As of September 2024, New York ranked as the world's most attractive financial center, earning a score of *** on a comprehensive financial center rating index that considers multiple factors. London followed closely in second place with a rating of ***. What are financial centers? A financial center is a city or region that serves as a strategic hub for the financial industry, bringing together banks, trading firms, stock exchanges, and other financial institutions. These hubs are typically distinguished by strong infrastructure, a stable regulatory and political environment, favorable taxation policies, and ample opportunities for business and trade growth. According to a 2024 survey of financial services professionals, the key factors influencing a financial center's competitiveness were the business environment, human capital, and infrastructure. Financial centers by region According to the Global Financial Centers Index, the most attractive financial hubs in North America are New York, San Francisco, and Chicago. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and Sao Paulo received the highest scores. When financial sector professionals were asked which financial centers were likely to become more significant in the next years, they pointed to Seoul, Singapore, Dubai.

Italy IT: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 27.800 % in 2019. Italy IT: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 27.800 % from Dec 2019 (Median) to 2019, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.800 % in 2019 and a record low of 27.800 % in 2019. Italy IT: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.;World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).;Unweighted average;

Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; U.S. Government Loans Excluding Capital Subscriptions and Contributions to International Financial Institutions and the IMF; Liability, Transactions (BOGZ1FU263169205A) from 1946 to 2024 about contributions, transactions, liabilities, capital, and USA.

Latvia LV: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 11.100 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 45.200 % for 2005. Latvia LV: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 26.100 % from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2013, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 45.200 % in 2005 and a record low of 11.100 % in 2013. Latvia LV: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Latvia – Table LV.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average;

Kyrgyzstan KG: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 23.300 % in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 23.600 % for 2005. Kyrgyzstan KG: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 20.000 % from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2013, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.600 % in 2005 and a record low of 11.200 % in 2002. Kyrgyzstan KG: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kyrgyzstan – Table KG.World Bank: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average;

Graph and download economic data for Bank Capital to Total Assets for China (DDSI03CNA156NWDB) from 1999 to 2020 about China, capital, assets, banks, and depository institutions.

Poland PL: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows data was reported at 3.738 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.170 USD bn for 2016. Poland PL: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows data is updated yearly, averaging 25.500 USD mn from Dec 1976 (Median) to 2017, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.170 USD bn in 2016 and a record low of -3.411 USD bn in 2013. Poland PL: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Poland – Table PL.World Bank.WDI: Balance of Payments: Capital and Financial Account. Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. This series shows net outflows of investment from the reporting economy to the rest of the world. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, supplemented by data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and official national sources.; Sum; Note: Data starting from 2005 are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6).

Net financial account of Uruguay plummeted by 120.75% from -1,998,261,944 US dollars in 2023 to 414,566,483 US dollars in 2024. Since the 1,273.25% surge in 2022, net financial account sank by 116.10% in 2024. The net financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities. It measures how net lending to or borrowing from nonresidents is financed, and is conceptually equal to the sum of the balances on the current and capital accounts. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

