Finland FI: Claims on Other Sectors of The Domestic Economy: % of GDP data was reported at 110.464 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 145.414 % for 2016. Finland FI: Claims on Other Sectors of The Domestic Economy: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 131.935 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2017, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 189.502 % in 2011 and a record low of 55.912 % in 2001. Finland FI: Claims on Other Sectors of The Domestic Economy: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.World Bank.WDI: Bank Loans. Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (IFS line 52S or 32S) include gross credit from the financial system to households, nonprofit institutions serving households, nonfinancial corporations, state and local governments, and social security funds.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.; Weighted average;

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the opinions of municipalities on the Finnish National Innovation System were queried. First, the respondents were not only asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS), but also the NIS as it was five years ago, and the NIS as it is expected to be after five years. Their views were probed on the role of public sector actors in the Finnish NIS from the point of view of their own municipalities. In addition, they indicated the importance of various actors (e.g. Tekes (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Sitra (the Finnish Innovation Fund), the Academy of Finland) for their organisation. The respondents were also asked to evaluate the orientation of the current Finnish innovation policy on a scale from "strong technology push" to "strong demand pull". Next, they indicated whether universities, polytechnics and public research organisations have successfully taken care of various tasks, such as international top-class research, research for the national needs, and the production of experts for the international business activities as well as for the needs of local business activities. Views were charted on the innovation system's ability to support growth entrepreneurship. In addition, the respondents were asked whether they experienced that the NIS also promotes regional policy agendas, and whether the national innovation policy is equally effective in all regions of Finland. The respondents were asked about the importance of national and international networks on the activities of their own organisations, and they were presented with a set of attitudinal statements on the impact of the new Universities Act, the centres of strategic excellence (SHOKs), and the potential reform of publicly funded research organisations on the NIS. The respondents were asked whether the municipalities provided various services (e.g. financing and information services) in order to support their local innovation activities, and whether their municipalities had an explicit strategy or agenda related to innovation activities. Finally, the respondents indicated whether innovativeness had been a central criterion in the selection of service providers or goods suppliers in their municipalities, and whether they thought it is possible to support the promotion of innovation activities through public procurement.

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the opinions of associations on the Finnish National Innovation System were queried. First, the respondents were not only asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS), but also the NIS as it was five years ago, and the NIS as it is expected to be after five years. Their views were probed on what kind of entity public sector actors in the Finnish NIS form. In addition, they indicated the importance of various actors (e.g. Tekes (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Sitra (the Finnish Innovation Fund), the Academy of Finland) for their organisation. The respondents were also asked to evaluate the orientation of the current Finnish innovation policy on a scale from "strong technology push" to "strong demand pull". Next, they indicated whether universities, polytechnics and public research organisations have successfully taken care of various tasks, such as international top-class research, research for the national needs, and the production of experts for the international business activities as well as for the needs of local business activities. Views were charted on the innovation system's ability to support growth entrepreneurship. In addition, the respondents were asked whether they experienced that the NIS also promotes regional policy agendas, and whether the national innovation policy is equally effective in all regions of Finland. The respondents were asked about the importance of national and international networks on the activities of their own organisations, and they were presented with a set of attitudinal statements on the impact of the new Universities Act, the centres of strategic excellence (SHOKs), and the potential reform of publicly funded research organisations on the NIS.

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the representatives of various foundations gave their opinions on the Finnish National Innovation System. First, the respondents were not only asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS), but also the NIS as it was five years ago, and the NIS as it is expected to be after five years. Their views were probed on what kind of entity public sector actors in the Finnish NIS form. In addition, they assessed the development of the importance of foundations in the Finnish innovation system in the next five years. Opinions were canvassed on whether the legislation regarding foundations should be reformed to improve foundations' possibilities to support science, arts, and research. The respondents were also asked to indicate which fields their foundations supported, and whether their foundations would have the readiness to sponsor a professorship with the help of government support.

