BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among vulnerable populations like children. This is especially true in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of TB in children is substantial. Zambia ranks 21st among the top 30 high TB endemic countries globally. While studies have explored TB in adults in Zambia, the prevalence and associated factors in children are not well documented. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic, and clinical factors associated with active TB disease in hospitalized children under the age of 15 years at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), the largest referral center in Zambia’s Southern Province.MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study of 700 pediatric patients under 15 years old, utilized programmatic data from the Pediatrics Department at LUTH. A systematic sampling method was used to select participants from medical records. Data on demographics, medical conditions, anthropometric measurements, and blood tests were collected. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with TB.ResultsThe median age was 24 months (interquartile range (IQR): 11, 60) and majority were male (56.7%, n = 397/700). Most participants were from urban areas (59.9%, n = 419/700), and 9.2% (n = 62/675) were living with HIV. Malnutrition and comorbidities were present in a significant portion of the participants (19.0% and 25.1%, respectively). The prevalence of active TB cases was 9.4% (n = 66/700) among hospitalized children. Persons living with HIV (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 6.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.85, 13.89, p< 0.001), and those who were malnourished (AOR: 10.38, 95% CI: 4.78, 22.55, p< 0.001) had a significantly higher likelihood of developing active TB disease.ConclusionThis study revealed a prevalence 9.4% active TB among hospitalized children under 15 years at LUTH. HIV status and malnutrition emerged as significant factors associated with active TB disease. These findings emphasize the need for pediatric TB control strategies that prioritize addressing associated factors to effectively reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Zambian children.

The understanding of the accretion process has a central role in the understanding of star and planet formation. We aim to test how accretion variability influences previous correlation analyses of the relation between X-ray activity and accretion rates, which is important for understanding the evolution of circumstellar disks and disk photoevaporation. We monitored accreting stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster from November 24, 2014, until February 17, 2019, for 42 epochs with the Wendelstein Wide Field Imager (WWFI) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey u'g'r' filters on the 2m Fraunhofer Telescope on Mount Wendelstein. Mass accretion rates were determined from the measured ultraviolet excess. The influence of the mass accretion rate variability on the relation between X-ray luminosities and mass accretion rates was analyzed statistically. We find a typical interquartile range of ~0.3dex for the mass accretion rate variability on timescales from weeks to ~2-years. The variability has likely no significant influence on a correlation analysis of the X-ray luminosity and the mass accretion rate observed at different times when the sample size is large enough. The observed anticorrelation between the X-ray luminosity and the mass accretion rate predicted by models of photoevaporation-starved accretion is likely not due to a bias introduced by different observing times. Cone search capability for table J/A+A/666/A55/table1 (YSOs analyzed in this study and effective temperatures, extinctions, and distances from the literature) Cone search capability for table J/A+A/666/A55/list (List of fits images)

The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) was designed to monitor the climate of the United States using research quality instrumentation located within representative pristine environments. This Standardized Soil Moisture (SSM) and Soil Moisture Climatology (SMC) product set is derived using the soil moisture observations from the USCRN. The hourly soil moisture anomaly (SMANOM) is derived by subtracting the MEDIAN from the soil moisture volumetric water content (SMVWC) and dividing the difference by the interquartile range (IQR = 75th percentile - 25th percentile) for that hour: SMANOM = (SMVWC - MEDIAN) / (IQR). The soil moisture percentile (SMPERC) is derived by taking all the values that were used to create the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) that yielded the hourly MEDIAN and adding the current observation to the set, recalculating the ECDF, and determining the percentile value of the current observation. Finally, the soil temperature for the individual layers is provided for the dataset user convenience. The SMC files contain the MEAN, MEDIAN, IQR, and decimal fraction of available data that are valid for each hour of the year at 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm depth soil layers as well as for a top soil layer (TOP) and column soil layer (COLUMN). The TOP layer consists of an average of the 5 and 10 cm depths, while the COLUMN layer includes all available depths at a location, either two layers or five layers depending on soil depth. The SSM files contain the mean VWC, SMANOM, SMPERC, and TEMPERATURE for each of the depth layers described above. File names are structured as CRNSSM0101-STATIONNAME.csv and CRNSMC0101-STATIONNAME.csv. SSM stands for Standardized Soil Moisture and SCM represent Soil Moisture Climatology. The first two digits of the trailing integer indicate major version and the second two digits minor version of the product.

