The Indian Observational Flood Events Database (INDOFLOODS) is a unique flood event database designed to advance flood research and management in India. This database integrates long-term station discharge observations with official flooding thresholds to provide detailed historical flood event information.

Key hydrological data include:

1. start and end date and time of flooding
2. peak flood water level (with corresponding dates)
3. peak discharge (with corresponding dates)
4. flood volume
5. event duration
6. time to peak, and
7. recession time.

In addition to flooding details, the database includes metadata such as upstream catchment area, geographic coordinates, and river and tributary names. It is further enhanced with extensive:

1. geomorphological,
2. climatological,
3. event-scale precipitation,
4. land cover,
5. soil,
6. lithology,
7. and anthropogenic characteristics derived at the catchment scale.

Catchment boundary shapefiles are also provided to facilitate users' extension of the database as per their needs.

Contents of the Database:

1. Variables description
2. Metadata
3. Flood events
4. Catchment characteristics
5. Precipitation variables
6. Catchment boundary shapefiles

Please refer to the Variables description file (variables_description_indofloods.pdf) for a complete list of variables and their descriptions.

For detailed information about this database and its development, please refer to the original research article published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS):

Kuntla, S. K., & Saharia, M. (2025). INDOFLOODS: A comprehensive database for flood events in India enhanced with catchment attributes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 106(2), E333–E343. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0008.1

Disclaimer

The INDOFLOODS database on this web portal is openly accessible for academic and research purposes. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the data, the authors do not assume responsibility for errors, omissions, or misuse. Users must cite the INDOFLOODS database and the associated research article published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS) when utilizing this data and acknowledge that all interpretations and conclusions are their own. We also encourage users to cite or acknowledge the original sources of catchment variables per their respective data usage policies.

To Be Cited:

1. Kuntla, S. K., & Saharia, M. (2025). INDOFLOODS: A comprehensive database for flood events in India enhanced with catchment attributes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 106(2), E333–E343. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0008.1
2. Kuntla, S. K., & Saharia, M. (2025). INDOFLOODS: A Comprehensive Database for Flood Events in India Enhanced with Catchment Attributes [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14584654
   
   

Additional Information:

The INDOFLOODS database doesn't contain data for the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins. Interested users may contact the authors to request the complete dataset, subject to a reasonable request.

Contacts:

Dr. Sai Kiran Kuntla: kuntlasaikiran@gmail.com

Dr. Manbendra Saharia: msaharia@iitd.ac.in

The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth?s surface using the UTM projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000.

This dataset is a merged and unified one from seven individual datasets, making it the longest records ever and wide coverage in the US for flood studies. All individual databases and a unified database are provided to accommodate different user needs. It is anticipated that this database can support a variety of flood-related research, such as a validation resource for hydrologic or hydraulic simulations, climatic studies concerning spatiotemporal patterns of floods given this long-term and U.S.-wide coverage, and flood susceptibility analysis for vulnerable geophysical locations.

Description of filenames:

1. cyberFlood_1104.csv – web-based crowdsourced flood database, developed at the University of Oklahoma (Wan et al., 2014). 203 flood events from 1998 to 2008 are retrieved with the latest version. Data accessed on 11/04/2020.

Data attributes: ID, Year, Month, Day, Duration, fatality, Severity, Cause, Lat, Long, Country Code, Continent Code

2. DFO.xlsx – the Dartmouth Flood Observatory flood database. It is a tabular form of global flood database, collected from news, government agencies, stream gauges, and remote sensing instruments from 1985 to the present. Data accessed on 10/27/2020.

Data attributes: ID, GlodeNumber, Country, OtherCountry, long, lat, Area, Began, Ended, Validation, Dead, Displaced, MainCause, Severity

3. emdat_public_2020_11_01_query_uid-MSWGVQ.xlsx – Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). This flood report is managed by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Belgium, which contains all types of global natural disasters from 1900 to the present. Data accessed on 11/01/2020.

Data attributes: Dis No, Year, Seq, Disaster Group, Disaster Subgroup, Disaster Type, Disaster Subtype, Disaster Subsubtype, Event Nane, Entity Criteria, Country, ISO, Region, Continent, Location, Origin, Associated Disaster, Associated Disaster2, OFDA Response, Appeal, Declaration, Aid Contribution, Disaster Magnitude, Latitude, Longitude, Local Time, River Basin, Start Year, Start Month, Start Day, End Year, End Month, End Day, Total Death, No. Injured, No. Affected, No. Homeless, Total Affected, Reconstruction, Insured Damages, Total Damages, CPI

4. extracted_events_NOAA.csv – The national weather service storm reports. The NOAA NWS team collects weather-related natural hazards from 1950 to the present. Data accessed on 10/27/2020.