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the opinions of Finnish regional intermediaries on the Finnish National Innovation System were queried. First, the respondents were not only asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS), but also the NIS as it was five years ago, and the NIS as it is expected to be after five years. Their views were probed on what kind of entity public sector actors in the Finnish NIS form. In addition, they indicated the importance of various actors (e.g. Tekes (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Sitra (the Finnish Innovation Fund), the Academy of Finland) for their organisation. The respondents were also asked to evaluate the orientation of the current Finnish innovation policy on a scale from "strong technology push" to "strong demand pull". Next, they indicated whether universities, polytechnics and public research organisations have successfully taken care of various tasks, such as international top-class research, research for the national needs, and the production of experts for the international business activities as well as for the needs of local business activities. Views were charted on the innovation system's ability to support growth entrepreneurship. In addition, the respondents were asked whether they experienced that the NIS also promotes regional policy agendas, and whether the national innovation policy is equally effective in all regions of Finland. The respondents were asked about the importance of national and international networks on the activities of their own organisations, and they were presented with a set of attitudinal statements on the impact of the new Universities Act, the centres of strategic excellence (SHOKs), and the potential reform of publicly funded research organisations on the NIS. The respondents were asked about the types of services (e.g. financing, information services, and promotion of international labour mobility) their organisations provided to other actors of the Finnish innovation system. They were also asked whether they experienced that other public and private actors provided similar services and whether the co-operation between service providers is effortless. Further questions charted the share of the respondents' personnel that had a university or technical university degree. In addition, they were asked about the primary users of their services or financing. The respondents also evaluated the innovation system from the point of view of promoting private enterprise and innovation activities, and told about their organisations' sources of funding. Finally, the respondents were asked how their organisations had reacted to the new national innovation strategy published in July 2008, and whether the strategy requires changes in the activities of their organisations.

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the opinions of banks on the Finnish National Innovation System were queried. First, the respondents were asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS) and its ability to support growth entrepreneurship. Next, they indicated whether they experienced the entire system as simple or complex against the backdrop of facilitating private business and innovation activities. Their views were also probed on the efficiency of tax incentives regarding earnings and profit sharing in increasing the number of growth companies, and whether they experienced that other public actors provided similar services than their organisations. The effects of the global financial crisis on the projects of and the amount and quality of incoming funding applications from the companies the respondents were funding were also examined, as well as its effects on the banks' investment or funding criteria. Finally, they were asked whether governmental funding displaced or complemented their own operations.

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the opinions of venture capitalists and business angels on the Finnish National Innovation System were queried. First, the respondents were not only asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS), but also the NIS as it was five years ago, and the NIS as it is expected to be after five years. Their views were probed on the role of public sector actors in the Finnish NIS from their point of view. In addition, they indicated the importance of various actors (e.g. Tekes (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Sitra (the Finnish Innovation Fund), the Academy of Finland) for their organisation. The respondents were also asked to evaluate the orientation of the current Finnish innovation policy on a scale from "strong technology push" to "strong demand pull". Next, they indicated whether universities, polytechnics and public research organisations have successfully taken care of various tasks, such as international top-class research, research for the national needs, and the production of experts for the international business activities as well as for the needs of local business activities. Views were charted on the innovation system's ability to support growth entrepreneurship. In addition, the respondents were asked whether they experienced that the NIS also promotes regional policy agendas, and whether the national innovation policy is equally effective in all regions of Finland. The respondents were asked about the importance of national and international networks on the activities of their own organisations, and they were presented with a set of attitudinal statements on the impact of the new Universities Act, the centres of strategic excellence (SHOKs), and the potential reform of publicly funded research organisations on the NIS. The respondents were asked to characterise the innovation system against the backdrop of facilitating private business and innovation activities. Their views were also probed on the efficiency of tax incentives in increasing the number of growth companies, and whether they experienced that public actors provided similar services than their organisations. They were also asked whether they had familiarised themselves with the new national innovation strategy and the respective government communication. The effects of the global financial crisis on the projects of and the amount and quality of incoming funding applications from the companies the respondents were funding were also examined. Finally, they were asked whether governmental funding displaced or complemented their own operations.

