The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

This paper looks at the relationship between negative news and stock markets in times of global crisis, such as the 2008/2009 period. We analysed one year of front page banner headlines of three financial newspapers, the Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, and Il Sole24ore to examine the influence of bad news both on stock market volatility and dynamic correlation. Our results show that the press and markets influenced each other in generating market volatility and in particular, that the Wall Street Journal had a crucial effect both on the volatility and correlation between the US and foreign markets. We also found significant differences between newspapers in their interpretation of the crisis, with the Financial Times being significantly pessimistic even in phases of low market volatility. Our results confirm the reflexive nature of stock markets. When the situation is uncertain and unpredictable, market behaviour may even reflect qualitative, big picture, and subjective information such as streamers in a newspaper, whose economic and informative value is questionable.

United States Recession Probability data was reported at 14.120 % in Oct 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 14.505 % for Sep 2019. United States Recession Probability data is updated monthly, averaging 7.668 % from Jan 1960 (Median) to Oct 2019, with 718 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 95.405 % in Dec 1981 and a record low of 0.080 % in Sep 1983. United States Recession Probability data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.S021: Recession Probability.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in Egypt’s 2023-24 economic crisis: Will this time be different? by Ruchir Agarwal and Adnan Mazarei, PIIE Policy Brief 24-6.

If you use the data, please cite as: Agarwal, Ruchir, and Adnan Mazarei. 2024. Egypt’s 2023-24 economic crisis: Will this time be different?. PIIE Policy Brief 24-6. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This file contains the data and code for the publication "The Federal Reserve's Response to the Global Financial Crisis and Its Long-Term Impact: An Interrupted Time-Series Natural Experimental Analysis" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

Graph and download economic data for Real-time Sahm Rule Recession Indicator (SAHMREALTIME) from Dec 1959 to Jun 2025 about recession indicators, academic data, and USA.

We performed a comprehensive time series segmentation study on the 36 Nikkei Jap anese industry indices from 1 January 1996 to 11 June 2010. From the temporal distributions of the clustered segments, we found that the Japanese economy never fully recovered from the extended 1997–2003 crisis, and responded to the most recent global financial crisis in five stages. Of these, the second and main stage affecting 21 industries lasted only 27 days, in contrast to the two-and-a-half-years across-the-board recovery from the 1997–2003 financial crisis. We constructed the minimum spanning trees (MSTs) to visualize the Pearson cross correlations between Japanese industries over five macroeconomic periods: (i) 1997–1999 (Asian Financial Crisis), (ii) 2000–2002 (Technology Bubble Crisis), (iii) 2003–2006 (economic growth), (iv) 2007–2008 (Subprime Crisis), and (iv) 2008–2010 (Lehman Brothers Crisis). In these MSTs, the Chemicals and Electric Machinery industries are consistently hubs. Finally, we present evidence from the segment-to-segment MSTs for flights to quality within the Japanese stock market.

Graph and download economic data for Dates of U.S. recessions as inferred by GDP-based recession indicator (JHDUSRGDPBR) from Q4 1967 to Q4 2024 about recession indicators, GDP, and USA.

Manufacturing networks characteristics before and after 2008 crisis.

Electricity networks characteristics before and after 2008 crisis.

This file contains the data and code for the publication "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

