Fertility rate, total (births per woman) in China was reported at 0.999 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) in China was reported at 5.227 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country will have throughout their reproductive years. In 1930, China's fertility rate was 5.5 children per woman, and this number then dropped to just under five over the next fifteen years, as China experienced a civil war and the Second World War. The fertility rate rose rather quickly after this to over 6.1 in 1955, before dropping again in the late 1950s, as Chairman Mao's 'Great Leap Forward' failed to industrialize the nation, and resulted in widespread famine that killed an estimated 45 million people. In the decade following this, China's fertility rate reached it's highest level in 1970, before the implementation of the two-child policy in the 1970s, and the one-child policy** in the 1980s, which radically changed the population structure. The fertility rate fell to an all time low in the early 2000s, where it was just 1.6 children per woman. However this number has increased to 1.7 today, and the two-child policy was reintroduced in 2016, replacing the one-child policy that had been effective for over 36 years.

Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) in China was reported at 6.39 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - Birth rate, crude - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

The statistic shows the 20 countries with the lowest fertility rates in 2024. All figures are estimates. In 2024, the fertility rate in Taiwan was estimated to be at 1.11 children per woman, making it the lowest fertility rate worldwide. Fertility rate The fertility rate is the average number of children born per woman of child-bearing age in a country. Usually, a woman aged between 15 and 45 is considered to be in her child-bearing years. The fertility rate of a country provides an insight into its economic state, as well as the level of health and education of its population. Developing countries usually have a higher fertility rate due to lack of access to birth control and contraception, and to women usually foregoing a higher education, or even any education at all, in favor of taking care of housework. Many families in poorer countries also need their children to help provide for the family by starting to work early and/or as caretakers for their parents in old age. In developed countries, fertility rates and birth rates are usually much lower, as birth control is easier to obtain and women often choose a career before becoming a mother. Additionally, if the number of women of child-bearing age declines, so does the fertility rate of a country. As can be seen above, countries like Hong Kong are a good example for women leaving the patriarchal structures and focusing on their own career instead of becoming a mother at a young age, causing a decline of the country’s fertility rate. A look at the fertility rate per woman worldwide by income group also shows that women with a low income tend to have more children than those with a high income. The United States are neither among the countries with the lowest, nor among those with the highest fertility rate, by the way. At 2.08 children per woman, the fertility rate in the US has been continuously slightly below the global average of about 2.4 children per woman over the last decade.

The total population in China was estimated at 1409.7 million people in 2023, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. This dataset provides - China Population - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

China death rate for 2025 is 8.17, a 2.15% increase from 2024.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>China death rate for 2024 was <strong>8.00</strong>, a <strong>2.21% increase</strong> from 2023.</li>
<li>China death rate for 2023 was <strong>7.82</strong>, a <strong>1.82% increase</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>China death rate for 2022 was <strong>7.68</strong>, a <strong>1.87% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
</ul>Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

According to latest figures, the Chinese population decreased by 1.39 million to around 1.408 billion people in 2024. After decades of rapid growth, China arrived at the turning point of its demographic development in 2022, which was earlier than expected. The annual population decrease is estimated to remain at moderate levels until around 2030 but to accelerate thereafter. Population development in China China had for a long time been the country with the largest population worldwide, but according to UN estimates, it has been overtaken by India in 2023. As the population in India is still growing, the country is very likely to remain being home of the largest population on earth in the near future. Due to several mechanisms put into place by the Chinese government as well as changing circumstances in the working and social environment of the Chinese people, population growth has subsided over the past decades, displaying an annual population growth rate of -0.1 percent in 2024. Nevertheless, compared to the world population in total, China held a share of about 17 percent of the overall global population in 2024. China's aging population In terms of demographic developments, the birth control efforts of the Chinese government had considerable effects on the demographic pyramid in China. Upon closer examination of the age distribution, a clear trend of an aging population becomes visible. In order to curb the negative effects of an aging population, the Chinese government abolished the one-child policy in 2015, which had been in effect since 1979, and introduced a three-child policy in May 2021. However, many Chinese parents nowadays are reluctant to have a second or third child, as is the case in most of the developed countries in the world. The number of births in China varied in the years following the abolishment of the one-child policy, but did not increase considerably. Among the reasons most prominent for parents not having more children are the rising living costs and costs for child care, growing work pressure, a growing trend towards self-realization and individualism, and changing social behaviors.