The Citizens' Pulse surveys examine Finnish attitudes and opinions in the context of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Main themes in the surveys include the activity and communication of authorities, compliance with regulations, future expectations, trust, and the respondents' own state of mind. This collection round also included questions about the Russian invasion of Ukraine and response to crisis situations. The third collection round of 2022 surveyed the respondents' trust in other people and in various institutions, such as the Finnish Government, the health care system, and the media. The respondents' state of mind was examined with questions on various matters relating to health, well-being, and their situation in life. The questions covered, for example, the respondents' own mental well-being, whether they were worried about the adequacy of their income, their confidence in their future, experiences of stress and togetherness, and whether they felt their lives were meaningful. Additionally, the respondents were asked to evaluate whether an atmosphere of crisis prevailed amongst Finns. The next set of questions focused on the crisis in Ukraine and crisis situations in general. In relation to the Ukraine crisis, the respondents were, for example, asked about their sense of security, worries caused by the crisis and its possible impact on the Finnish economy and their own financial situation, whether they were concerned that the war might expand beyond Ukraine, and whether they approved of the economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the EU. Views on crisis situations, such as COVID-19 and climate change, were charted with questions on whether the respondents felt that they had prepared for crisis situations adequately (e.g. by stockpiling food and medicine) and whether they would be willing to help others in crisis situations (e.g. by making donations to non-profit organisations, offering accommodation to people fleeing crisis zones, collecting supplies). The respondents were also asked whether they would volunteer during a crisis on their own initiative or if requested to do so by authorities or non-profit organisations. Those who indicated that they would not volunteer were asked to identify their reasons for not volunteering (e.g. want to take care of their own family, too old to take part, authorities should be responsible for providing assistance). On the topics of communication and dissemination of information, the respondents' opinions on the availability, reliability and accuracy of the information provided by Finnish authorities on the coronavirus crisis were charted. Compliance with coronavirus restrictions was examined by asking the respondents whether they had followed the restrictions and recommendations set by authorities for preventing transmission of the virus, including maintaining safe distances, wearing a face mask, and minimising contacts with people outside immediate family and friends. The respondents were also asked how necessary they felt that it was to follow measures such as wearing a mask and maintaining safe distances after receiving two or three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, and whether they would be willing to receive a fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine if authorities recommended it. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, NUTS3 region of residence, highest level of education, household composition, and perceived financial situation of household.

The survey charted Finnish attitudes and values. The respondents were presented with a series of attitudinal statements covering occupational life, work-life balance, social welfare, environmental issues, influencing, decision-making, political life, economy, globalisation, and political power. They were also asked how the government should prioritise different areas of its activity including employment, taxation, education, health care, environmental protection, social security, regional policy, and equality between men and women. The respondents also gave their opinions on whether different forces in society (e.g. labour movement, church, market forces, police, the media, citizens) have too much, just the right amount, or too little power. The respondents' views on taxation were charted by asking them whether taxes are generally too high in Finland, whether the security and services in Finnish society received in exchange for taxes are sufficient, whether the total tax rate should be lowered to the average level of the EU countries, whether the focus of taxation should be shifted from work to consumption, and whether the respondents experience their taxation as unjust. Opinions on the most desirable, the least desirable, and the most likely government coalition were investigated. Views were also probed on the party affiliation of the next prime minister, and on how different values should be emphasised in developing Finnish society (e.g. social and economic equality, ability to undertake bold reforms, freedom of competition and entrepreneurship, individual responsibility for one's own welfare). Opinions on women's position in the labour market were charted with the help of attitudinal statements. The respondents gave their views on whether women usually consider their decisions more carefully than men, whether female politicians are just as tough and calculating as their male co-workers, whether gender quotas should be used for instance in the management of enterprises, and whether it is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay as men doing the same work. Finally, there were three questions on the EU membership, Euro, and EU enlargement. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, size of municipality of residence, education, and industry of employment.

Source: OECD.1Thousands.2Billion US dollars, current prices and PPPs.3US dollars, current prices and PPPs.4Share of persons of working age in employment.5As a percentage of total employment.6As a percentage of labor force.7Persons unemployed for 12 months or more as a percentage of total unemployed.8GDP per capita divided by the average of total hours worked annually by a person.9Percentage of GDP invested in research and development.10Percentage of the value added from the business sector that comes from the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).11Number of firms in the manufacturing sector (MFG) with size in number of employees.

Finland - Gross fixed capital formation: Machinery and equipment and weapons systems was -1.90% in March of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Finland - Gross fixed capital formation: Machinery and equipment and weapons systems - last updated from the EUROSTAT on June of 2025. Historically, Finland - Gross fixed capital formation: Machinery and equipment and weapons systems reached a record high of 16.10% in June of 2021 and a record low of -8.70% in September of 2021.

