Urban growth models have increasingly been used by planners and policy makers to visualize, organize, understand, and predict urban growth. However, these models reveal a wide disparity in their attention to policy factors. Some urban growth models capture few if any specific policy effects (e.g.,as model variables), while others integrate certain policies but not others. Since zoning policies are the most widely used form of land use control in the United States, their conspicuous absence from so many urban growth models is surprising. This research investigated the impacts of zoning on urban growth by calibrating and simulating a cellular automaton urban growth model, SLEUTH, under two conditions in a South Florida location. The first condition integrated restrictive agricultural zoning into SLEUTH, while the other ignored zoning data. Goodness of fit metrics indicate that including the agricultural zoning data improved model performance. The results further suggest that agricultural zoning has been somewhat successful in retarding urban growth in South Florida. Ignoring zoning information is detrimental to SLEUTH performance in particular, and urban growth modeling in general.

A table of the Flood Zones.Updated: Every 10 yrs

A polygon feature class that depicts the inundation limits representing flood risk information and supporting data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The FIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published FIRMs, flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by FEMA. The FIRM is the basis for floodplain management, mitigation, and insurance activities for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Insurance applications include enforcement of the mandatory purchase requirement of the Flood Disaster Protection Act, which "... requires the purchase of flood insurance by property owners who are being assisted by Federal programs or by Federally supervised, regulated or insured agencies or institutions in the acquisition or improvement of land facilities located or to be located in identified areas having special flood hazards, " Section 2 (b) (4) of the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973. In addition to the identification of Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), the risk zones shown on the FIRMs are the basis for the establishment of premium rates for flood coverage offered through the NFIP. The FIRM Database presents the flood risk information depicted on the FIRM in a digital format suitable for use in electronic mapping applications. The FIRM Database serves to archive the information collected during the Flood Risk Project.

description: Polygon feature class of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Hazard Zones for Miami-Dade County.; abstract: Polygon feature class of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Hazard Zones for Miami-Dade County.

Flood Zones dataset current as of 2012. Identify the boundaries of the Flood Zone area.

A polygon feature class of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood hazard zones within Miami-Dade County. The data depicts the inundation limits representing flood risk information and supporting data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The FIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published FIRMs, flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by FEMA.Updated: Every 10 yrs The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

A polygon feature class of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Zones for Miami-Dade County (1994).Updated: Not Planned The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

In 2022, Miami, FL was the U.S. metropolitan area with the highest structural damage costs due to flood risk across office, retail, and multi-residential buildings. At the time, costs to repair damages or replace buildings at flood risk at this metro area were estimated at over one billion U.S. dollars. Trailing second was New York's metro area, with an estimated expense of 582 million dollars. New York was also the U.S. metropolitan area with the highest number of buildings at flood risk, with a over 30 thousand retail, office, and multi-residential buildings.

A raster dataset of the county flood criteria boundaries within Miami-Dade County. The purpose of the Miami-Dade County Flood Criteria Map is to determine the minimum ground surface elevation of developed properties, crown/grade of roads, and secondary canal banks based on a 10-year, 24-hour storm event, 2060 scenario with SLR, and the minimum top elevation of seawalls, unless higher elevations are required by other regulatory applicable standards. Available for review and comment October 22, 2021 through December 22, 2021.Download County Flood Criteria Raster