Data attributes: BEGIN_YEARMONTH, BEGIN_DAY, BEGIN_TIME, END_YEARMONTH, END_DAY, END_TIME, EPISODE_ID, EVENT_ID, STATE, STATE_FIPS, YEAR, MONTH_NAME, EVENT_TYPE, CZ_TYPE, CZ_FIPS, CZ_NAME, WFO, BEGIN_DATETIME, CZ_TIMEZONE, END_DATE_TIME, INJURIES_DIRECT, INJURIES_INDIRECT, DEATHS_DIRECT, DEATHS_INDIRECT, DAMAGE_PROPERTY, DAMAGE_CROPS, SOURCE, MAGNITUDE, MAGNITUDE_TYPE, FLOOD CAUSE, CATEGORY, TOR_F_SCALE< TOR_LENGTH, TOR_WIDTH, TOR_OTHER_WFO, TOR_OTHER_CZ_STATE, TOR_OTHER_CZ_FIPS, BEGIN_RANGE, BEGIN_AZIMUTH, BEGIN_LOCATION, END_RANGE, END_AZIMUTH, END_LOCATION, BEGIN_LAT, BEGIN_LON, END_LAT, END_LON, EPISODE_NARRATIVE, EVENT_NARRATIVE, DATA_SOURCE

5. FEDB_1118.csv – The University of Connecticut Flood Events Database. Floods retrieved from 6,301 stream gauges in the U.S. after flow separation from 2002 to 2013 (Shen et al., 2017). Data accessed on 11/18/2020.

Data attributes: STCD, StartTimeP, EndTimeP, StartTimeF, EndTimeF, Perc, Peak, RunoffCoef, IBF, Vp, Vb, Vt, Pmean, ETr, ELs, VarTr, VarLs, EQ, Q2, CovTrLs, Category, Geometry

6. GFM_events.csv – Global Flood Monitoring dataset. It is a crowdsourcing flood database derived from Twitter tweets over the globe since 2014. Data accessed on 11/9/2020.

Data attributes: event_id, location_ID, location_ID_url, name, type, country_location_ID, country_ISO3, start, end, time of detection

7. mPing_1030.csv – meteorological Phenomena Identification Near the Ground (mPing). The mPing app is a crowdsourcing, weather-reporting software jointly developed by NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and the University of Oklahoma (Elmore et al., 2014). Data accessed on 10/30/2020.

Data attributes: id, obtime, category, description, description_id, lon, lat

8. USFD_v1.0.csv – A merged United States Flood Database from 1900 to the present.

Data attributes: DATE_BEGIN, DATE_END, DURATION, LON, LAT, COUNTRY, STATE, AREA, FATALITY, DAMAGE, SEVERITY, SOURCE, CAUSE, SOURCE_DB, SOURCE_ID, DESCRIPTION, SLOPE, DEM, LULC, DISTANCE_RIVER, CONT_AREA, DEPTH, YEAR.

Details of attributes:

DATE_BEGIN: begin datetime of an event. yyyymmddHHMMSS

DATE_END: end datetime of an event. yyyymmddHHMMSS

DURATION: duration of an event in hours

LON: longitude in degrees

LAT: latitude in degrees

COUNTRY: United States of America

STATE: US state name

AREA: affected areas in km^2

FATALITY: number of fatalities

DAMAGE: economic damages in US dollars

SEVERITY: event severity, (1/1.5/2) according to DFO.

SOURCE: flood information source.

CAUSE: flood cause.

SOURCE_DB: source database from item 1-7.

SOURCE_ID: original ID in the source database.

DESCRIPTION: event description

SLOPE: calculated slope based on SRTM DEM 90m

DEM: Digital Elevation Model

LULC: Land Use Land Cover

DISTANCE_RIVER: distance to major river network in km,

CONT_AREA: contributing area (km^2), from MERIT Hydro

DEPTH: 500-yr flood depth

YEAR: year of the event.

The script to merge all sources and figure plots can be found in https://github.com/chrimerss/USFD.

The Historic Flood Map is a GIS layer showing the maximum extent of individual Recorded Flood Outlines from river, the sea and groundwater springs that meet a set criteria. It shows areas of land that have previously been subject to flooding in England. This excludes flooding from surface water, except in areas where it is impossible to determine whether the source is fluvial or surface water but the dominant source is fluvial.

The majority of records began in 1946 when predecessor bodies to the Environment Agency started collecting detailed information about flooding incidents, although we hold limited details about flooding incidents prior to this date.

If an area is not covered by the Historic Flood Map it does not mean that the area has never flooded, only that we do not currently have records of flooding in this area that meet the criteria for inclusion. It is also possible that the pattern of flooding in this area has changed and that this area would now flood or not flood under different circumstances. Outlines that don’t meet this criteria are stored in the Recorded Flood Outlines dataset.