The survey is part of the larger INNOEVAL survey evaluating the Finnish National Innovation System from several angles. In this study, the rectors of universities and polytechnics gave their opinions on the Finnish National Innovation System. First, the respondents were not only asked to rate the current Finnish National Innovation System (NIS), but also the NIS as it was five years ago, and the NIS as it is expected to be after five years. Their views were probed on what kind of entity public sector actors in the Finnish NIS form. In addition, they indicated the importance of various actors (e.g. Tekes (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Sitra (the Finnish Innovation Fund), the Academy of Finland) for their organisation. The respondents were also asked to evaluate the orientation of the current Finnish innovation policy on a scale from "strong technology push" to "strong demand pull". Next, they indicated whether universities, polytechnics and public research organisations have successfully taken care of various tasks, such as international top-class research, research for the national needs, and the production of experts for the international business activities as well as for the needs of local business activities. Views were charted on the innovation system's ability to support growth entrepreneurship. In addition, the respondents were asked whether they experienced that the NIS also promotes regional policy agendas, and whether the national innovation policy is equally effective in all regions of Finland. The respondents were asked about the importance of national and international networks on the activities of their own organisations, and they were presented with a set of attitudinal statements on the impact of the new Universities Act, the centres of strategic excellence (SHOKs), and the potential reform of publicly funded research organisations on the NIS. The respondents were asked how large share of their universities' or polytechnics' labour input was allocated to education, research, exerting societal impact, and administration. Next, they gave their views on how significant role various actors, such as domestic and foreign universities, polytechnics, and research organisations, had in co-operative projects of their universities or polytechnics in the last three years. In addition, they were presented with a list of research objectives and asked whether the joint projects with companies had addressed them. Finally, the respondents indicated to what extent their universities or polytechnics answered to the various needs of corporate innovation activities.

Firms were classified using the taxonomy presented in the Materials and methods section. Employment growth was measured only for survivor firms using equation (1). Shares are in terms of the total employment growth of the Finnish economy.

The Citizens' Pulse surveys examine Finnish attitudes and opinions on current issues. Main themes in the surveys include the activity of authorities, future expectations, trust, and the respondents' own state of mind. This collection round also included questions on the Russian invasion of Ukraine, sustainability, climate change and issues that the Finnish government should address. The fifth collection round of 2024 surveyed the respondents' trust in other people and various institutions (e.g. the Finnish Government, the health care system, the media, and the Finnish Defence Forces). The respondents were asked to evaluate how fair or unfair they thought Finnish society was at present, and their state of mind was examined with questions on various matters relating to health, well-being, and their situation in life. The questions covered, for example, the respondents' own mental well-being, whether they were worried about the adequacy of their income, their confidence in their future, and experiences of stress. Additionally, the respondents were asked to evaluate whether an atmosphere of crisis prevailed amongst Finns and whether they were worried about the state of general government finances (state and municipalities). The respondents' views were investigated on which societal issues (e.g. promotion of climate action, national defence, poverty reduction, effective healthcare, operating conditions of businesses and investment opportunities) the Finnish government should focus on in the near future. Opinions on whether Finland's national debt should be reduced regardless of the resulting cuts in benefits and welfare it would entail for Finnish citizens and whether social security cuts can be considered acceptable if they provide an incentive to take up work and increase employment were also surveyed. The next set of questions focused on the Russian invasion of Ukraine and national security in Finland. The respondents were asked how concerned they were about the crisis in Ukraine and its effects, and whether they were concerned that the war might expand beyond Ukraine. The respondents were also asked whether they were concerned that Russia might take military action against Finland or try to interfere with the functioning of Finnish society. Opinions on the economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the EU and whether Finland should be ready to receive significant numbers of refugees from Ukraine if necessary were charted. The respondents were asked whether Finland's actions on the border with Russia had reinforced their sense security, whether Finland's response to Russian interference has been adequate and timely, and whether the respondents were concerned about Russia's recent actions. The respondents were also asked whether they had noticed any cyber security issues or instances where purposefully misleading claims based on misinformation were spread on social media or online over the previous month. The sustainability theme examined whether sufficient measures have been taken in Finland to promote the well-being of nature, people and the economy, and how well sustainable development is implemented in the activities of the state, municipalities and businesses, among others. The respondents were also asked if they knew the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030). Finally, questions were asked about climate change, biodiversity loss, everyday environmental actions and influencing Finland's climate and nature policy. Background variables included the language responded in, the respondent's gender, age group, NUTS3 region of residence, highest level of education, household composition, and perceived financial situation of household.