The flooding extent polygons are based on wave-driven total water levels for the coral reef-lined coast of Florida. The wave and sea level conditions were propagated using the XBeach open-source model (available at https://oss.deltares.nl/web/xbeach) over 100-m spaced shore-normal transects modified to account for base, mean elevation, and mean erosion scenarios. The impact of future coral reef degradation on coastal protection was examined for two different seafloor elevation-change scenarios based on DEM projections of the study area out 100 years from 2001 using either 1) historical rates of mean elevation-change as a conservative change model, or 2) historical rates of mean erosion. Methods describing the generation of the 'mean elevation' and 'mean erosion' scenarios are described in detail in Yates and others (2018, 2019a, and 2019b). The greater colonization results in higher rugosity and thus hydrodynamic roughness via friction and was parameterized per van Dongeren and others (2013) and Quataert and others (2015). Where the locations along each transect were coincident with one of the damage-assessment locations, a reduction in roughness, and/or an increase in profile depth were applied. The changes to bathymetry and roughness were then carried on to each XBeach model run to ascertain the change in flooding during large storm events due to the projected reef degradation. These flood extents can be combined with economic, ecological, and engineering tools to provide a rigorous financial valuation of the projected future coastal protection benefits of Florida’s coral reefs.

These data were created as part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management's efforts to create an online mapping viewer called the Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impacts Viewer. It depicts potential sea level rise and its associated impacts on the nation's coastal areas. The purpose of the mapping viewer is to provide coastal managers and scientists with a preliminary look at sea level rise and coastal flooding impacts. The viewer is a screening-level tool that uses nationally consistent data sets and analyses. Data and maps provided can be used at several scales to help gauge trends and prioritize actions for different scenarios. The Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impacts Viewer may be accessed at: https://coast.noaa.gov/slr. This metadata record describes the Florida Keys digital elevation model (DEM), which is a part of a series of DEMs produced for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management's Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impacts Viewer described above. This DEM includes the best available lidar known to exist at the time of DEM creation that met project specifications. This DEM includes data for Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties. The DEM was produced from the following lidar data sets: 1. 2015 Miami-Dade County, Florida Lidar 2. 2015 NOAA NGS Topobathy Lidar: Dry Tortugas 3. 2018 - 2019 NOAA NGS Topobathy Lidar Hurricane Irma: Miami to Marquesas Key, FL The DEM is referenced vertically to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) with vertical units of meters and horizontally to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The resolution of the DEM is approximately 3 meters.

A polygon feature class of the county flood criteria boundaries within Miami-Dade County. The purpose of the Miami-Dade County Flood Criteria Map is to determine the minimum ground surface elevation of developed properties, crown/grade of roads, and secondary canal banks based on a 10-year, 24-hour storm event, 2060 scenario with SLR, and the minimum top elevation of seawalls, unless higher elevations are required by other regulatory applicable standards.Available for review and comment October 22, 2021 through December 22, 2021.Updated: Every 10 yrs The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

This nowCOAST™ map service provides maps depicting the latest official NWS Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map for any significant landfalling tropical cyclone expected to impact the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico Coasts of the Contiguous United States. The map layers depict the risk associated with coastal flooding from storm surge associated with tropical cyclones.

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map depicts the geographical areas where inundation from storm surge could occur along with the heights, above ground, that water could reach in those areas. These potential heights are represented with different colors based on water level: 1) Greater than 1 foot above ground (blue), 2) Greater than 3 feet above ground (yellow), 3) Greater than 6 feet above ground (orange), and 4) Greater than 9 feet above ground (red). Two versions of this graphic are provided in this map--one with a mask (depicted in gray) identifying Intertidal Zone/Estuarine Wetland areas, and another version without the mask where Intertidal Zone/Estuarine Wetland areas are symbolized with the same colors as other areas.

Two additional layers are provided to depict 1) the full geographic extent for which the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is presently valid (the "map boundary"), and 2) Levee Areas, if any, within the affected area (symbolized with a black-and-white diagonal hatch pattern).

If the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is not presently active, all layers will be blank except for the Map Boundary layer, which will display a shaded region indicating the coverage area for any potential future graphics along with a text label indicating that the map is not presently active.