The Historic Flood Map takes into account the presence of defences, structures, and other infrastructure where they existed at the time of flooding. It will include flood extents that may have been affected by overtopping, breaches or blockages.

Flooding is shown to the land and does not necessarily indicate that properties were flooded internally.

The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 18 North. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000. Coastal study data as defined in FEMA Gudelines and Specifications, Appendix D: Guidance for Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping, submitted as a result of a coastal study. Appendix D notes that a variety of analytical methodologies may be used to establish Base (1-percent-annual-chance) Flood Elevations (BFEs) and floodplains throughout coastal areas of the United States. Appendix D itemizes references for the methodologies currently in use by FEMA for specific coastal flood hazards, provides general guidance for documentation of a coastal flood hazard analysis, specifies flood hazard analysis procedures for the Great Lakes coasts, and outlines intermediate data submissions for coastal flood hazard analyses with new storm surge modeling and revised stillwater flood level (SWFL). (Source: FEMA Guidelines and Specs, Appendix D Guidance for Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping, Section D.1)

The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Transverse Mercator projection and State Plane coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:24,000.

Riverine flood hazard: The GAR 15 global flood hazard assessment uses a probabilistic approach for modelling riverine flood major river basins around the globe. The main steps in this methodology consists of: Compiling a global database of stream-flow data, merging different sources gathering more than 8000 stations over the globe. Calculating river discharge quantiles at various river sections. In another word calculating the range of possible discharges from very low to the maximum possible at series of locations along the river. The time span in the global stream-flow dataset is long enough to allow extreme value analysis. Where time series of flow discharges were too short or incomplete, they were improved with proxy data from stations located in the same “homogeneous region.” Homogeneous regions were calculated taking into account information such as climatic zones, hydrological characteristics of the catchments, and statistical parameters of the streamflow data. The calculated discharge quantiles were introduced to river sections, whose geometries were derived from topographic data (SRTM), and used with a simplified approach (based on Manning’s equation) to model water levels downstream. This procedure allowed for the determination of the reference Flood hazard maps for different return periods (6 are shown in the global study: T= 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 years). The hazard maps are developed at 1kmx1km resolution. Such maps have been validated against satellite flood footprints from different sources (DFO archive, UNOSAT flood portal) and well performed especially for the big events For smaller events (lower return periods), the GAR Flood hazard maps tend to overestimate with respect to similar maps produced locally (hazard maps where available for some countries and were used as benchmark). The main issue being that, due to the resolution, the GAR flood maps do not take into account flood defences that are normally present to preserve the value exposed to floods. This can influence strongly the results of the risk calculations and especially of the economic parameters. In order to tackle this problem some post processing of the maps has been performed, based on the assumption that flood defences tend to be higher where the exposed value is high and then suddenly drop as this value reduces. The flood hazard assessment was conducted by CIMA Foundation and UNEP-GRID. The flood maps with associated probability of occurrence, is then used by CIMNE as input to the computation of the flood risk for GAR15 as Average Annual Loss values in each country. Hazard maps for six main return periods are developed and available, and probable maximum loss calculations are underway which will be available within few months of GAR15 launch. For GAR15, the risk was calculated with the CAPRA-GIS platform which is risk modelling tool of the CAPRA suite (www.ecapra.org). More information about the flood hazard assessment can be found in the background paper (CIMA Foundation, 2015).

This collection is for datasets of flood depths, flood extents, high water marks, streamflow, damages recorded, aerial oblique photos, and related subjects. This includes both forecast and observed data. These were primarily obtained from national agencies such as NOAA (weather related), USGS (surface water related), FEMA (surface water and damage related), and Civil Air Patrol (aerial photos).

Note on November 2023 updates: due to numerous updates among the resources linked below, this collection has been updated to point to the most recent resources.

The National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) data incorporates all Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) databases published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and any Letters Of Map Revision (LOMRs) that have been issued against those databases since their publication date. It is updated on a monthly basis. The FIRM Database is the digital, geospatial version of the flood hazard information shown on the published paper FIRMs. The FIRM Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The FIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published FIRMs, flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by FEMA. The NFHL is available as State or US Territory data sets. Each State or Territory data set consists of all FIRM Databases and corresponding LOMRs available on the publication date of the data set. The specification for the horizontal control of FIRM Databases is consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000. This file is georeferenced to the Earth's surface using the Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) and North American Dataum of 1983 (NSRS-2007).

