and share food from the same cooking pot (the standard BPS definition). Twenty households were selected from each urban EA, and 30 households were selected from each rural EA.This strategy minimized expensive travel between rural EAs while balancing the costs of correlations among households. For IFLS1 a total of 7,730 households were sampled to obtain a final sample size goal of 7,000 completed households. This strategy was based on BPS experience of about 90%completion rates. In fact, IFLS1 exceeded that target and interviews were conducted with 7,224 households in late 1993 and early 1994.

IFLS4 Re-Contact Protocols The target households for IFLS4 were the original IFLS1 households, minus those all of whose members had died by 2000, plus all of the splitoff households from 1997, 1998 and 2000 (minus those whose members had died). Main fieldwork went on from late November 2008 through May 2009. In total, 13,995 households were contacted, including those that died between waves, those that relocated into other IFLS households and new splitoff households. Of these, 13,535 households were actually interviewed. Of the 10,994 target households, we re-contacted 90.6%: 6,596 original IFLS1 households and 3,366 old splitoff households. An additional 4,033 new splitoff households were contacted in IFLS4. Of IFLS1 dynastic households, we contacted 6,761, or 93.6%. Lower dynasty re-contact rates were achieved in Jakarta (80.3%), south Sumatra (88%) and north Sumatra (88.6%). Jakarta is of course the major urban center in Indonesia, and Medan,

There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base.

Rototilling is applied in late April.

Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m.

Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52.

The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground.

In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three competition treatments: transplants were grown in 50cm diameter subplots 1) with no neighbors, 2) with the roots but not shoots of neighbors, 3) with all above and belowground parts of neighbors present. One transplant was grown in the center of each subplot. Competition treatments were applied to subplots within the main plots during 14-18 May, 1990. Competition treatments were replicated three times in each of the ten replicate plots for each of the four combinations of nitrogen supply rate and disturbance. Thus, the 40 plots of the nitrogen and disturbance combinations (2 nitrogen levels x 2 disturbance levels x 10 replicates) each contained 9 subplots (3 competition treatments x 3 replicates), each subplot comprising one transplant in one competition treatment. A total of 360 seedlings were transplanted. Competition treatments were assigned randomly to subplots within each plot.

In 1991, three species of contrasting sizes, life histories, growth rates and positions along gradients of nitrogen and disturbance in the experiment were used: Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron repens, and Setaria viridis. Transplants were grown individually in subplots, with 1) all neighbors and 2) no neighbors. The experiment was conducted in high and low nutrient environments to test for the interaction between the environment, the size and the species. There were ten replicate plots of each of the two environments, one receiving no additional nitrogen and the second receiving nitrogen at 17g/m2/yr. In total, there were 32 transplants (3 species x 3 size classes x 2 competition treatments x 1, 2 or 3 replicates) in each plot, and 20 plots (2 environments x 10 replicates), or 640 transplants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field during 3-6 June, 1991.

The statistic shows the total population of India from 2019 to 2029. In 2023, the estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.43 billion people.

Total population in India

India currently has the second-largest population in the world and is projected to overtake top-ranking China within forty years. Its residents comprise more than one-seventh of the entire world’s population, and despite a slowly decreasing fertility rate (which still exceeds the replacement rate and keeps the median age of the population relatively low), an increasing life expectancy adds to an expanding population. In comparison with other countries whose populations are decreasing, such as Japan, India has a relatively small share of aged population, which indicates the probability of lower death rates and higher retention of the existing population.

With a land mass of less than half that of the United States and a population almost four times greater, India has recognized potential problems of its growing population. Government attempts to implement family planning programs have achieved varying degrees of success. Initiatives such as sterilization programs in the 1970s have been blamed for creating general antipathy to family planning, but the combined efforts of various family planning and contraception programs have helped halve fertility rates since the 1960s. The population growth rate has correspondingly shrunk as well, but has not yet reached less than one percent growth per year.

As home to thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and numerous religions, a cohesive and broadly-supported effort to reduce population growth is difficult to create. Despite that, India is one country to watch in coming years. It is also a growing economic power; among other measures, its GDP per capita was expected to triple between 2003 and 2013 and was listed as the third-ranked country for its share of the global gross domestic product.

In the Cook Islands in 2024, the population decreased by about 2.24 percent compared to the previous year, making it the country with the highest population decline rate in 2024. Of the 20 countries with the highest rate of population decline, the majority are island nations, where emigration rates are high (especially to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States), or they are located in Eastern Europe, which suffers from a combination of high emigration rates and low birth rates.

There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base.

Rototilling is applied in late April.

Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m.

Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52.

The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground.

In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three competition treatments: transplants were grown in 50cm diameter subplots 1) with no neighbors, 2) with the roots but not shoots of neighbors, 3) with all above and belowground parts of neighbors present. One transplant was grown in the center of each subplot. Competition treatments were applied to subplots within the main plots during 14-18 May, 1990. Competition treatments were replicated three times in each of the ten replicate plots for each of the four combinations of nitrogen supply rate and disturbance. Thus, the 40 plots of the nitrogen and disturbance combinations (2 nitrogen levels x 2 disturbance levels x 10 replicates) each contained 9 subplots (3 competition treatments x 3 replicates), each subplot comprising one transplant in one competition treatment. A total of 360 seedlings were transplanted. Competition treatments were assigned randomly to subplots within each plot.

In 1991, three species of contrasting sizes, life histories, growth rates and positions along gradients of nitrogen and disturbance in the experiment were used: Schizachyrium scoparium, Agropyron repens, and Setaria viridis. Transplants were grown individually in subplots, with 1) all neighbors and 2) no neighbors. The experiment was conducted in high and low nutrient environments to test for the interaction between the environment, the size and the species. There were ten replicate plots of each of the two environments, one receiving no additional nitrogen and the second receiving nitrogen at 17g/m2/yr. In total, there were 32 transplants (3 species x 3 size classes x 2 competition treatments x 1, 2 or 3 replicates) in each plot, and 20 plots (2 environments x 10 replicates), or 640 transplants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field during 3-6 June, 1991.

The statistic shows the total population in Canada from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the total population in Canada amounted to about 41.14 million inhabitants. Population of Canada Canada ranks second among the largest countries in the world in terms of area size, right behind Russia, despite having a relatively low total population. The reason for this is that most of Canada remains uninhabited due to inhospitable conditions. Approximately 90 percent of all Canadians live within about 160 km of the U.S. border because of better living conditions and larger cities. On a year to year basis, Canada’s total population has continued to increase, although not dramatically. Population growth as of 2012 has amounted to its highest values in the past decade, reaching a peak in 2009, but was unstable and constantly fluctuating. Simultaneously, Canada’s fertility rate dropped slightly between 2009 and 2011, after experiencing a decade high birth rate in 2008. Standard of living in Canada has remained stable and has kept the country as one of the top 20 countries with the highest Human Development Index rating. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures quality of life based on several indicators, such as life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, education levels and gross national income per capita. Canada has a relatively high life expectancy compared to many other international countries, earning a spot in the top 20 countries and beating out countries such as the United States and the UK. From an economic standpoint, Canada has been slowly recovering from the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment has gradually decreased, after reaching a decade high in 2009. Additionally, GDP has dramatically increased since 2009 and is expected to continue to increase for the next several years.