Median Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and interquartile range (IQR) for all 3 datasets from Studies 1,2, and 3. Each PCC is separately calculated for the sagittal and coronal plane, and for the original smoothed line markings of SPL and ISL and the smoothed line markings after applying a Procrustes transformation to the ISL.

Tracks the daily sea ice extent for the Arctic Circle and Antarctica using the NSIDC's Sea Ice Index dataset, as well as pre-calculating several useful measures: historical inter-quartile range across the year, the previous lowest year and the previous year.

Tracks the daily sea ice extent for the Arctic Circle and Antarctica using the NSIDC's Sea Ice Index dataset, as well as pre-calculating several useful measures: historical inter-quartile range across the year, the previous lowest year and the previous year.

This table contains a source catalog based on 90-cm (324-MHz) Very Large Array (VLA) imaging of the COSMOS field, comprising a circular area of 3.14 square degrees centered on 10^h 00^m 28.6^s, 02^o 12' 21" (J2000.0 RA and Dec). The image from the merger of 3 nights of observations using all 27 VLA antennas had an effective total integration time of ~ 12 hours, an 8.0 arcsecond x 6.0 arcsecond angular resolution, and an average rms of 0.5 mJy beam^-1. The extracted catalog contains 182 sources (down to 5.5 sigma), 30 of which are multi-component sources. Using Monte Carlo artificial source simulations, the authors derive the completeness of the catalog, and show that their 90-cm source counts agree very well with those from previous studies. In their paper, the authors use X-ray, NUV-NIR and radio COSMOS data to investigate the population mix of this 90-cm radio sample, and find that the sample is dominated by active galactic nuclei. The average 90-20 cm spectral index (S_nu~ nu^alpha, where S_nu is the flux density at frequency nu and alpha the spectral index) of the 90-cm selected sources is -0.70, with an interquartile range from -0.90 to -0.53. Only a few ultra-steep-spectrum sources are present in this sample, consistent with results in the literature for similar fields. These data do not show clear steepening of the spectral index with redshift. Nevertheless, this sample suggests that sources with spectral indices steeper than -1 all lie at z >~ 1, in agreement with the idea that ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources may trace intermediate-redshift galaxies (z >~ 1). Using both the signal and rms maps (see Figs. 1 and 2 in the reference paper) as input data, the authors ran the AIPS task SAD to obtain a catalog of candidate components above a given local signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) threshold. The task SAD was run four times with search S/N levels of 10, 8, 6 and 5, using the resulting residual image each time. They recovered all the radio components with a local S/N > 5.00. Subsequently, all the selected components were visually inspected, in order to check their reliability, especially for the components near strong side-lobes. After a careful analysis, a S/N threshold of 5.50 was adopted as the best compromise between a deep and a reliable catalog. The procedure yielded a total of 246 components with a local S/N > 5.50. More than one component, identified in the 90-cm map sometimes belongs to a single radio source (e.g. large radio galaxies consist of multiple components). Using the 90-cm COSMOS radio map, the authors combined the various components into single sources based on visual inspection. The final catalog (contained in this HEASARC table) lists 182 radio sources, 30 of which have been classified as multiple, i.e. they are better described by more than a single component. Moreover, in order to ensure a more precise classification, all sources identified as multi-component sources have been also double-checked using the 20-cm radio map. The authors found that all the 26 multiple 90-cm radio sources within the 20-cm map have 20-cm counterpart sources already classified as multiple. The authors have made use of the VLA-COSMOS Large and Deep Projects over 2 square degrees, reaching down to an rms of ~15 µJy beam¹ ^ at 1.4 GHz and 1.5 arcsec resolution (Schinnerer et al. 2007, ApJS, 172, 46: the VLACOSMOS table in the HEASARC database). The 90-cm COSMOS radio catalog has, however, been extracted from a larger region of 3.14 square degrees (see Fig. 1 and Section 3.1 of the reference paper). This implies that a certain number of 90-cm sources (48) lie outside the area of the 20-cm COSMOS map used to select the radio catalog. Thus, to identify the 20-cm counterparts of the 90-cm radio sources, the authors used the joint VLA-COSMOS catalog (Schinnerer et al. 2010, ApJS, 188, 384: the VLACOSMJSC table in the HEASARC database) for the 134 sources within the 20-cm VLA-COSMOS area and the VLA- FIRST survey (White et al. 1997, ApJ, 475, 479: the FIRST table in the HEASARC database) for the remaining 48 sources. The 90-cm sources were cross-matched with the 20-cm VLA-COSMOS sources using a search radius of 2.5 arcseconds, while the cross-match with the VLA-FIRST sources has been done using a search radius of 4 arcseconds in order to take into account the larger synthesized beam of the VLA-FIRST survey of ~5 arcseconds. Finally, all the 90 cm - 20 cm associations were visually inspected in order to ensure also the association of the multiple 90-cm radio sources for which the value of the search radius used during the cross-match could be too restrictive. In summary, out of the total of 182 sources in the 90-cm catalog, 168 have counterparts at 20 cm. This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2014 based on an electronic version of Table 1 from the reference paper which was obtained from the COSMOS web site at IRSA, specifically the file vla-cosmos_327_sources_published_version.tbl at http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/tables/vla/. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