In 2022, India overtook China as the world's most populous country and now has almost 1.46 billion people. China now has the second-largest population in the world, still with just over 1.4 billion inhabitants, however, its population went into decline in 2023. Global population As of 2025, the world's population stands at almost 8.2 billion people and is expected to reach around 10.3 billion people in the 2080s, when it will then go into decline. Due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and general living conditions, the global population continues to increase; mortality rates (particularly among infants and children) are decreasing and the median age of the world population has steadily increased for decades. As for the average life expectancy in industrial and developing countries, the gap has narrowed significantly since the mid-20th century. Asia is the most populous continent on Earth; 11 of the 20 largest countries are located there. It leads the ranking of the global population by continent by far, reporting four times as many inhabitants as Africa. The Demographic Transition The population explosion over the past two centuries is part of a phenomenon known as the demographic transition. Simply put, this transition results from a drastic reduction in mortality, which then leads to a reduction in fertility, and increase in life expectancy; this interim period where death rates are low and birth rates are high is where this population explosion occurs, and population growth can remain high as the population ages. In today's most-developed countries, the transition generally began with industrialization in the 1800s, and growth has now stabilized as birth and mortality rates have re-balanced. Across less-developed countries, the stage of this transition varies; for example, China is at a later stage than India, which accounts for the change in which country is more populous - understanding the demographic transition can help understand the reason why China's population is now going into decline. The least-developed region is Sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates remain close to pre-industrial levels in some countries. As these countries transition, they will undergo significant rates of population growth

In the world's most populous country, life expectancy has been continuously rising over the last decades, benefitting greatly from China's economic ascendance. In 2022, average life expectancy at birth in China reached about 78.6 years. Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth refers to the average number of years a group of people born in the same year would live, assuming constant mortality rates. San Marino and Monaco had the highest life expectancy at birth, while China had reached a life expectancy above global average. People who were born in San Marino or Monaco in 2023 had a life expectancy of approximately 87 years or 86 years on average respectively. Demographic development in China Whereas average life expectancy at birth has been growing steadily, birth rates in China have been experiencing a slowdown. In 2024, about 6.77 babies had been born per 1,000 women in China, the second lowest point in the recent decade. As a result of low fertility rates and the extended life expectancy in China, the share of elderly people had been rising rapidly. The number of Chinese population aged 60 and older had more than doubled over the past three decades and is projected to reach its peak at 504 million in 2050. People aged 60 and older have been estimated to account for approximately one fourth of China’s total population by 2030, indicating a sharp climb from just around 13 percent in 2010. In order to pinpoint this massive shift in the age pyramid of China, an important indicator for measuring the pressure of aging population on productive population may be consulted. The old-age dependency ratio in China was expected to reach 52.3 percent in 2050.

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Fertility Supplements Market Size 2025-2029

The fertility supplements market size is forecast to increase by USD 843.8 million at a CAGR of 7.3% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing prevalence of stress and the availability of convenient online purchasing options. Stress, a known contributor to infertility, has become a major health concern for individuals seeking to start a family. As a result, the demand for fertility supplements, believed to improve reproductive health and enhance fertility, has rised. However, this market faces challenges, including the potential risks associated with the use of fertility supplements. Moreover, the availability of these supplements through e-commerce platforms has made them easily accessible, increasing their reach and appeal.
To capitalize on the growing demand and navigate the challenges effectively, businesses should focus on research and development, regulatory compliance, and strategic marketing efforts. By addressing these factors, they can position themselves as trusted providers of fertility supplements, meeting the evolving needs of consumers and driving long-term growth in the market. Companies operating in this market must ensure product safety and transparency to mitigate these risks and build consumer trust. Preimplantation genetic testing is increasingly used to identify chromosomal abnormalities and reduce the risk of multiple gestation pregnancies.

What will be the Size of the Fertility Supplements Market during the forecast period?