The data contain announcements of public contracts published in the HILMA electronic notification system in 2013. The HILMA system is maintained by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy of Finland. Finnish procurements laws require that contracting authorities advertise their public tenders for all procurements exceeding the threshold value.

Public procurement notices contain information on the number and type of notice, date of publication, type of the contract, type of procurement procedure, type of the contracting authority, award criteria, common procurement vocabulary (CPV) code, and the value of the contract (if applicable).

The data contain information on the fair value of Finnish foreign imports between 1840 and 2000. The data were gathered from the Official Statistics of Finland by Statistics Finland, and the monograph entitled "Suomen taloushistoria. 3: Historiallinen tilasto" (by Kaarina Vattula), which has also been translated into English under the title "The Economic History of Finland 3, Historical Statistics". The data contain 160 years of Finnish import data. The data gathering was financed by the University of Helsinki, the Academy of Finland, and the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. The data contain yearly import values categorised by geographical target domain. The values of imports from Russia (including the Soviet Union), Great Britain, Germany (including West and East Germany), Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, the Netherlands, Belgium (including Luxembourg), Italy, France, the United States, Japan, and China are displayed. Furthermore, the values of imports are displayed in relation to larger geographical areas, such as Europe, America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. The data also contain variables for the total value of imports and the volume index of imports (with the index for year 1926 being 100).

The survey charted political knowledge of the Finns, focusing on basic political concepts, the political systems of Finland and the EU, and Finnish national economy. Opinions on politics and democracy were also surveyed. The data were collected as part of the research project "Knowledge of Politics in International Comparison 2007-2010" at the University of Turku. The same questions were presented in other surveys conducted by the project: FSD2343 Knowledge of Politics and Society 2008: Turku Region Upper Secondary Schools 2007-2008 and FSD2344 Knowledge of Politics and Society 2008: Turku Region Vocational Institutions 2007-2008. The Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Education and Culture provided funding for the project. First, opinions on politics were charted. The respondents were asked how interested they were in politics, how much information they had received from various sources (e.g. from educational institutes at different levels, friends, home) to understand social and political issues, how close they felt to specific political parties or civic/voluntary organisations and on what grounds they made their party/candidate choice in elections. Further questions covered the perceived importance of voting in different elections, the respondent's political and civic participation and participation methods. The respondents also rated how important they held a number of sources to be for obtaining political and social information (e.g. television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, events, contacts with decision-makers, personal communication). Television, radio, newspaper and Internet use was charted as well as reasons for using the Internet. Next, political knowledge and knowledge of the Finnish political system were studied. The respondents were asked to assess the level of their own political and social knowledge. A number of questions explored knowledge on what the concepts of politics, democracy and political left and right entail. The respondents also graded the functionality of Finnish democracy and placed themselves on the left-right axis. Further questions investigated factual knowledge on Finnish constitution, proportional electoral system, electoral districts, functions of political parties, functions and powers of Parliament and the Prime Minister, parties represented in the coalition government and Parliament, elections, national incomes policy negotiations, etc. Knowledge on EU issues was charted by asking the respondents when Finland had become a member state, which countries were members in the EU or belonged to the euro zone, powers of the EU, to which EU institution representatives were elected by direct vote, how many votes Finland had in the Council of Ministers, how many members Finland had in the European Parliament, what were powers of the Parliament and the length of the electoral period. Knowledge on Finnish national economy was explored through questions on local taxation, state budget, impact of inflation on purchasing power, and state income tax. The categorised variables ending in letter l contain the distributions of correct answers to questions examining the respondents' knowledge. Background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, municipality of residence, education, field of study if had university education, marital status, number of children, type of neighbourhood, economic activity and occupational status, type of employer, annual gross income of the household, and mother tongue.

