Between ************ and *********, global recession fear went through periods of sharp increases three times. First, in the summer of 2019, due to an escalation in U.S.-China relations and a recession signal being flashed by the bond market. The second peak of worldwide recession fear took place in **********, as a result of the alarming jump in the rate of COVID-19 cases. The fear of recession started to increase sharply again in *************, as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine escalated.

Graph and download economic data for Dates of U.S. recessions as inferred by GDP-based recession indicator (JHDUSRGDPBR) from Q4 1967 to Q1 2025 about recession indicators, GDP, and USA.

In a June 2022 survey, more than half of Americans believed that the best indicator of whether or not the country is experiencing a recession was the prices of goods and services they buy. This response was given by ** percent of the respondents. A further ** percent felt that the unemployment rate and job reports are the best indicator.

and represent the interactions inside and between the continents (Asia-Pacific, Europe-Africa and America), respectively, for four major financial crises particularly in 2008, 2011, 2020, and 2022.

This is additional data for the paper "The short- and long-term effects of the Great Recession on late-life depression in Europe: The role of area deprivation" published in Social Science & Medicine (2022).

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Supplemental Material (.docx) 2 Supplemental Material (.pdf) 3 Stata Do-File (see the remark in the do-file for the reproduction steps)

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Peak through the Period preceding the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (USARECDP) from 1947-02-01 to 2022-09-30 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and USA.

A recession is due in the U.S. in 2023, according to a majority of macroeconomists in a June 2022 survey. Opinions varied, however, on when in 2023 this new recession could start exactly. Most respondents - ** percent - believed the economic downturn most likely start in the first half of 2023. Meanwhile, ** percent said that it would begin in the latter half of that year. Most Americans thought differently on this topic, believing that the country was already experiencing an economic recession in June 2022. The macroeconomists cited both geopolitical tensions and the increasing costs of energy as the main reasons why pressure would remain on U.S. inflation.

The linkages between the US and China, the world’s two major agricultural powers, have brought great uncertainty to the global food markets. Inspired by these, this paper examines the extreme risk spillovers between US and Chinese agricultural futures markets during significant crises. We use a copula-conditional value at risk (CoVaR) model with Markov-switching regimes to capture the tail dependence in their pair markets. The study covers the period from January 2006 to December 2022 and identifies two distinct dependence regimes (stable and crisis periods). Moreover, we find significant and asymmetric upside/downside extreme risk spillovers between the US and Chinese markets, which are highly volatile in crises. Additionally, the impact of international capital flows (the financial channel) on risk spillovers is particularly pronounced during the global financial crisis. During the period of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine 2022 war, the impact of supply chain disruptions (the non-financial channel) is highlighted. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for monitoring the co-movements in agricultural futures markets and practical insights for managing investment portfolios and enhancing food market stability during crises.

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for Major Seven Countries from the Peak through the Period preceding the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (MSCRECDP) from 1960-02-01 to 2022-08-31 about G7, peak, trough, and recession indicators.

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for Indonesia from the Peak through the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (IDNRECM) from Feb 1990 to May 2022 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and Indonesia.

Following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the 2007-2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted that the world would face another severe financial crisis. In the World Bank report ‘Global Economic Prospects’ published in July 2022, the financial crisis was driven by several factors: the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, the Zero-Covid Policy in China, and a slow-moving recovering economy.

How do centralized governments mitigate the political cost of severe financial crises? The economic voting scholarship has established that the clarity of responsibility, i.e., government accountability for economic conditions to the mass public, is a necessity for electoral reward or punishment for economic performance. On the one hand, political centralization, which reduces the number of veto players, may increase the visibility of the role of the executive in policy success or failure. On the other hand, it allows an uncontested blame avoidance discourse, especially when accompanied with democratic backsliding. Furthermore, the recent backlash against globalization has enabled blame shifting to international actors in many countries. Against this theoretical framework, we comparatively analyze the responsibility attribution discourses for the 1994, 2001, and 2018-2022 financial crises in the statements of incumbent presidents, ministers, and parliament members of Turkey. We find that while blame avoidance discursive strategies have been attempted in all three cases, the responsibility attribution for the 1994 and 2001 crises mostly targeted the executive. In contrast, for the ongoing crisis, the responsibility discourse is dominated with blaming international political economy factors, creating ambiguity, and targeting domestic non-governmental actors.

This archive replicates the tables and figures in Federica Genovese and Héctor Hermida Rivera. 2022. Government Ideology and Bailout Conditionality in the European Financial Crisis. International Interactions, 48(5): 897-935

The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

For their 2022 annual public report, the financial courts focused on the health crisis, which severely disrupted the functioning of public administrations and whose threats to the health of the French people and the impact on economic activity have raised very high expectations of the public and businesses vis-à-vis the state. This report thus focuses on the lessons to be learned from this unprecedented crisis and its budgetary, financial, economic and social consequences. Following a review of the overall state of public finances at the end of January 2022, the first part of the annual public report looks at measures taken to meet the vital needs of the population and to support vulnerable or vulnerable populations. The second part analyses the adaptation to the crisis of certain administrations and public enterprises providing essential services. Finally, the third part focuses on support for economic activity.

Is the US headed into a recession? IBISWorld takes a look into key recession indicators by individual US industries.

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for the United Kingdom from the Period following the Peak through the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (GBRREC) from Feb 1955 to Sep 2022 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and United Kingdom.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by July 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *********, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for Spain from the Period following the Peak through the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (ESPREC) from Feb 1960 to Aug 2022 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and Spain.

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for Greece from the Period following the Peak through the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (GRCREC) from Feb 1960 to Jul 2022 about peak, trough, Greece, and recession indicators.