This table contains a source catalog based on 90-cm (324-MHz) Very Large Array (VLA) imaging of the COSMOS field, comprising a circular area of 3.14 square degrees centered on 10^h 00^m 28.6^s, 02^o 12' 21" (J2000.0 RA and Dec). The image from the merger of 3 nights of observations using all 27 VLA antennas had an effective total integration time of ~ 12 hours, an 8.0 arcsecond x 6.0 arcsecond angular resolution, and an average rms of 0.5 mJy beam^-1. The extracted catalog contains 182 sources (down to 5.5 sigma), 30 of which are multi-component sources. Using Monte Carlo artificial source simulations, the authors derive the completeness of the catalog, and show that their 90-cm source counts agree very well with those from previous studies. In their paper, the authors use X-ray, NUV-NIR and radio COSMOS data to investigate the population mix of this 90-cm radio sample, and find that the sample is dominated by active galactic nuclei. The average 90-20 cm spectral index (S_nu~ nu^alpha, where S_nu is the flux density at frequency nu and alpha the spectral index) of the 90-cm selected sources is -0.70, with an interquartile range from -0.90 to -0.53. Only a few ultra-steep-spectrum sources are present in this sample, consistent with results in the literature for similar fields. These data do not show clear steepening of the spectral index with redshift. Nevertheless, this sample suggests that sources with spectral indices steeper than -1 all lie at z >~ 1, in agreement with the idea that ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources may trace intermediate-redshift galaxies (z >~ 1). Using both the signal and rms maps (see Figs. 1 and 2 in the reference paper) as input data, the authors ran the AIPS task SAD to obtain a catalog of candidate components above a given local signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) threshold. The task SAD was run four times with search S/N levels of 10, 8, 6 and 5, using the resulting residual image each time. They recovered all the radio components with a local S/N > 5.00. Subsequently, all the selected components were visually inspected, in order to check their reliability, especially for the components near strong side-lobes. After a careful analysis, a S/N threshold of 5.50 was adopted as the best compromise between a deep and a reliable catalog. The procedure yielded a total of 246 components with a local S/N > 5.50. More than one component, identified in the 90-cm map sometimes belongs to a single radio source (e.g. large radio galaxies consist of multiple components). Using the 90-cm COSMOS radio map, the authors combined the various components into single sources based on visual inspection. The final catalog (contained in this HEASARC table) lists 182 radio sources, 30 of which have been classified as multiple, i.e. they are better described by more than a single component. Moreover, in order to ensure a more precise classification, all sources identified as multi-component sources have been also double-checked using the 20-cm radio map. The authors found that all the 26 multiple 90-cm radio sources within the 20-cm map have 20-cm counterpart sources already classified as multiple. The authors have made use of the VLA-COSMOS Large and Deep Projects over 2 square degrees, reaching down to an rms of ~15 µJy beam¹ ^ at 1.4 GHz and 1.5 arcsec resolution (Schinnerer et al. 2007, ApJS, 172, 46: the VLACOSMOS table in the HEASARC database). The 90-cm COSMOS radio catalog has, however, been extracted from a larger region of 3.14 square degrees (see Fig. 1 and Section 3.1 of the reference paper). This implies that a certain number of 90-cm sources (48) lie outside the area of the 20-cm COSMOS map used to select the radio catalog. Thus, to identify the 20-cm counterparts of the 90-cm radio sources, the authors used the joint VLA-COSMOS catalog (Schinnerer et al. 2010, ApJS, 188, 384: the VLACOSMJSC table in the HEASARC database) for the 134 sources within the 20-cm VLA-COSMOS area and the VLA- FIRST survey (White et al. 1997, ApJ, 475, 479: the FIRST table in the HEASARC database) for the remaining 48 sources. The 90-cm sources were cross-matched with the 20-cm VLA-COSMOS sources using a search radius of 2.5 arcseconds, while the cross-match with the VLA-FIRST sources has been done using a search radius of 4 arcseconds in order to take into account the larger synthesized beam of the VLA-FIRST survey of ~5 arcseconds. Finally, all the 90 cm - 20 cm associations were visually inspected in order to ensure also the association of the multiple 90-cm radio sources for which the value of the search radius used during the cross-match could be too restrictive. In summary, out of the total of 182 sources in the 90-cm catalog, 168 have counterparts at 20 cm. This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2014 based on an electronic version of Table 1 from the reference paper which was obtained from the COSMOS web site at IRSA, specifically the file vla-cosmos_327_sources_published_version.tbl at http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/tables/vla/. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

