In 2023, due to the rising prices of some products and services in recent months in Poland, ** percent of people bought less and looked for cheaper products during daily shopping. Moreover, around ** percent of Poles gave up higher expenses to put them off for later.

According to a survey conducted in June 2023, due to high inflation 55 people of French people said they had often looked for reduced prices when going grocery shopping, while a further 33 percent were often going to discount stores. Moreover, 31 percent of the surveyed admitted they sometimes refrained from buying meat, while 27 percent said they were not heating their house even when it was cold.

Inflation Rate in the United States increased to 2.70 percent in June from 2.40 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and May 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in Industrial policy for electric vehicle supply chains and the US-EU fight over the Inflation Reduction Act, PIIE Working Paper 23-1.

If you use the data, please cite as: Bown, Chad P. (2023). Industrial policy for electric vehicle supply chains and the US-EU fight over the Inflation Reduction Act, PIIE Working Paper 23-1. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Don't Know or Number Answer data was reported at 8.000 % in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.000 % for Sep 2018. Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Don't Know or Number Answer data is updated quarterly, averaging 5.000 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.000 % in Dec 2010 and a record low of 3.000 % in Sep 2018. Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Don't Know or Number Answer data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Confederation of Industry. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table BR.SM004: Approval by Government Area.

CSI: Government Economic Policy: Good Job data was reported at 28.000 % in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 30.000 % for Apr 2018. CSI: Government Economic Policy: Good Job data is updated monthly, averaging 19.000 % from Jan 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 485 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 49.000 % in Mar 1999 and a record low of 4.000 % in Dec 2008. CSI: Government Economic Policy: Good Job data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by University of Michigan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.H030: Consumer Sentiment Index: Unemployment, Interest Rates, Prices and Government Expectations. The question was: As to the economic policy of the government -- I mean steps taken to fight inflation or unemployment -- would you say the government is going a good job, only fair, or a poor job?

Over the observed period the inflation rate in Hungary only reached negative values in 2014 and 2015. According to the Hungarian National Bank, in 2023, the country's inflation rate recorded a **** percent increase compared to the previous year. According to the findings of a survey conducted among the population in 2022, the majority of Hungarians expected the yearly inflation rate to reach six to eight percent. Fighting rising prices As of January 2022, the inflation rate for food totaled over ** percent in the country, making it the product group with the second-biggest price increase, right after motor fuels. In February 2022, Hungary’s prime minister, Viktor Orbán, introduced price caps on basic food products such as cooking oil, flour, sugar, milk, pork leg, and chicken breast as a means to fight peaking inflation rates. Hungarians’ purchasing power per capita As of 2022, the highest purchasing power per person was recorded in the country’s capital, Budapest, where residents had on average *** percent at their disposal to spend or put into savings. At the same time, Komárom-Esztergom was the second-wealthiest county in Hungary, with purchasing power per capita totaling *** percent.

Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Disapproves data was reported at 45.000 % in Mar 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 86.000 % for Sep 2018. Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Disapproves data is updated quarterly, averaging 68.500 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 86.000 % in Sep 2018 and a record low of 42.000 % in Dec 2010. Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Disapproves data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Confederation of Industry. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table BR.SM004: Approval by Government Area.

In May 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in May 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Approves data was reported at 47.000 % in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.000 % for Sep 2018. Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Approves data is updated quarterly, averaging 26.000 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.000 % in Jun 2012 and a record low of 11.000 % in Sep 2018. Brazil Approval by Government Area: Fight Against Inflation: Approves data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Confederation of Industry. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table BR.SM004: Approval by Government Area.

ABSTRACT The paper discusses the determination of inflation in Brazil, especially after the great recession of 2015-2016, to assess the adequacy of manipulating interest rates to control the rise in prices due to permanent cost pressure. The burden of using the interest rate to fight cost inflation is to create a highly conventional level of the real interest rate, which benefits the rentier class in a financialized economy. In the light of the post-Keynesian macroeconomics, a high-interest rate convention keeps the economy with a low growth rate and a low investment rate, which in the case of the Brazilian economy has resulted in a regression in the productive matrix and productivity stagnation, and both contribute to perpetuating cost pressures on prices. The empirical analysis corroborates the discussion about recent inflation having its origin in cost pressures over which the interest rate impact for its control is limited. We complement the empirical analysis by testing the response to the SELIC interest rate of the variables used to explain the fluctuation of market prices and administered prices: commodity price index, exchange rate and activity level. As expected, the impact of an increase in the interest rate appreciates the exchange rate, favouring inflation control and reducing the level of activity but has no impact on the commodity price index.

Of the major developed and emerging economies, China had the lowest inflation rate at *** percent in December 2024. On the other end of the spectrum, the inflation rate in Russia stood at nearly ** percent. The country's inflation rate increased sharply after the country's President, Vladimir Putin, decided to invade Ukraine, declined somewhat in 2023, before increasing slowly again since. The rate of inflation reflects changes in the cost of a specified basket containing a representative selection of goods and services. It is derived from the consumer price index (CPI).

Inflation Rate in South Korea increased to 2.20 percent in June from 1.90 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - South Korea Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Energy Inflation in the United States decreased by 0.80 percent in June from -3.50 percent in May of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Energy Inflation.