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In the fertilizers market, the focus on sustainable farming systems and precision farming methods is driving innovation. Crop nutrition modeling and soil fertility monitoring are key trends, enabling farmers to optimize fertilizer application timing and minimize environmental impact. Sustainable practices, such as soil carbon sequestration and regenerative agriculture principles, are gaining traction. Efficient irrigation systems and stress response mitigation are essential components of modern farming, reducing water usage and enhancing crop productivity. Fulvic acid composition and humate product formulation are integral to organic fertilizer types, offering quality assurance measures and nutrient deficiency diagnosis. Integrated nutrient management, including microbial inoculant types and nutrient management planning, is crucial for optimal plant growth promotion.

Environmental impact assessment and risk assessment methodology are critical for inorganic fertilizer blends and climate-smart agriculture. Precision farming relies on variable rate technology and yield optimization strategies, ensuring efficient fertilizer application and minimizing nutrient loss. Soil testing methods are essential for assessing soil fertility and optimizing fertilizer inputs. The market is also exploring sequestered nutrient release and plant tissue analysis to enhance crop productivity and improve overall farm profitability. Water conservation strategies, such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, are vital in addressing the challenges of climate change and resource scarcity. Inorganic fertilizer blends are undergoing reformulation to reduce their environmental footprint and improve their sustainability.

Overall, the fertilizers market is evolving to meet the demands of modern agriculture, focusing on efficiency, sustainability, and environmental stewardship. Some supplements may carry side effects or interact with medications, leading to health complications. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of infertility, driven by various factors including hormonal imbalances, ovulation disorders, and gynecological conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis.

How is this Fertility Supplements Industry segmented?

The fertility supplements industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Women
  Men


Form Factor

  Capsules
  Tablets
  Gummies
  Powders
  Others


Product Type

  Herbal supplements
  Vitamin-based
  Mineral-based
  Amino acids and antioxidants
  Probiotics


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The Women segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The fertility supplement market in the region is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for these

Comprehensive dataset of 0 Fertility clinics in China as of July, 2025. Includes verified contact information (email, phone), geocoded addresses, customer ratings, reviews, business categories, and operational details. Perfect for market research, lead generation, competitive analysis, and business intelligence. Download a complimentary sample to evaluate data quality and completeness.

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Fertility Services Market Size 2025-2029

The fertility services market size is forecast to increase by USD 9.53 billion, at a CAGR of 7.8% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of late parenthood and the rising number of cases of prostate cancer, which necessitates the use of assisted reproductive technologies. However, this market faces substantial challenges, including the high complication rate in fertility services. The trend toward delayed childbearing, driven by social and economic factors, is leading to a rise in demand for fertility treatments. Furthermore, the growing incidence of prostate cancer, which often results in infertility, is fueling the need for advanced reproductive solutions. However, the high complication rate associated with fertility services poses a significant challenge to market growth.
Addressing this challenge through improved safety measures, rigorous quality control, and enhanced patient education could help mitigate risks and boost market confidence. Companies in the fertility services sector must focus on innovation, patient-centric care, and regulatory compliance to capitalize on the opportunities presented by this dynamic market and navigate the challenges effectively. These include hormone therapy to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI) and artificial insemination, and embryo transfer using donor eggs or frozen embryos from previous cycles.

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The market continues to evolve, driven by advancements in reproductive technology and growing demand for various infertility treatments. Fertility specialists offer a range of services, including tubal ligation reversal and vasectomy reversal, to help individuals and couples overcome infertility issues. Fertility clinics employ techniques such as ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in-vitro fertilization (IVF), which involve the use of hormone therapy, reproductive endocrinology, and ovulation induction. Semen analysis, sperm cryopreservation, and surgical sperm retrieval are essential components of infertility diagnosis and treatment. Advanced techniques like embryo freezing, embryo adoption, and donor eggs are also gaining popularity. Genetic counseling and fertility preservation are crucial services that help individuals and couples make informed decisions about their reproductive health.

Reproductive psychology, hysterosalpingography (HSG), and reproductive immunology are additional areas of focus in the market. Fertility medication, assisted hatching, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) testing are integral to the successful implementation of various infertility treatments. Reproductive surgery, egg retrieval, and testicular biopsy are surgical procedures that can help address underlying fertility issues. The ongoing dynamism in the market is reflected in the continuous unfolding of market activities and evolving patterns. These services are applied across various sectors, including gynecology, urology, and reproductive health, to help individuals and couples overcome infertility and achieve their family-building goals.

