Quarterly estimates of national product, income and expenditure, sector accounts and balance of payments.

The United Kingdom's economy grew by 1.1 percent in 2024, after a growth rate of 0.3 percent in 2023, 5.1 percent in 2022, 8.5 percent in 2021, and a record ten percent fall in 2020. During the provided time period, the biggest annual fall in gross domestic product before 2020 occurred in 2009, when the UK economy contracted by 4.6 percent at the height of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Before 2021, the year with the highest annual GDP growth rate was 1973, when the UK economy grew by 6.5 percent. UK economy growing but GDP per capita falling In 2022, the UK's GDP per capita amounted to approximately 37,371 pounds, with this falling to 37,028 pounds in 2023, and 36,977 pounds in 2024. While the UK economy as a whole grew during this time, the UK's population grew at a faster rate, resulting in the negative growth in GDP per capita. This suggests the UK economy's struggles with productivity are not only stagnating, but getting worse. The relatively poor economic performance of the UK in recent years has not gone unnoticed by the electorate, with the economy consistently seen as the most important issue for voters since 2022. Recent shocks to UK economy In the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy shrank by a record 20.3 percent at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was a relatively swift economic recovery initially, the economy has struggled to grow much beyond its pre-pandemic size, and was only around 3.1 percent larger in December 2024, when compared with December 2019. Although the labor market has generally been quite resilient during this time, a long twenty-month period between 2021 and 2023 saw prices rise faster than wages, and inflation surge to a high of 11.1 percent in October 2022.

United Kingdom Index: Month Average: FT 30 data was reported at 3,282.127 01Jul1935=100 in Jul 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,311.805 01Jul1935=100 for Jun 2018. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: FT 30 data is updated monthly, averaging 1,873.659 01Jul1935=100 from Jan 1970 (Median) to Jul 2018, with 583 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,083.182 01Jul1935=100 in Jul 1999 and a record low of 160.100 01Jul1935=100 in Dec 1974. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: FT 30 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Financial Times. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.Z001: Financial Times Stock Exchange: Indices.

Annual estimates of the market value of financial and non-financial assets for the UK, providing a measure of the nation's wealth.

United Kingdom Index: FT 30 data was reported at 2,946.000 01Jul1935=100 in Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,975.400 01Jul1935=100 for Oct 2018. United Kingdom Index: FT 30 data is updated monthly, averaging 1,966.600 01Jul1935=100 from Jan 1975 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 527 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,156.800 01Jul1935=100 in Dec 1999 and a record low of 236.900 01Jul1935=100 in Jan 1975. United Kingdom Index: FT 30 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Financial Times. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.Z001: Financial Times Stock Exchange: Indices.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United Kingdom grew by 0.9 percent and is expected to grow by just one percent in 2025 and by 1.9 percent in 2026. Growth is expected to slow down to 1.8 percent in 2027, and then grow by 1.7, and 1.8 percent in 2027 and 2028 respectively. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 and subsequent closure of large parts of the economy were the cause of the huge 9.4 percent contraction in 2020, with the economy recovering somewhat in 2021, when the economy grew by 7.6 percent. UK growth downgraded in 2025 Although the economy is still expected to grow in 2025, the one percent growth anticipated in this forecast has been halved from two percent in October 2024. Increased geopolitical uncertainty as well as the impact of American tariffs on the global economy are some of the main reasons for this mark down. The UK's inflation rate for 2025 has also been revised, with an annual rate of 3.2 percent predicated, up from 2.6 percent in the last forecast. Unemployment is also anticipated to be higher than initially thought, with the annual unemployment rate likely to be 4.5 percent instead of 4.1 percent. Long-term growth problems In the last two quarters of 2023, the UK economy shrank by 0.1 percent in Q3 and by 0.3 percent in Q4, plunging the UK into recession for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic. Even before that last recession, however, the UK economy has been struggling with weak growth. Although growth since the pandemic has been noticeably sluggish, there has been a clear long-term trend of declining growth rates. The economy has consistently been seen as one of the most important issues to people in Britain, ahead of health, immigration and the environment. Achieving strong levels of economic growth is one of the main aims of the Labour government elected in 2024, although after almost one year in power it has so far proven elusive.

United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE Information Technology data was reported at 1,848.650 30Dec1983=100 in Jul 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,918.296 30Dec1983=100 for Jun 2018. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE Information Technology data is updated monthly, averaging 733.455 30Dec1983=100 from Apr 1999 (Median) to Jul 2018, with 232 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,819.957 30Dec1983=100 in Mar 2000 and a record low of 235.036 30Dec1983=100 in Oct 2002. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE Information Technology data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Financial Times. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.Z001: Financial Times Stock Exchange: Indices.