This data set is a subset of the "Records of foreign capital" (Registros de capitais estrangeiros", RCE) published by the Central Bank of Brazil (CBB) on their website.The data set consists of three data files and three corresponding metadata files. All files are in openly accessible .csv or .txt formats. See detailed outline below for data contained in each. Data files contain transaction-specific data such as unique identifier, currency, cancelled status and amount. Metadata files outline variables in the corresponding data file.RCE_Unclean_full_dataset.csv - all transactions published to the Central Bank website from the four main categories outlined belowMetadata_Unclean_full_dataset.csvRCE_Unclean_cancelled_dataset.csv - data extracted from the RCE_Unclean_full_dataset.csv where transactions were registered then cancelledMetadata_Unclean_cancelled_dataset.csvRCE_Clean_selection_dataset.csv - transaction data extracted from RCE_Unclean_full_dataset.csv and RCE_Unclean_cancelled_dataset.csv for the nine companies and criteria identified belowMetadata_Clean_selection_dataset.csvThe data include the period between October 2000 and July 2011. This is the only time span for the data provided by the Central Bank of Brazil at this stage. The records were published monthly by the Central Bank of Brazil as required by Art. 66 in Decree nº 55.762 of 17 February 1965, modified by Decree nº 4.842 of 17 September 2003. The records were published on the bank’s website starting October 2000, as per communique nº 011489 of 7 October 2003. This remained the case until August 2011, after which the amount of each transaction was no longer disclosed (and publication of these stopped altogether after October 2011). The disclosure of the records was suspended in order to review their legal and technical aspects, and ensure their suitability to the requirements of the rules governing the confidentiality of the information (Law nº 12.527 of 18 November 2011 and Decree nº 7724 of May 2012) (pers. comm. Central Bank of Brazil, 2016. Name of contact available upon request to Authors).The records track transfers of foreign capital made from abroad to companies domiciled in Brazil, with information on the foreign company (name and country) transferring the money, and on the company receiving the capital (name and federative unit). For the purpose of this study, we consider the four categories of foreign capital transactions which are published with their amount and currency in the Central Bank’s data, and which are all part of the “Register of financial transactions” (abbreviated RDE-ROF): loans, leasing, financed import and cash in advance (see below for a detailed description). Additional categories exist, such as foreign direct investment (RDE-IED) and External Investment in Portfolio (RDE-Portfólio), for which no amount is published and which are therefore not included.We used the data posted online as PDFs on the bank’s website, and created a script to extract the data automatically from these four categories into the RCE_Unclean_full_dataset.csv file. This data set has not been double-checked manually and may contain errors. We used a similar script to extract rows from the "cancelled transactions" sections of the PDFs into the RCE_Unclean_cancelled_dataset.csv file. This is useful to identify transactions that have been registered to the Central Bank but later cancelled. This data set has not been double-checked manually and may contain errors.From these raw data sets, we conducted the following selections and calculations in order to create the RCE_Clean_selection_dataset.csv file. This data set has been double-checked manually to secure that no errors have been made in the extraction process.We selected all transactions whose recipient company name corresponds to one of these nine companies, or to one of their known subsidiaries in Brazil, according to the list of subsidiaries recorded in the Orbis database, maintained by Bureau Van Dijk. Transactions are included if the recipient company name matches one of the following:- the current or former name of one of the nine companies in our sample (former names are identified using Orbis, Bloomberg’s company profiles or the company website);- the name of a known subsidiary of one of the nine companies, if and only if we find evidence (in Orbis, Bloomberg’s company profiles or on the company website) that this subsidiary was owned at some point during the period 2000-2011, and that it operated in a sector related to the soy or beef industry (including fertilizers and trading activities).For each transaction, we extracted the name of the company sending capital and when possible, attributed the transaction to the known ultimate owner.The name of the countries of origin sometimes comes with typos or different denominations: we harmonized them.A manual check of all the selected data unveiled that a few transactions (n=14), appear twice in the database while bearing the same unique identification number. According to the Central Bank of Brazil (pers. comm., November 2016), this is due to errors in their routine of data extraction. We therefore deleted duplicates in our database, keeping only the latest occurrence of each unique transaction. Six (6) transactions recorded with an amount of zero were also deleted. Two (2) transactions registered in August 2003 with incoherent currencies (Deutsche Mark and Dutch guilder, which were demonetised in early 2002) were also deleted.To secure that the import of data from PDF to the database did not contain any systematic errors, for instance due to mistakes in coding, data were checked in two ways. First, because the script identifies the end of the row in the PDF using the amount of the transaction, which can sometimes fail if the amount is not entered correctly, we went through the extracted raw data (2798 rows) and cleaned all rows whose end had not been correctly identified by the script. Next, we manually double-checked the 486 largest transactions representing 90% of the total amount of capital inflows, as well as 140 randomly selected additional rows representing 5% of the total rows, compared the extracted data to the original PDFs, and found no mistakes.Transfers recorded in the database have been made in different currencies, including US dollars, Euros, Japanese Yens, Brazilian Reais, and more. The conversion to US dollars of all amounts denominated in other currencies was done using the average monthly exchange rate as published by the International Monetary Fund (International Financial Statistics: Exchange rates, national currency per US dollar, period average). Due to the limited time period, we have not corrected for inflation but aggregated nominal amounts in USD over the period 2000-2011.The categories loans, cash in advance (anticipated payment for exports), financed import, and leasing/rental, are those used by the Central Bank of Brazil in their published data. They are denominated respectively: “Loans” (“emprestimos” in original source) - : includes all loans, either contracted directly with creditors or indirectly through the issuance of securities, brokered by foreign agents. “Anticipated payment for exports” (“pagamento/renovacao pagamento antecipado de exportacao” in original source): defined as a type of loan (used in trade finance)“Financed import” (“importacao financiada” in original source): comprises all import financing transactions either direct (contracted by the importer with a foreign bank or with a foreign supplier), or indirect (contracted by Brazilian banks with foreign banks on behalf of Brazilian importers). They must be declared to the Central Bank if their term of payment is superior to 360 days.“Leasing/rental” (“arrendamento mercantil, leasing e aluguel” in original source) : concerns all types of external leasing operations consented by a Brazilian entity to a foreign one. They must be declared if the term of payment is superior to 360 days.More information about the different categories can be found through the Central Bank online.(Research Data Support provided by Springer Nature)