How is this Fertility Services Industry segmented?

The fertility services industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Service

  Treatment services
  Testing and storage services
  Others


End-user

  Fertility clinics
  Hospitals
  Surgical centers
  Clinical research institutes


Method

  In-vitro fertilization
  Artificial insemination


Gender

  Female
  Male


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Norway
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Service Insights

The treatment services segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is driven by the treatment services segment, which accounts for a significant revenue share due to the high cost of services and the prevalence of conditions like diabetes and obesity that affect reproductive health. Additionally, factors such as the increasing trend of late parenthood and the growing awareness and success of advanced reproductive technologies (ART), including in-vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and ovulation induction, contribute to market expansion. ART procedures, such as egg retrieval, embryo freezing, and embryo transfer, have seen remarkable breakthroughs, leading to an incr

The market size was valued at USD 1.5 billion in 2021 and will be 2.2 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast period. Factors Affecting Infertility TreatmentMarket Growth

Government spending on healthcare facilities

The federal government's increased support will likely accelerate market expansion. Additionally, the development and expansion of the healthcare sector, pushed by both public and private sectors, particularly in developing nations, will provide attractive potential for market expansion. High returns on investments, which are guaranteed by research efforts, would also benefit the market. Additionally, a rise in personal disposable income, an increase in the number of fertility clinics around the world, an increase in investment in the development of cutting-edge medical products and devices, and the growth of emerging Infertility markets will contribute to the market's positive rate of expansion.

Increasing frequency of the infertility

The demand for infertility is growing in male and females that result in an increasing demand for sterile treatment, Delayed parenthood, sexual transmission disease, aging, lifestyles are the factors that impact infertility. Therefore, there is faster growth in this field.

The Restraining Factor of Infertility Treatment:

High cost associated with treatment 

It is anticipated that barriers to market expansion will include high costs associated with research and development capabilities, a lack of adequate infrastructure, and increased complexity and concerns surrounding assisted reproductive technology (ART). In addition, during the forecast period of 2022–2029, the market is anticipated to face challenges from an unfavourable reimbursement scenario, a lack of technology penetration in developing economies, high costs associated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures, and an inadequate infrastructure in low- and middle-income nations. This hampers the infertility market.

Opportunities on Infertility Treatment

Developing economies in APAC and RoW:

Market participants for infertility treatments can anticipate finding significant growth opportunities in developing nations like China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. The Asia market is different from other growing nations, due to greater focus on infrastructure upgrades in the healthcare sector. For a variety of reasons, the medical tourism industry is also booming in developing countries. The quality of the healthcare facilities in Asia is very excellent. The medical procedures are reasonably priced, and many of the physicians and surgeons were educated at renowned universities in the US and Europe. Emerging markets including India, China, Singapore, Thailand, Brazil, and Malaysia offer promising opportunities for the growth of the global market.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Infertility Treatment Market:

The market has been negatively impacted by COVID-19. The market growth rate was slowed down as attention was diverted from non-essential healthcare services to meet COVID-19 patient expectations. Guidelines were established to prevent front-line hospital and public employees from contracting the COVID-19 virus. Due to the cancellation of in vitro fertilisation procedures, 90% decrease in the number of people having in vitro fertilisation cycles was seen during this pandemic phase. The infertility market growth rate was hampered as a result of everything. Introduction of Infertility Treatment

Infertility means a woman is not able to conceive after trying for more than a year. Infertility occurs when a woman can become pregnant but tends to experience miscarriages. Infertility treatment largely depends on the underlying cause and objectives. A treatment will be chosen for you based on your age, length of infertility treatment, and personal preferences. Sometimes only one person needs treatment, and other times both spouses must participate. In most circumstances, infertile individuals and couples have a high possibility of getting pregnant. The use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), surgery, or medication can be beneficial.