Time series data for public sector finances and important fiscal aggregates, based on the new European System of Accounts 2010: ESA10 framework.

The government of the United Kingdom borrowed approximately 2.6 percent worth of its GDP in the 2024/25 financial year, compared with 2.3 percent in 2023/24. In 2020/21, government borrowing reached 11.6 percent of GDP, due to increased financial support to public services during the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with reduced revenue because of societal lockdowns.

Datasets for each of the chapters in The Blue Book 2025 including the national accounts at a glance, financial and non-financial corporations, households and non-profit institutions serving households and summary supply and use tables.

The UK economy shrank by 0.1 percent in September 2025 after reporting zero growth in the previous month. Since a huge decline in GDP in April 2020, the UK economy has gradually recovered and is now slightly larger than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic. After the initial recovery from the pandemic, however, the UK economy has effectively flatlined, fluctuating between low growth and small contractions since 2022. Labour banking on growth to turn around fortunes in 2025 In February 2025, just over half a year after winning the last general election, the approval rating for the new Labour government fell to a low of -48 percent. Furthermore, the Prime Minister, Keir Starmer was not only less popular than the new Conservative leader, Kemi Badenoch, but also the leader of the Reform Party, Nigel Farage, whose party have surged in opinion polls recently. This remarkable decline in popularity for the new government is, in some part, due to a deliberate policy of making tough decisions early. Arguably, the most damaging of these policies was the withdrawal of the winter fuel allowance for some pensioners, although other factors such as a controversy about gifts and donations also hurt the government. While Labour aims to restore the UK's economic and political credibility in the long term, they will certainly hope for some good economic news sooner rather than later. Economy bounces back in 2024 after ending 2023 in recession Due to two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, in late 2023 the UK economy ended the year in recession. After not growing at all in the second quarter of 2023, UK GDP fell by 0.1 percent in the third quarter, and then by 0.3 percent in the last quarter. For the whole of 2023, the economy grew by 0.4 percent compared to 2022, and for 2024 is forecast to have grown by 1.1 percent. During the first two quarters of 2024, UK GDP grew by 0.7 percent, and 0.4 percent, with this relatively strong growth followed by zero percent growth in the third quarter of the year. Although the economy had started to grow again by the time of the 2024 general election, this was not enough to save the Conservative government at the time. Despite usually seen as the best party for handling the economy, the Conservative's economic competency was behind that of Labour on the eve of the 2024 election.

Government spending in the United Kingdom was approximately 44.7 percent of GDP in 2024/25, compared with 39.6 percent in 2019/20.

United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE All Small data was reported at 4,112.940 30Dec1983=100 in Jul 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,162.082 30Dec1983=100 for Jun 2018. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE All Small data is updated monthly, averaging 2,075.721 30Dec1983=100 from Jan 1999 to Jul 2018, with 235 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,165.989 30Dec1983=100 in Jan 2018 and a record low of 1,072.513 30Dec1983=100 in Mar 2003. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE All Small data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Financial Times. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.Z001: Financial Times Stock Exchange: Indices.

The statistic shows the growth rate in the real GDP in the United Kingdom from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the rate of GDP growth in the United Kingdom was at around 1.1 percent compared to the previous year.The economy of the United KingdomGDP is used an indicator as to the shape of a national economy. It is one of the most regularly called upon measurements regarding the economic fitness of a country. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services that have been produced in a country within a given period of time, usually a year. Inflation adjusted real GDP figures serve as an even more telling indication of a country’s economic state in that they act as a more reliable and clear tool as to a nation’s economic health. The gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in the United Kingdom has started to level in recent years after taking a huge body blow in the financial collapse of 2008. The UK managed to rise from the state of dark desperation it was in between 2009 and 2010, from -3.97 to 1.8 percent. The country suffered acutely from the collapse of the banking industry, raising a number of questions within the UK with regards to the country’s heavy reliance on revenues coming from London's financial sector, arguably the most important in the world and one of the globe’s financial command centers. Since the collapse of the post-war consensus and the rise of Thatcherism, the United Kingdom has been swept along in a wave of individualism - collective ideals have been abandoned and the mass privatisation of the heavy industries was unveiled - opening them up to market competition and shifting the economic focus to that of service.The Big Bang policy, one of the cornerstones of the Thatcher government programs of reform, involved mass and sudden deregulation of financial markets. This led to huge changes in the way the financial markets in London work, and saw the many old firms being absorbed by big banks. This, one could argue, strengthened the UK financial sector greatly and while frivolous and dangerous practices brought the sector into great disrepute, the city of London alone brings in around one fifth of the countries national income making it a very prominent contributor to wealth in the UK.