Characteristics of the included medications.

Feedback of power during running is a promising tool for training and determining pacing strategies. However, current power estimation methods show low validity and are not customized for running on different slopes. To address this issue, we developed three machine-learning models to estimate peak horizontal power for level, uphill, and downhill running using gait spatiotemporal parameters, accelerometer, and gyroscope signals extracted from foot-worn IMUs. The prediction was compared to reference horizontal power obtained during running on a treadmill with an embedded force plate. For each model, we trained an elastic net and a neural network and validated it with a dataset of 34 active adults across a range of speeds and slopes. For the uphill and level running, the concentric phase of the gait cycle was considered, and the neural network model led to the lowest error (median ± interquartile range) of 1.7% ± 12.5% and 3.2% ± 13.4%, respectively. The eccentric phase was considered relevant for downhill running, wherein the elastic net model provided the lowest error of 1.8% ± 14.1%. Results showed a similar performance across a range of different speed/slope running conditions. The findings highlighted the potential of using interpretable biomechanical features in machine learning models for the estimating horizontal power. The simplicity of the models makes them suitable for implementation on embedded systems with limited processing and energy storage capacity. The proposed method meets the requirements for applications needing accurate near real-time feedback and complements existing gait analysis algorithms based on foot-worn IMUs.

Absolute and relative frequencies of the significance of the meta-analyses using the four different heterogeneity methods.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of residual stenosis after carotid artery stenting (CAS) on periprocedural and long-term outcomes.MethodsPatients treated with CAS for symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid arterial stenosis were consecutively enrolled. Residual stenosis was estimated from post-procedure angiography findings. The effects of residual stenosis on 30-day periprocedural outcome and times to restenosis and clinical outcome were analyzed using logistic regression models and Wei-Lin-Weissfeld models, respectively.ResultsA total of 412 patients (age, 64.7 ± 17.0 years; male, 82.0%) were enrolled. The median baseline stenosis was 80% (interquartile range [IQR], 70–90%), which improved to 10% (0–30%) for residual stenosis. Residual stenosis was significantly associated with periprocedural outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 0.983; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.965–0.999, P = 0.01) after adjustment for baseline stenosis, age, hypertension, symptomaticity, and statin use. Over the 5-year observation period, residual stenosis did not increase the global hazard for restenosis and clinical outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.011; 95% CI, 0.997–1.025. In the event-specific model, residual stenosis increased the hazard for restenosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.041; 1.012–1.072) but not for clinical outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.011; 0.997–1.025).ConclusionsResidual stenosis after carotid artery stenting may be useful to predict periprocedural outcome and restenosis.