This map service is updated approximately every 10 minutes on nowCOAST™ to ensure the latest information is provided to the user as soon as it becomes available. Once issued, the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map will be updated by NHC every six hours alongside each new Forecast Advisory for the associated tropical cyclone. However, due to processing requirements during the creation of this product, the flooding map becomes available approximately 60 to 90 minutes following the release of the associated NHC Forecast Advisory, at which point nowCOAST™ will acquire it and update this map service within the next 10 to 20 minutes (i.e., this product will be updated on nowCOAST™ within approximately 70 to 110 minutes after the associated Forecast Advisory is released). For more detailed information about layer update frequency and timing, please reference the
nowCOAST™ Dataset Update Schedule.

Background Information

Developed by National Hurricane Center (NHC) over the course of several years in consultation with social scientists, emergency managers, broadcast meteorologists, and others, the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is intended to depict the risk associated with coastal flooding from storm surge associated with tropical cyclones. On June 1, 2016 it became an operational product, issued on demand for certain tropical cyclones that are expected to affect the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The product is not available for tropical cyclones that may affect coastal areas in the Eastern or Central Pacific regions.

From the NHC Website:

"What the Map Takes into Account

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is based on the NWS Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model and takes into account forecast uncertainty in the tropical cyclone track, intensity, and wind field. The map is based on probabilistic storm surge guidance developed by the NWS Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL), in cooperation with NHC, called Probabilistic Hurricane Storm Surge (P-Surge 2.5).

P-Surge 2.5 derives storm surge probabilities by statistically evaluating a large set of SLOSH model simulations based on the current NHC official forecast, and takes into account historical errors in the official NHC track and intensity forecasts. P-Surge 2.5 combines the results of hundreds of individual SLOSH simulations to calculate the statistical distribution, or probabilities of possible storm surge heights at locations along the coast. All major factors that influence the amount of storm surge generated by a storm at a given location are accounted for, including the hurricane's landfall location, forward speed, and angle of approach to the coast; the storm intensity and wind field; the shape of the coastline; the slope of the ocean bottom; and local features such as barrier islands, bays, and rivers. The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is created by processing the resulting 10 percent exceedance levels from P-Surge 2.5, or storm surge values that have a 1-in-10 chance of being exceeded at each location.

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map takes into account:

Flooding due to storm surge from the ocean, including adjoining tidal rivers, sounds, and bays Normal astronomical tides Land elevation Uncertainties in the landfall location, forward speed, angle of approach to the coast, intensity, and wind field of the cyclone

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map does not take into account:

Wave action Freshwater flooding from rainfall Flooding resulting from levee failures For mapped leveed areas - flooding inside levees, overtopping of levees

Potential storm surge flooding is not depicted within certain levee areas, such as the Hurricane & Storm Damage Risk Reduction System in Louisiana. These areas are highly complex and water levels resulting from overtopping are difficult to predict. Users are urged to consult local officials for flood risk inside these leveed areas. If applicable to the region displayed by the map, these leveed areas will be depicted with a black and white diagonal hatch pattern.

The intertidal zone, or generally speaking, the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide, will be displayed with a user selectable mask layer on the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map. Locations of estuarine wetlands, or lands that are saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, are also used to help define this mask layer. This mask layer will allow users to differentiate between areas that could experience consequential flooding of normally dry ground and areas that routinely flood during typical high tides. The intertidal mask will be depicted as gray on the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map.

What the Map Represents

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map represents the storm surge heights that a person should prepare for before a storm, given the uncertainties in the meteorological forecast. The map shows a reasonable worst-case scenario (i.e., a reasonable upper bound) of the flooding of normally dry land at particular locations due to storm surge. There is approximately a 1-in-10 chance that storm surge flooding at any particular location could be higher than the values shown on the map. Roadways are included in the basemap layer for aiding in geographical referencing only. The map will not indicate which roadways may flood from fresh or salt water in a hurricane situation."

For more information about the NHC Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map, please consult the NHC Website or the associated NWS Product Description Document (PDD).

Time Information

This nowCOAST™ map service is not time-enabled.

References

NHC, 2016: Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map, NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL. (Available at https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/inundation/).