While the BRICS countries are grouped together in terms of economic development, demographic progress varies across these five countries. In 2019, India and South Africa were the only BRICS countries with a fertility rate above replacement level (2.1 births per woman). Fertility rates since 2000 show that fertility in China and Russia has either fluctuated or remained fairly steady, as these two countries are at a later stage of the demographic transition than the other three, while Brazil has reached this stage more recently. Fertility rates in India are following a similar trend to Brazil, while South Africa's rate is progressing at a much slower pace. Demographic development is inextricably linked with economic growth; for example, as fertility rates drop, female participation in the workforce increases, as does the average age, which then leads to higher productivity and a more profitable domestic market.

The fertility pregnancy rapid test kits market is expected to witness stable growth, with global sales projected to reach USD 1.60 billion in 2025. This reflects an increase from an estimated USD 1.5 billion in 2024. By 2035, the market is forecasted to expand to USD 2.49 billion, registering a CAGR of 4.5%.

Attributes	Key Insights
Historical Size, 2024	USD 1.5 billion
Estimated Size, 2025	USD 1.60 billion
Projected Size, 2035	USD 2.49 billion
Value-based CAGR (2025 to 2035)	4.5%

Semi Annual Market Update

Particular	Value CAGR
H1	5.2% (2024 to 2034)
H2	4.9% (2024 to 2034)
H1	4.5% (2025 to 2035)
H2	4.0% (2025 to 2035)

Analyzing Fertility Pregnancy Rapid Test Kits Market Market by Top Investment Segments

By Product	Value Share (2025)
Pregnancy Rapid Tests	57.0%

By Test Type	Value Share (2025)
hCG Urine	45.3%

Country-wise Insights

Countries	Value CAGR (2025 to 2035)
United States	3.8%
Germany	4.8%
Italy	3.6%
UK	4.5%
China	6.9%
India	6.6%
Japan	5.0%

Snapshot img

Femtech Market Size 2025-2029

The femtech market size is forecast to increase by USD 50.73 billion at a CAGR of 12.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of conditions such as infertility and obesity-related health issues in women. These issues have led to a greater awareness and demand for advanced technologies and solutions designed specifically for women's health. However, the market is not without challenges. Lack of investment and insufficient research and development in this sector have hindered the growth of the market.
Despite these challenges, the market presents a vast opportunity for companies seeking to innovate and address unmet needs in women's health. By focusing on developing solutions for conditions with high prevalence and investing in research and development, companies can capitalize on this growing market and make a positive impact on women's lives. The market encompasses a burgeoning sector of digital health solutions specifically designed for women's and female health. This dynamic market is characterized by the development and implementation of innovative technologies, including digital therapeutics, health data management systems, industry partnerships, and remote monitoring solutions.

What will be the Size of the Femtech Market during the forecast period?

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Digital health policy and regulatory frameworks continue to evolve, enabling the integration of femtech offerings into the digital health ecosystem. Key trends include the adoption of mobile health, wearable technology, and biometric monitoring for personalized medicine and lifestyle interventions. Digital diagnostics and predictive analytics are transforming healthcare by enabling early detection and prevention of health issues.

How is this Femtech Industry segmented?

The femtech industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Direct-to-consumer
  Hospitals
  Fertility clinics
  Others


Type

  Devices
  Software
  Services
  Others


Application

  Menstruation care and fertility tracking
  Pregnancy and nursing care
  General health and wellness
  Menopausal health


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada
    Mexico


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  Asia

    China
    India


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The direct-to-consumer segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Femtech businesses are technology-driven companies focusing on addressing women's health concerns through innovative solutions. These businesses primarily target issues related to contraception, pelvic and sexual health, menopause, menstrual health, and fertility, as well as conditions that disproportionately affect women. The stigma surrounding women's health issues, such as menstruation, sexual, and pelvic health, is being challenged by these companies. Maven Clinic, a virtual clinic, is an example of a femtech business that offers services to women and families. Initially focusing on maternity care, it has since expanded to cater to various stages of the reproductive cycle. Femtech solutions include wearable devices for sleep tracking and fitness, menstrual cycle management apps, contraception apps, and pregnancy planning apps, all utilizing advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, and big data analytics.