The size of the gold market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of XXX% during the forecast period. Gold is a precious metal that has been highly valued by human societies for thousands of years due to its rarity, beauty, and unique properties. Chemically, gold is a soft, yellow metal that is resistant to corrosion, tarnishing, and oxidation, which makes it ideal for use in jewelry, coins, and decorative items. It is a noble metal, meaning it does not easily react with other elements, which has contributed to its historical significance as a symbol of wealth and power. Gold is also an excellent conductor of electricity and is highly malleable, allowing it to be shaped into intricate designs or thin sheets, making it indispensable in various industrial applications, including electronics, dentistry, and aerospace. As an investment, gold is seen as a safe haven during periods of economic instability, with its value often rising in times of inflation or financial crisis. The extraction of gold, however, is a complex and environmentally impactful process, involving mining, refining, and sometimes toxic chemicals. Despite this, gold remains an essential commodity in the global economy, not only in terms of its financial value but also for its cultural and industrial significance. Its enduring appeal as a store of value and a medium of exchange continues to shape economies and societies worldwide. The growing demand for gold as a safe haven asset, rising disposable income, and the increasing usage of gold in jewelry and technology are driving this growth. Hybrid seeds have numerous benefits, including improved yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to different climates. Government initiatives to promote the adoption of hybrid seeds, coupled with rising food security concerns, are further contributing to their market growth. Technological advancements in seed breeding and genetic engineering are also enabling the development of improved hybrid varieties. Recent developments include: In March 2023, Pan American Silver Corporation announced the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding common shares of Yamana Gold Inc. as part of the arrangement, which includes its mines and increased the geographical operations of the company in Latin America..

Graph and download economic data for General government net lending/borrowing for Argentina (GGNLBAARA188N) from 1993 to 2024 about Argentina, budget, Net, and government.

Ideal Matriz (image) proposed to the 1-Mode Blockemodeling.

In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

Background of the survey:

The middle of the 19th century is the time of the emerging economies and of the beginning of the world trade. The financial power of individual bankers was not able anymore to sustain the international economy. Therefore individual bankers formed banks as cooperation. In those times also the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft was founded as a partnership limited by shares. In its 100 years of existence the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft survived times of economic crisis and the Second World War. The situation after the Second World War meant new challenges for the unit branch bank. The history of the Berliner bank is uncommon, because it survived the turbulences of history and still exists with its old name and old legal form.

The banking system of a country is the result of a historical development process in which politics, economy and banks participate. While the English banking system developed in the context of the goldsmiths in London that issued receipts for the storage of precious metals, on the European continent mainly individual bankers had influence in the time of absolute principalities. Through the liberal revolution in 1948/49 the close relationship between the state and individual bankers was leaven. Simultaneously with those political changes the industrial revolution started in Europe. Finance institutions for the needs of the new industry were necessary and could only now, after the liberation of state paternalism, develop. The individual company must be understood in the context of the times and its environment. Therefor the history of the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft also needs to be understood in the context of the respective times.

In the year of the foundation of the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, 1856, Germany was in an upheaval of enormous extent, shaped by the attempt of a national unity emerged from the Napoleonic Wars. Simultaneously, the European continent was influenced by the political and economic liberalism coming from England.

Due to the economic liberalization of England mobile capital was available there, initially provided by the overseas trade and the large estates available. On the European continent there was no comparable banking or credit system. The individual banks reliant on their equity capital could at most rely on the largest of them. But when the most important individual banks of the continent suffered heavy losses, the development of a new type of bank was necessary. But in the beginning the Prussian state was hostile towards the idea of capital companies, so that the actual impulse came from France.

Pereires together with Fould created three bank types in 1851, which had a major impact for the future of the European continent: the business bank, the mortgage bank and mutual banks. The economic boom of the 50s showed very soon that for the resulting financing tasks especially the type of commercial bank could come into question because this type alone was in a position to raise the necessary capital.

Because of those circumstances and because of the foresight of the individual bankers of those times, the idea to found a joint Bank together with different individual bankers, that could still act independently, emerged. In this context the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft was founded with the explicit task to realize the ventures that emerged from the German industrialization.

Time and place of the survey:

The investigation period and the object of study relate to the development history of the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft between 1856 and 1956.

Specification of the research question:

The development of the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft and therein mutually reflecting back the history of the German economy and industrialization from 1856 to 1955 will be shown on the basis of annual reports from that time.

Data tables in HISTAT: 1. Annual reports of the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft 1856 – 1955.