NWS, 2016: Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map Product Description Document, NWS, Silver Spring, MD (Available at https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/PDD-PotentialStormSurgeFloodingMap.pdf).

A polygon feature class of the Coastal A Zone boundaries. Developed to aid the spatial location of the Coastal A Zones in Miami-Dade County for permitting purposes. Based on the Miami-Dade County Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM), effective September 11, 2009 published by FEMA and the ASCE 24 guidelines. 'Coastal A� Zone according to FEMA, is the area landward of a V Zone or landward of an open coast without mapped V Zones. In a coastal A Zone, the principal source of flooding will be astronomical tides, storm surges, seiches or tsunamis and not riverine flooding. During base flood conditions, the potential for breaking wave heights between 1.5 feet and 3.0 ft, will exist.Updated: Not Planned The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

A polygon feature class of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) map panels for Miami-Dade County.Updated: Every 10 yrs The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

Last Revised: February 2018

Map Information

This nowCOAST™ map service provides maps depicting the latest official NWS Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map for any significant landfalling tropical cyclone expected to impact the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico Coasts of the Contiguous United States. The map layers depict the risk associated with coastal flooding from storm surge associated with tropical cyclones.

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map depicts the geographical areas where inundation from storm surge could occur along with the heights, above ground, that water could reach in those areas. These potential heights are represented with different colors based on water level: 1) Greater than 1 foot above ground (blue), 2) Greater than 3 feet above ground (yellow), 3) Greater than 6 feet above ground (orange), and 4) Greater than 9 feet above ground (red). Two versions of this graphic are provided in this map--one with a mask (depicted in gray) identifying Intertidal Zone/Estuarine Wetland areas, and another version without the mask where Intertidal Zone/Estuarine Wetland areas are symbolized with the same colors as other areas.

Two additional layers are provided to depict 1) the full geographic extent for which the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is presently valid (the "map boundary"), and 2) Levee Areas, if any, within the affected area (symbolized with a black-and-white diagonal hatch pattern).

If the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is not presently active, all layers will be blank except for the Map Boundary layer, which will display a shaded region indicating the coverage area for any potential future graphics along with a text label indicating that the map is not presently active.

This map service is updated approximately every 10 minutes on nowCOAST™ to ensure the latest information is provided to the user as soon as it becomes available. Once issued, the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map will be updated by NHC every six hours alongside each new Forecast Advisory for the associated tropical cyclone. However, due to processing requirements during the creation of this product, the flooding map becomes available approximately 60 to 90 minutes following the release of the associated NHC Forecast Advisory, at which point nowCOAST™ will acquire it and update this map service within the next 10 to 20 minutes (i.e., this product will be updated on nowCOAST™ within approximately 70 to 110 minutes after the associated Forecast Advisory is released). For more detailed information about layer update frequency and timing, please reference the
nowCOAST™ Dataset Update Schedule.

Background Information

Developed by National Hurricane Center (NHC) over the course of several years in consultation with social scientists, emergency managers, broadcast meteorologists, and others, the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is intended to depict the risk associated with coastal flooding from storm surge associated with tropical cyclones. On June 1, 2016 it became an operational product, issued on demand for certain tropical cyclones that are expected to affect the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The product is not available for tropical cyclones that may affect coastal areas in the Eastern or Central Pacific regions.

From the NHC Website:

"What the Map Takes into Account

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is based on the NWS Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model and takes into account forecast uncertainty in the tropical cyclone track, intensity, and wind field. The map is based on probabilistic storm surge guidance developed by the NWS Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL), in cooperation with NHC, called Probabilistic Hurricane Storm Surge (P-Surge 2.5).