ObjectivesBrentuximab Vedotin (BV) is a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) approved for the treatment of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. However, as a relatively new therapeutic agent, the long-term safety profile and adverse event (AE) profile of BV require further investigation. This study aimed to identify significant and unexpected AEs associated with BV using data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) databases.MethodsData on BV-related AEs were extracted from the FAERS and JADER databases. Signal detection was performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Risk signals were categorized according to system organ classes (SOCs) and preferred terms (PTs) as defined by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) version 26.0. In addition, the onset times of BV-related AEs were analyzed.ResultsBetween 2004 and 2023, a total of 19,279 and 2,561 AEs related to BV were recorded in the FAERS and JADER databases, respectively. At the SOC level, prominent signals in the FAERS database included blood and lymphatic system disorders, benign, malignant, and unspecified neoplasms (including cysts and polyps), as well as congenital, familial, and genetic disorders. In the JADER database, the most notable signals involved benign, malignant, and unspecified neoplasms, blood and lymphatic system disorders, and nervous system disorders. At the PT level, the top five signals in the FAERS database were peripheral motor neuropathy, peripheral sensory neuropathy, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, febrile bone marrow aplasia, and polyneuropathy. Unexpected AEs included febrile bone marrow aplasia and Guillain-Barré syndrome. In the JADER database, the top five signals included peripheral motor neuropathy, peripheral sensory neuropathy, bacterial gastroenteritis, febrile neutropenia and pneumonia, with unexpected AEs such as left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomegaly, retinal detachment, and marasmus. The median onset time of AEs was 22 days (interquartile range [IQR] 7–81 days) in FAERS and 27 days (IQR 7–73 days) in JADER.ConclusionThe signal detection results from the FAERS and JADER databases highlight the importance of monitoring significant and unexpected AEs associated with BV, particularly in the early stages of treatment. These findings contribute to enhancing the post-marketing safety profile of BV and offer valuable insights for clinical risk management strategies.

TIC = time-signal intensity curve; AVS = the adjacent vessel sign.aData are expressed as median with interquartile range in parentheses.b25 cases of inflammatory breast diseases and 25 cases of breast cancers underwent axial short tau inversion recovery (STIR).

Summary of major algorithms used for signal detection.

Demographic characteristics of weighted study population (N = 480).

BackgroundOrthodontic systematic reviews (SRs) use different methods to pool the individual studies in a meta-analysis when indicated. However, the number of studies included in orthodontic meta-analyses is relatively small. This study aimed to evaluate the direction of estimate changes of orthodontic meta-analyses (MAs) using different between-study variance methods considering the level of heterogeneity when few trials were pooled.MethodsSearch and study selection: Systematic reviews (SRs) published over the last three years, from the 1st of January 2020 to the 31st of December 2022, in six main orthodontic journals with at least one MA pooling five or lesser primary studies were identified. Data collection and analysis: Data were extracted from each eligible MA, which was replicated in a random effect model using DerSimonian and Laird (DL), Paule–Mandel (PM), Restricted maximum-likelihood (REML), Hartung Knapp and Sidik Jonkman (HKSJ) methods. The results were reported using median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous data and frequencies for categorical data and analyzed using non-parametric tests. The Boruta algorithm was used to assess the significant predictors for the significant change in the confidence interval between the different methods compared to the DL method, which was only feasible using the HKSJ method.Results146 MAs were included, most applying the random effect model (n = 111; 76%) and pooling continuous data using mean difference (n = 121; 83%). The median number of studies was three (range 2, 4), and the overall statistical heterogeneity (I2 ranged from 0 to 99% with a median of 68%). Close to 60% of the significant findings became non-significant when HKSJ was applied compared to the DL method and when the heterogeneity was present I2>0%. On the other hand, 30.43% of the non-significant meta-analyses using the DL method became significant when HKSJ was used when the heterogeneity was absent I2 = 0%.ConclusionOrthodontic MAs with few studies can produce different results based on the between-study variance method and the statistical heterogeneity level. Compared to DL, HKSJ method is overconservative when I2 is greater than 0% and may result in false positive findings when the heterogeneity is absent.

Patient characteristics by race. Shown are the number and percentage of patients in each level for categorical variables, and the Median and Interquartile Range (IQR) for continuous variables in patients of White race versus Black race.

Characteristics of BV from FAERS and JADER databases.

BackgroundAn increase in the prevalence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has been reported in recent years, especially in persons on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) due to their low genetic barrier to mutations. However, there is a paucity of epidemiological data quantifying HIVDR in the era of new drugs like dolutegravir (DTG) in sub-Saharan Africa. We, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of viral load (VL) suppression in adult people with HIV (PWH) on a fixed-dose combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) or tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/dolutegravir (TAFED) and describe patterns of mutations in individuals failing treatment.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 384 adults living with HIV aged ≥15 years between 5th June 2023 and 10th August 2023. Demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected from electronic health records using a data collection form. Viral load suppression was defined as plasma HIV-1 RNA VL of