Executive summary As Canada’s federal deposit insurer and resolution authority, CDIC operates in a rapidly changing and complex environment. Canada’s economy is facing global and domestic headwinds, such as tighter monetary policy, higher interest rates, geo-political tensions, and lower housing affordability. Canadian businesses continue to navigate an uncertain operating environment with elevated input and borrowing costs. People in Canada are feeling the impacts every day. Overall, CDIC members are in stable financial condition. Although the 2023 bank failures in the United States and Switzerland were contained to those countries, these events underscored the importance of continued vigilance in regulatory oversight and supervision. They also reaffirmed the value of resolution planning and testing so CDIC can respond quickly to a variety of crisis scenarios and possible shocks to financial system stability. Moreover, they highlighted the importance of promoting public awareness of deposit insurance, which protects depositors and contributes to financial stability. Every year, new financial products, services, providers, and transaction channels are launched. This presents new savings opportunities, but also new risks to depositors regarding deposit protection and coverage. In response, CDIC continues to innovate to protect financial futures in Canada. For example, CDIC is continuing its payout modernization project which aims to reimburse depositors more conveniently, quickly, and securely in the event of a member failure. CDIC is also adapting to an evolving workplace environment. All organizations are facing increasing technological and cultural hanges, with continued competition for talent. CDIC will continue to advance its workforce strategies to prioritize attracting and retaining top talent, with a focus on ensuring its employees are representative of Canada’s diverse population. The Corporation will continue refining its approach to hybrid work, adapting technology, operations, and skills training across the organization to continue meeting the demands of the future in service of its mandate. CDIC will focus on three strategic objectives for the 2024/2025 to 2028/2029 planning period, anchored to the Corporation’s mandate as federal deposit insurer and resolution authority: 1 — Resolution Readiness Resolution readiness involves having the necessary people, data, processes, tools, systems, and financial capacity to resolve a member failure, if necessary. CDIC’s role among Canada’s financial sector oversight agencies intensifies during times of economic hardship or uncertainty. CDIC protects depositors and contributes to financial stability by being resolution ready. CDIC will continue to strengthen its capacity for the early identification and surveillance of risks. It will also identify and assess resolution tools, policies, and mechanisms to strengthen the current deposit insurance and resolution framework and improve resolution capacity and capabilities through training and testing. In 2024/2025, CDIC will remain focused on its new deposit insurance and payout system, a major transformational initiative that began in 2021. The project aims to enable depositors to access their funds more rapidly and securely in the event of a member failure. It will also enable CDIC to support new digital channels for communicating securely with depositors, member institutions, and deposit brokers. In 2024/2025, CDIC will also continue working on the tri-agency Data Collection Modernization Initiative, alongside the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) and the Bank of Canada. This will ensure CDIC has the necessary level of regulatory data to: support risk-intelligent decision-making abilities, proactively respond to changes in Canada’s risk environment, and align needs to support the respective mandates of participating agencies. 2 — Depositor Trust and Confidence Reinforcing people’s confidence in the safety of their deposits is essential to protecting financial futures in Canada. CDIC is undertaking a Deposit Insurance Study to assess the scope and coverage of current deposit protection to ensure that it continues to meet depositors’ needs into the future. Results will be shared with the Minister of Finance for policy consideration. Given the strong linkage between public awareness of deposit protection and the stability of the financial system, the Corporation will continue to focus on the level of people’s awareness of CDIC, its membership and coverage. 3 — Organizational Strength Organizational strength involves preparing for, and responding to, internal and external factors that can impact CDIC’s people, culture, and technologies. CDIC is committed to having a workforce that reflects the depositors it serves and being an employer of choice. CDIC is focused on promoting an inclusive culture, and exceeding workforce representation statistics. CDIC will again seek to achieve the Great Place to Work™ certification in 2024/2025. CDIC achieves its vision through its people and strong culture. CDIC will enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its enterprise and corporate services through targeted technology investment, improved operational resiliency and augmented skills-training to ensure the Corporation can continue to fulfill its mandate. From a financial perspective, CDIC’s operating budget will be $90.3 million in fiscal year 2024/2025, and its capital budget will be $1.2 million. CDIC maintains (ex ante) funding to cover possible deposit insurance losses. The amount of such funding is represented by the aggregate of CDIC’s retained earnings and the provision for insurance losses. CDIC’s ex ante fund was $8.6 billion (73 basis points of insured deposits) as at September 30, 2023. The Corporate Plan anticipates and responds to the evolving operating environment and risks facing CDIC. It also supports the Corporation’s ability to achieve its mandate, while maintaining the public’s trust and confidence that their eligible deposits are protected.