P-Surge 2.5 derives storm surge probabilities by statistically evaluating a large set of SLOSH model simulations based on the current NHC official forecast, and takes into account historical errors in the official NHC track and intensity forecasts. P-Surge 2.5 combines the results of hundreds of individual SLOSH simulations to calculate the statistical distribution, or probabilities of possible storm surge heights at locations along the coast. All major factors that influence the amount of storm surge generated by a storm at a given location are accounted for, including the hurricane's landfall location, forward speed, and angle of approach to the coast; the storm intensity and wind field; the shape of the coastline; the slope of the ocean bottom; and local features such as barrier islands, bays, and rivers. The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map is created by processing the resulting 10 percent exceedance levels from P-Surge 2.5, or storm surge values that have a 1-in-10 chance of being exceeded at each location.

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map takes into account:

Flooding due to storm surge from the ocean, including adjoining tidal rivers, sounds, and bays Normal astronomical tides Land elevation Uncertainties in the landfall location, forward speed, angle of approach to the coast, intensity, and wind field of the cyclone

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map does not take into account:

Wave action Freshwater flooding from rainfall Flooding resulting from levee failures For mapped leveed areas - flooding inside levees, overtopping of levees

Potential storm surge flooding is not depicted within certain levee areas, such as the Hurricane & Storm Damage Risk Reduction System in Louisiana. These areas are highly complex and water levels resulting from overtopping are difficult to predict. Users are urged to consult local officials for flood risk inside these leveed areas. If applicable to the region displayed by the map, these leveed areas will be depicted with a black and white diagonal hatch pattern.

The intertidal zone, or generally speaking, the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide, will be displayed with a user selectable mask layer on the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map. Locations of estuarine wetlands, or lands that are saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, are also used to help define this mask layer. This mask layer will allow users to differentiate between areas that could experience consequential flooding of normally dry ground and areas that routinely flood during typical high tides. The intertidal mask will be depicted as gray on the Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map.

What the Map Represents

The Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map represents the storm surge heights that a person should prepare for before a storm, given the uncertainties in the meteorological forecast. The map shows a reasonable worst-case scenario (i.e., a reasonable upper bound) of the flooding of normally dry land at particular locations due to storm surge. There is approximately a 1-in-10 chance that storm surge flooding at any particular location could be higher than the values shown on the map. Roadways are included in the basemap layer for aiding in geographical referencing only. The map will not indicate which roadways may flood from fresh or salt water in a hurricane situation."

For more information about the NHC Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map, please consult the NHC Website or the associated NWS Product Description Document (PDD).

Time Information

This nowCOAST™ map service is not time-enabled.

References

NHC, 2016: Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map, NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL. (Available at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/inundation/).

NWS, 2016: Potential Storm Surge Flooding Map Product Description Document, NWS, Silver Spring, MD (Available at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/PDD-PotentialStormSurgeFloodingMap.pdf).

A polygon feature class of specific special drainage basins within Miami-Dade County. A Cut and Fill Review is required for flood protection for projects located in flood prone areas and within special drainage basins. The special drainage basins are Bird Drive Basin, North Trail Basin and Basin B. The cut and fill review determines the amount of land, which must be set aside to retain the runoff from the design (100 years-3 days) storm. The owner of a parcels that have been continuously four and one half (4.5) acres or less of gross area since September 30, 1997 is eligible to contribute to the Miami-Dade County Stormwater Compensation Trust Fund instead. The amount of said contribution is found in the Miami-Dade County Environmental Resources Management Department Fee Schedule.Updated: Annually The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

A polygon feature class of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) map panels for Miami-Dade County (1994).Updated: Not Planned The data was created using: Projected Coordinate System: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_SphereProjection: Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere

This 2-page handout translated into Haitian Creole introduces to residents and other stakeholders the Little River Adaptation Action Area planning initiative led by the Miami-Dade County Office of Resilience. The handout describes the purpose of the project, how to get involved and includes a map of stormwater and tidal flood risk with 2 feet of sea level rise as well as information about County resources and programs that can help hurricane preparedness and flood resilience home assistance.