United States CSI: Government Economic Policy: Don't Know data was reported at 2.000 % in May 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.000 % for Apr 2018. United States CSI: Government Economic Policy: Don't Know data is updated monthly, averaging 2.000 % from Jan 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 485 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.000 % in Feb 2001 and a record low of 0.000 % in Sep 2016. United States CSI: Government Economic Policy: Don't Know data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by University of Michigan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.H030: Consumer Sentiment Index: Unemployment, Interest Rates, Prices and Government Expectations. The question was: As to the economic policy of the government -- I mean steps taken to fight inflation or unemployment -- would you say the government is going a good job, only fair, or a poor job?

The Question “Why unemployment?” is one of the most central topics of economic theory since the great depression. Unemployment remains one of the most important problems of economic policies in industrial countries. Unemployment has different causes and therefore also different countermeasures are required. “Together with the destruction of environment unemployment and inflation are in the focus of economic and political discussions on macroeconomic problems and are considered as the greatest challenges of economic policy. Depending on the level of unemployment there is a higher focus on inflation or on unemployment, if both are on an alarming level at the same time they are in the shot simultaneously. In anyway both issues need to be analyzed together because they are not independent from each other. Experiences from the recent years have shown that combating inflation leads to an increase in unemployment, at least temporarily but probably also permanently. The other way around; combating unemployment may under certain circumstances also lead to an increase in inflation… Unemployment and inflation are macroeconomic problems. The level of both undesirable developments is determined by the relations in the entire economy. Therefor it is necessary to use macroeconomic theory which deals the general economic context for the analysis. Both problems are enhanced by structural factors which also need to be analyzed. In contrast to microeconomic theory which focuses on different individual decision makers, in macroeconomic theory decision makers and decisions are summarized in macroeconomic aggregates. The common procedure is to summarize decision makers into aggregates like “private households”, “enterprises” and “the state” and the decision makers concerning the use of income into “private consumption”, “investments” and “public expenditure” (Kromphardt, Jürgen, 1998: Arbeitslosigkeit und Inflation (unemployment and inflation). 2., newly revised A. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 17-18). Macroeconomic approaches on the explanation of unemployment and inflation are highly controversial in economic theory. Therefore the author starts with the attempt to present different explanations for unemployment and inflation from different macroeconomic positions. There are different unemployment: classical unemployment (reason: real wages to high), Keynesian unemployment (reason: demand for goods to low), unemployment due to a lack of working places (reason: capital stock to low). These positions give conflicting explanations and recommendations because they are based on different perceptions of the starting position. Therefor the author confronts central positions with empirical data on the macro level with the following restriction: “It is impossible to prove theories as correct (to verify). This is a reason for the fact that macroeconomic controversies do not come to a conclusion but are continued in a modified way. Furthermore economic statements in this field always affect social and political interests as all economic policies favor or put as a disadvantage interests of distinct social groups in a different way.“ (Kromphardt, a.a.O., S. 20).

Data tables in HISTAT (1) Development of employment: Presented by the development of annual average unemployment rates and the balance of labor force of the institute for labor market and occupation research (IAB, Nuremberg) after the domestic concept(employment with Germany as the place of work) For characterizing the overall economic developments, those values are used which play an important role in the reports of the German central bank: (2) Inflation: Rate of differences in the price index for costs of living compared to the previous year (3) Currency reserves of German federal banks and the German central bank: measure for foreign economic situation and the payment balance of the central bank (4) Development of economic growth: Presented by the nominal and real growth rate of the GDP (5) Inflation rate of the GDP, money supply, growth rate of the price index of the GDP (6) Labor productivity (= GDP per employee, domestic concept) (7) Real wage per employee (8) Exchange rate: DM/$ (monthly averages) (9) Growth of DGP, productivity, economically active population, real incomes, unemployment rate and adjusted wages (10) Time series connected with labor demand (11) GDP, labor volume, employees, working hours and labor productivity (12) Employee compensation, wages and ...

United States CSI: Government Economic Policy data was reported at 97.000 1966=100 in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 102.000 1966=100 for Apr 2018. United States CSI: Government Economic Policy data is updated monthly, averaging 89.000 1966=100 from Jan 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 485 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 143.000 1966=100 in Feb 1999 and a record low of 48.000 1966=100 in Aug 2011. United States CSI: Government Economic Policy data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by University of Michigan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.H030: Consumer Sentiment Index: Unemployment, Interest Rates, Prices and Government Expectations. The question was: As to the economic policy of the government -- I mean steps taken to fight inflation or unemployment -- would you say the government is going a good job, only fair, or a poor job?

In November 2024, the inflation rate in Turkey corresponded to **** percent. The monthly inflation rate in Turkey reached ***** percent in October 2022, the highest inflation rate recorded during the provided time interval. In June 2023, the year-on-year change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) was recorded at ***** percent, the lowest since January 2022. Since the second half of 2019, Turkey’s inflation rate has consistently been in double digits, with inflation accelerating at the fastest rate in 2022. High production costs In Turkey, domestic producer price indices have been continuously rising, which has directly resulted in a price increase in all consumer goods and services. Accordingly, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in all commodity groups increased extremely since 2022. In the same year, the food and non-alcoholic beverages category had one of the highest inflation rates in the CPI. This particularly affected Turkish consumers, as these products accounted for the highest share of household expenditure in 2023. Soaring food prices Since 2020, food prices have increased significantly around the world, and Turkey is no exception. Although inflation has started to slow down recently, food prices in Turkey continue to go up steadily, increasing by **** percent in November 2024 compared to the same month in the previous year. It is not surprising that food inflation has not simmered down, as the producer price index (PPI) of agricultural products followed a constant increasing trend in the country over the past few years.