These experimental statistics are estimates of the levels (balance sheets) of financial assets by institutional sector, together with the counterparty sector holding the liability. These estimates therefore represent whom-to-whom matrices for financial instruments for the UK. The estimates are quarterly, for the time period Quarter 1 1997 to Quarter 4 2015.

United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE Utilities data was reported at 7,259.510 30Dec1983=100 in Jul 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 7,204.865 30Dec1983=100 for Jun 2018. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE Utilities data is updated monthly, averaging 3,873.108 30Dec1983=100 from Jan 1988 (Median) to Jul 2018, with 367 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,429.550 30Dec1983=100 in Jul 2016 and a record low of 1,059.314 30Dec1983=100 in Jan 1988. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE Utilities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Financial Times. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.Z001: Financial Times Stock Exchange: Indices.

The gross domestic product of the United Kingdom in 2024 was around 2.78 trillion British pounds, an increase when compared to the previous year, when UK GDP amounted to about 2.75 trillion pounds. The significant drop in GDP visible in 2020 was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the smaller declines in 2008 and 2009 because of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Low growth problem in the UK Despite growing by 0.9 percent in 2024, and 0.4 percent in 2023 the UK economy is not that much larger than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since recovering from a huge fall in GDP in the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy has alternated between periods of contraction and low growth, with the UK even in a recession at the end of 2023. While economic growth picked up somewhat in 2024, GDP per capita is lower than it was in 2022, following two years of negative growth. UK's global share of GDP falling As of 2024, the UK had the sixth-largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India. Among European nations, this meant that the UK currently has the second-largest economy in Europe, although the economy of France, Europe's third-largest economy, is of a similar size. The UK's global economic ranking will likely fall in the coming years, however, with the UK's share of global GDP expected to fall from 2.16 percent in 2025 to 2.02 percent by 2029.  

Public sector net debt amounted to 93.5 percent of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom during the 2024/25 financial year. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, UK government debt has reached levels not seen since the early 1960s, due to a significant increase in borrowing in 2020/21. After peaking at 251.7 percent shortly after the end of the Second World War, government debt in the UK gradually fell, before a sharp increase in the late 2000s at the time of the global financial crisis. Debt not expected to start falling until 2029/30 In 2024/25, the UK's government expenditure was approximately 1.28 trillion pounds, around 44 percent of GDP. This spending was financed by 1.14 trillion pounds of revenue raised, and almost 150 billion pounds of borrowing. Although the UK government can continue to borrow money to finance its spending, the amount spent on debt interest has increased significantly in recent years. Current forecasts suggest that while the debt is eventually expected to start declining, this is based on falling government deficits in the next five years. Government facing hard choices Hitting fiscal targets, such as reducing the national debt, will require a careful balancing of the books from the current government, and the possibility for either spending cuts or tax rises. Although Labour ruled out raising the main government tax sources, Income Tax, National Insurance, and VAT, at the 2024 election, they did raise National Insurance for employers (rather than employees) and also cut Winter Fuel allowances for large numbers of pensioners. Less than a year after implementing cuts to Winter Fuel, the government performed a U-Turn on the issue, and also held back on more significant cuts to welfare.

United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE 100 data was reported at 7,651.061 30Dec1983=100 in Jul 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7,656.936 30Dec1983=100 for Jun 2018. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE 100 data is updated monthly, averaging 4,887.189 30Dec1983=100 from Jan 1984 (Median) to Jul 2018, with 415 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,695.651 30Dec1983=100 in Jan 2018 and a record low of 1,014.070 30Dec1983=100 in Jul 1984. United Kingdom Index: Month Average: Actuaries Share: FTSE 100 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Financial Times. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.Z001: Financial Times Stock Exchange: Indices.

[The spreadsheet is organised into two parts. The first contains a broad set of annual data covering the UK national accounts and other financial and macroeconomic data stretching back in some cases to the late 17th century. The second and third sections cover the available monthly and quarterly data for the UK to facilitate higher frequency analysis on the macroeconomy and the financial system. The spreadsheet attempts to provide continuous historical time series for most variables up to the present day by making various assumptions about how to link the historical components together. But we also have provided the various chains of raw historical data and retained all our calculations in the spreadsheet so that the method of calculating the continuous times series is clear and users can construct their own composite estimates by using different linking procedures., This dataset contains a broad set of historical data covering the UK national accounts and other financial and macroeconomic data stretching back in some cases to the late 17th century.]