The annual survey studied employee opinion on the quality of working life in Finnish municipalities. Main themes were psychosocial working environment, job characteristics, pay systems, satisfaction with the job, employment security, training and development, capacity to work, and bullying and discrimination at work. The year 2010 survey contained new questions on local bargaining on working hours/time arragnements and pay systems. First, the respondents were asked how many years they had worked for the employer they were working for at the time, type of contract, number of persons at the workplace, and what kind of changes there had been in staff numbers, working hours, contracts, and tasks during the past 12 months, and whether people had been transferred to other units. A number of questions pertained to co-operation negotiations, their process and results. Further questions covered team work, whether there had been conflicts at the workplace, between what groups and whether the conflicts had decreased or increased over the past 12 months. Incidents of bullying, harassment and violence were charted. Next set of questions covered autonomy and influence at work and other job characteristics, overtime and its compensation, flexible working time arragnements, and R's membership in a trade union or professional association. Changes over the past year in workload, physical or mental stress, in access to training etc were explored as well as pay and bonus systems, and satisfaction with pay. Psychosocial working environment was charted with a number of questions, for instance, whether employees were treated equally, was there support for trying new things and so on. One topic pertained to whether the respondents had presented any ideas to improve working conditions, products, services or working methods at the workplace and whether there had been other development initiatives. The respondents' participation in job-related training and development was investigated. One theme pertained to job satisfaction. The respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to staff sufficiency, organisation of work, access to information, physical or mental stress etc. They were asked how likely it was that they would be dismissed or laid off, or their tasks or working hours would be changed over the next year. Views were probed on the employer's financial situation, effects of the economic recession on the workplace, employment situation in Finland and possible changes in working life. A number of questions investigated how the employees' capacity to work and occupational health and safety had been taken into account at the workplace, the respondents' sickness absences, and estimate of own mental and physical capacity to work. Discrimination at work based on ethnic group, age, gender and type of contract was explored. Background variables included the respondent's year of birth, age, gender, region, type of municipality, education, economic activity, status in employment, industry of employment, occupational group, employer type, weekly working hours, additional jobs, whether R worked for a municipality or a federation of municipalities and in which sector. Information on age, gender, region, type of municipality and education level were obtained from registers. The other background variables were obtained from the Labour Force Survey 2010 telephone interviews which were often conducted together with the Finnish Working Life Barometer interview.

The survey studied Finnish values and attitudes. The respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to Finland's EU membership, replacement of the Finnish currency with the euro, EU enlargement, political parties, gender equality, enterprises, economic growth, environmental issues, Finland's potential NATO membership, globalisation, immigration, immigrants, immigration policy, political power, national identity, market economy, welfare state, etc. Opinions on how to develop education and how to allocate tax revenue were studied. Attitudes to different kinds of interest movements and voluntary organisations were surveyed, likewise the respondents' expectations of what Finland would be like in 2025. The respondents were also asked whether there were conflicts between certain groups (e.g. rich - poor, employers - employees, men - women, enterprises - environmental protection) in Finnish society. Background variables included the respondent's sex, age group, size of the municipality of residence, type of the neighbourhood, province of residence, basic education, vocational education, economic activity, trade union membership, industry of employment, self-perceived social class, and which party R would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time.

The survey charted the values and attitudes of Finnish people. The 2020 spring survey was collected during the first months of the COVID-19 (novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2) crisis, and main themes included the coronavirus pandemic and its effects on society, economy and employment in Finland. Other themes were trust, security and preparedness for different types of threats. First, the respondents were presented with attitudinal statements concerning society, politics, effects of COVID-19, the Government's actions to combat COVID-19, trust in authority, climate change, and immigration. Next, the survey examined the respondents' working arrangements after the Government had first given suggestions on remote work due to the coronavirus pandemic. The respondents were also asked to what extent they considered the coronavirus epidemic a threat to themselves, their family and friends and Finnish people generally in terms of health, finances and economy. The respondents were also asked to estimate what kinds of effects the COVID-19 epidemic would have on Finnish society and economy in the coming years, and whether the respondents had an optimistic or pessimistic view of the future personally, for Finland, for Europe and globally. The respondents' trust was charted toward different actors in society (e.g. Parliament, authorities, EU, corporations, media). The respondents also estimated the likelihood of different global developments in the next ten years effected by some kind of crisis. They were also asked to assess the importance of living in a democratically governed nation and their attitudes toward alternative systems of governance for Finland. Additionally, the respondents' views were examined on the severity of threats such as hybrid operations, terrorist attack, data theft, economic crisis and global warming. Finally, the respondents were asked to assess how the recent refugee crisis had affected their views on immigration to Finland. Their attitudes toward EU and EMU membership were also charted. Background variables included gender, age group, size of the respondent's municipality of residence, region of residence, education, economic activity and occupational status, employment sector, political party preference (which party the respondent would vote for) and self-perceived social class.