Mobile Payment (Mobile Money) Market Outlook

The global mobile payment (mobile money) market size is projected to witness substantial growth, expanding from an estimated USD 1.54 trillion in 2023 to a forecasted USD 5.33 trillion by 2032, demonstrating a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.8%. This remarkable growth is fueled by the increasing penetration of smartphones and internet connectivity across the globe, coupled with a rising preference for cashless transactions. The convenience and efficiency offered by mobile payments, along with the increasing security features that come with these technologies, are significant drivers of this expansion. Moreover, the integration of mobile payment systems into various sectors, such as retail and transportation, is further propelling market growth.

A primary growth factor in the mobile payment market is the widespread adoption of smartphones and the internet. As these technologies become more accessible and affordable, a larger portion of the global population is able to participate in mobile financial activities. This trend is particularly noticeable in developing regions where traditional banking infrastructure is often lacking, yet mobile connectivity is on the rise. The convenience and immediacy offered by mobile payments are reshaping consumer behaviors and transaction processes, leading to their increased use and acceptance. Additionally, technological advancements in mobile payment solutions have enhanced the security and user experience, further driving consumer confidence and adoption.

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift towards digital and contactless payments, acting as a catalyst for the mobile payment market's growth. With social distancing measures in place and hygiene concerns at the forefront, consumers and businesses alike have turned to mobile payments as a safer alternative to cash transactions. This shift has spurred innovation and competition among mobile payment providers to enhance their platforms and services, meeting the evolving needs of users. The pandemic has effectively highlighted the necessity and convenience of mobile payments in maintaining economic activity during times of crisis, reinforcing their place as a key component of the financial ecosystem.

Furthermore, the rise of e-commerce and the integration of mobile payment solutions into various online and offline platforms have driven growth in this market. Retailers are increasingly adopting these technologies to streamline payment processes and improve customer experience. The ability to make quick, secure transactions directly from mobile devices is becoming an essential feature for businesses looking to meet consumer demand. This integration into various industries, including retail, transportation, and hospitality, where quick and seamless transactions are a priority, is contributing significantly to the expansion of the mobile payment market.

Mobile Proximity Payments represent a significant advancement in the mobile payment landscape, leveraging technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) to facilitate seamless transactions. This method allows users to make payments by simply bringing their mobile devices close to a payment terminal, enhancing the user experience with speed and convenience. The adoption of Mobile Proximity Payments is particularly strong in urban areas where the infrastructure supports quick and efficient transactions, making it a preferred choice for consumers who value time and ease of use. As more businesses integrate this technology into their payment systems, the market for Mobile Proximity Payments is expected to grow, driven by consumer demand for frictionless and secure payment options. This trend is indicative of the broader shift towards contactless payments, which have gained momentum in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the importance of hygiene and safety in financial transactions.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is expected to lead the mobile payment market, driven by the rapid adoption of mobile technologies in countries like China and India. These nations have seen significant investments in digital infrastructure and government initiatives supporting cashless economies, fostering a fertile environment for mobile payment solutions. North America and Europe also exhibit considerable growth potential due to high smartphone penetration and the presence of key market players. Meanwhile, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East are emerging markets with growing adoption rates, supported by increasing mobile networ

Graph and download economic data for Total Unemployed, Plus All Persons Marginally Attached to the Labor Force, Plus Total Employed Part Time for Economic Reasons, as a Percent of the Civilian Labor Force Plus All Persons Marginally Attached to the Labor Force (U-6) (U6RATE) from Jan 1994 to Jun 2025 about marginally attached, part-time, labor underutilization, workers, 16 years +, labor, household survey, unemployment, and USA.