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The Direct-to-consumer segment was valued at USD 14 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period. These businesses prioritize data privacy and regulatory compliance while providing personalized experiences, patient engagement, and user-centered design. They aim to empower women through digital health literacy and telehealth platforms, fostering online communities and support groups for mental health, hormonal health, and sexual well-being. Investment firms and venture capital are increasingly recognizing the potential of femtech, leading to the emergence of digital therapeutics and AI-powered diagnostics. Lifestyle management, nutrition tracking, ovulation prediction, and stress management are additional areas where femtech businesses are making a significant impact. By integrating smart sensors, virtual care, and cloud computing, these companies are driving the digital transformation of healthcare systems, collaborating with insurance companies and healthcare providers to offer comprehensive, accessible, and affordable solutions.

Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 48% to the growth of the global market during the forec

In 2024, there were around 719 million male inhabitants and 689 million female inhabitants living in China, amounting to around 1.41 billion people in total. China's total population decreased for the first time in decades in 2022, and population decline is expected to accelerate in the upcoming years. Birth control in China From the beginning of the 1970s on, having many children was no longer encouraged in mainland China. The one-child policy was then introduced in 1979 to control the total size of the Chinese population. According to the one-child policy, a married couple was only allowed to have one child. With the time, modifications were added to the policy, for example parents living in rural areas were allowed to have a second child if the first was a daughter, and most ethnic minorities were excepted from the policy. Population ageing The birth control led to a decreasing birth rate in China and a more skewed gender ratio of new births due to boy preference. Since the negative economic and social effects of an aging population were more and more felt in China, the one-child policy was considered an obstacle for the country’s further economic development. Since 2014, the one-child policy has been gradually relaxed and fully eliminated at the end of 2015. However, many young Chinese people are not willing to have more children due to high costs of raising a child, especially in urban areas.

As of 2023, the bulk of the Chinese population was aged between 25 and 59 years, amounting to around half of the population. A breakdown of the population by broad age groups reveals that around 61.3 percent of the total population was in working age between 16 and 59 years in 2023. Age cohorts below 25 years were considerably smaller, although there was a slight growth trend in recent years. Population development in China Population development in China over the past decades has been strongly influenced by political and economic factors. After a time of high fertility rates during the Maoist regime, China introduced birth-control measures in the 1970s, including the so-called one-child policy. The fertility rate dropped accordingly from around six children per woman in the 1960s to below two at the end of the 20th century. At the same time, life expectancy increased consistently. In the face of a rapidly aging society, the government gradually lifted the one-child policy after 2012, finally arriving at a three-child policy in 2021. However, like in most other developed countries nowadays, people in China are reluctant to have more than one or two children due to high costs of living and education, as well as changed social norms and private values. China’s top-heavy age pyramid The above-mentioned developments are clearly reflected in the Chinese age pyramid. The age cohorts between 30 and 39 years are the last two larger age cohorts. The cohorts between 15 and 24, which now enter childbearing age, are decisively smaller, which will have a negative effect on the number of births in the coming decade. When looking at a gender distribution of the population pyramid, a considerable gender gap among the younger age cohorts becomes visible, leaving even less room for growth in birth figures.

The statistic shows the total population of India from 2019 to 2029. In 2023, the estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.43 billion people.

Total population in India

India currently has the second-largest population in the world and is projected to overtake top-ranking China within forty years. Its residents comprise more than one-seventh of the entire world’s population, and despite a slowly decreasing fertility rate (which still exceeds the replacement rate and keeps the median age of the population relatively low), an increasing life expectancy adds to an expanding population. In comparison with other countries whose populations are decreasing, such as Japan, India has a relatively small share of aged population, which indicates the probability of lower death rates and higher retention of the existing population.

With a land mass of less than half that of the United States and a population almost four times greater, India has recognized potential problems of its growing population. Government attempts to implement family planning programs have achieved varying degrees of success. Initiatives such as sterilization programs in the 1970s have been blamed for creating general antipathy to family planning, but the combined efforts of various family planning and contraception programs have helped halve fertility rates since the 1960s. The population growth rate has correspondingly shrunk as well, but has not yet reached less than one percent growth per year.

As home to thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and numerous religions, a cohesive and broadly-supported effort to reduce population growth is difficult to create. Despite that, India is one country to watch in coming years. It is also a growing economic power; among other measures, its GDP per capita was expected to triple between 2003 and 2013 and was listed as the third-ranked country for its share of the global gross domestic product.