Graph and download economic data for Bank Capital to Total Assets for United States (DDSI03USA156NWDB) from 1998 to 2020 about capital, assets, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The Global Investment Report 2023 revealed that after a sharp decline in 2020 and a strong rebound in 2021, global foreign direct investment (FDI) declined by 12 percent to $1.3 trillion in 2022. However, in developing countries, FDI increased by 4% to $916 billion, a record share of more than 70% of global flows. The number of greenfield investment projects in developing countries increased by 37 percent and international project finance transactions by 5 percent. Foreign investment from China, the second largest recipient of foreign investment globally, increased by 5 percent. The service industry has become the mainstream industry in the global FDI structure. The global industry is accelerating its transformation to a "service-based economy," international FDI in productive service industries has become an essential means of industrial transfer in developed countries and a meaningful way to upgrade the industrial structure and high-quality development in emerging economies. As a representative province in central China, Hubei Province has unique advantages in human capital, factor cost, and market potential, which provide preferential conditions to attract foreign investment. This paper first introduced the concept of the productive service industry, based on the relevant statistical data from 2011 to 2022, focused on the current situation of foreign investment utilization in five major sub-sectors of the productive service industry in Hubei Province in the past ten years, and empirically investigated the impact of foreign investment utilization in five major sub-sectors of the productive service industry on the economic growth of Hubei Province, and obtained that the level of foreign investment attraction varied significantly among the regions in Hubei Province. The three productive service industries, namely transportation, storage and postal services, information transmission, software and information technology services, and financial services, played a significant role in the active attraction and optimal utilization of foreign capital and the economic development of Hubei Province. Based on this, it was proposed to build a market-oriented rule of law and internationalized business environment, improve the infrastructure construction in different regions of the province, focus on the training of professional talents for the development of productive service industries, and pay attention to the improvement of independent innovation capacity.

Foreign reserves provide developing countries with resources for managing the effects of economic shocks and crises. Why do reserve levels vary across the developing world? Political business cycles (PBCs) have been associated with reserve level decreases, as incumbents draw them down to fund policies that provide voters with material benefits before elections. But governments can also obtain capital by borrowing on bond markets, getting the resources needed to fund PBC policy efforts through alternative means. We hypothesize and find that this means global finance conditions the PBC effect on foreign reserve levels. When pre-election global interest rates are high and borrowing is expensive, governments do draw down reserves. But when pre-election global interest rates are low and borrowing is cheap, governments borrow rather than deplete reserves. This helps explain variation in reserve levels, and thus variation in resilience against economic shocks, across developing countries. The study further suggests the importance of accounting for reserve use in studies of PBC effects on debt, adds novel PBC identification strategies to the literature, and signals how the politics of diverse areas of economic policymaking can be affected by global financial conditions.

Finland FI: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 42.000 % in 2020. Finland FI: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 42.000 % from Dec 2020 (Median) to 2020, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.000 % in 2020 and a record low of 42.000 % in 2020. Finland FI: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.;World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).;Unweighted average;

Graph and download economic data for Stock Market Capitalization to GDP for United States (DDDM01USA156NWDB) from 1975 to 2020 about market cap, stock market, capital, GDP, and USA.

Hong Kong SAR (China) Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 9.800 % in 2023. Hong Kong SAR (China) Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 9.800 % from Dec 2023 (Median) to 2023, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.800 % in 2023 and a record low of 9.800 % in 2023. Hong Kong SAR (China) Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.;World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).;Unweighted average;

LV: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows data was reported at 500.223 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 244.866 USD mn for 2016. LV: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows data is updated yearly, averaging 84.632 USD mn from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2017, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 769.509 USD mn in 2007 and a record low of -193.254 USD mn in 2009. LV: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Latvia – Table LV.World Bank.WDI: Balance of Payments: Capital and Financial Account. Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. This series shows net outflows of investment from the reporting economy to the rest of the world. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, supplemented by data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and official national sources.; Sum; Note: Data starting from 2005 are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6).

Syria SY: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 16.000 % in 2009. Syria SY: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 16.000 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Syria SY: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Syrian Arab Republic – Table SY.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average;

Samoa WS: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 68.700 % in 2009. Samoa WS: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 68.700 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Samoa WS: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average;

Jamaica JM: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 53.100 % in 2010. Jamaica JM: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 53.100 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2010, with 1 observations. Jamaica JM: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Jamaica – Table JM.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average;

Mali ML: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data was reported at 51.700 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 21.400 % for 2010. Mali ML: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data is updated yearly, averaging 21.400 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2016, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51.700 % in 2016 and a record low of 6.700 % in 2007. Mali ML: Firms using Banks to Finance Working Capital: % of Firms data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mali – Table ML.World Bank.WDI: Company Statistics. Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.; ; World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).; Unweighted average;