This data is hosted at, and may be downloaded or accessed from PASDA, the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access Geospatial Data Clearinghouse http://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/DataSummary.aspx?dataset=2274

The National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) is a geospatial database that contains current effective flood hazard data. FEMA provides the flood hazard data to support the National Flood Insurance Program. You can use the information to better understand your level of flood risk and type of flooding.The NFHL is made from effective flood maps and Letters of Map Change (LOMC) delivered to communities. NFHL digital data covers over 90 percent of the U.S. population. New and revised data is being added continuously. If you need information for areas not covered by the NFHL data, there may be other FEMA products which provide coverage for those areas.In the NFHL Viewer, you can use the address search or map navigation to locate an area of interest and the NFHL Print Tool to download and print a full Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) or FIRMette (a smaller, printable version of a FIRM) where modernized data exists. Technical GIS users can also utilize a series of dedicated GIS web services that allow the NFHL database to be incorporated into websites and GIS applications. For more information on available services, go to the NFHL GIS Services User Guide.You can also use the address search on the FEMA Flood Map Service Center (MSC) to view the NFHL data or download a FIRMette. Using the “Search All Products” on the MSC, you can download the NFHL data for a County or State in a GIS file format. This data can be used in most GIS applications to perform spatial analyses and for integration into custom maps and reports. To do so, you will need GIS or mapping software that can read data in shapefile format.FEMA also offers a download of a KMZ (keyhole markup file zipped) file, which overlays the data in Google Earth™. For more information on using the data in Google Earth™, please see Using the National Flood Hazard Layer Web Map Service (WMS) in Google Earth™.

description: The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Delaware (FIPS 0700) State Plane projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000. Coastal study data as defined in FEMA Gudelines and Specifications, Appendix D: Guidance for Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping, submitted as a result of a coastal study. Appendix D notes that a variety of analytical methodologies may be used to establish Base (1-percent-annual-chance) Flood Elevations (BFEs) and floodplains throughout coastal areas of the United States. Appendix D itemizes references for the methodologies currently in use by FEMA for specific coastal flood hazards, provides general guidance for documentation of a coastal flood hazard analysis, specifies flood hazard analysis procedures for the Great Lakes coasts, and outlines intermediate data submissions for coastal flood hazard analyses with new storm surge modeling and revised stillwater flood level (SWFL). (Source: FEMA Guidelines and Specs, Appendix D Guidance for Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping, Section D.1); abstract: The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Delaware (FIPS 0700) State Plane projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000. Coastal study data as defined in FEMA Gudelines and Specifications, Appendix D: Guidance for Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping, submitted as a result of a coastal study. Appendix D notes that a variety of analytical methodologies may be used to establish Base (1-percent-annual-chance) Flood Elevations (BFEs) and floodplains throughout coastal areas of the United States. Appendix D itemizes references for the methodologies currently in use by FEMA for specific coastal flood hazards, provides general guidance for documentation of a coastal flood hazard analysis, specifies flood hazard analysis procedures for the Great Lakes coasts, and outlines intermediate data submissions for coastal flood hazard analyses with new storm surge modeling and revised stillwater flood level (SWFL). (Source: FEMA Guidelines and Specs, Appendix D Guidance for Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping, Section D.1)

The National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) data incorporates all Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) databases published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and any Letters Of Map Revision (LOMRs) that have been issued against those databases since their publication date. It is updated on a monthly basis. The FIRM Database is the digital, geospatial version of the flood hazard information shown on the published paper FIRMs. The FIRM Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The FIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published FIRMs, flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by FEMA. The NFHL is available as State or US Territory data sets. Each State or Territory data set consists of all FIRM Databases and corresponding LOMRs available on the publication date of the data set. The specification for the horizontal control of FIRM Databases is consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000. This file is georeferenced to the Earth's surface using the Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) and North American Dataum of 1983 (NSRS-2007).

This data is hosted at, and may be downloaded or accessed from PASDA, the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access Geospatial Data Clearinghouse http://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/DataSummary.aspx?dataset=2283

The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk Information And supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk; classificatons used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent- annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the UTM projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000.

This map represents Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) data important for floodplain management, mitigation, and insurance activities for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) data present the flood risk information depicted on the FIRM in a digital format suitable for use in electronic mapping applications. The NFHL database is a subset of the information created for the Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) and serves as a means to archive a portion of the information collected during the FIS. The NFHL data incorporates Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) databases published by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The 100-year flood is referred to as the 1% annual exceedance probability flood, since it is a flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any single year. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The 1% annual chance (base flood) is the flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any year. The Special Flood Hazard area is the area subject to flooding by the 1% annual chance flood. Areas of Special Flood Hazard include Zones A, AE, AH, AO, AR, A99, D, V, VE, and X. These flood zones are explained below and reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area. A - Zone A is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1-percent annual chance floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study by approximate methods of analysis. Because detailed hydraulic analyses are not performed for such areas, no Base Flood Elevations or depths are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AE and A1-A30 - Zones AE and A1-A30 are the flood insurance rate zones that correspond to the 1-percent annual chance floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study by detailed methods of analysis. In most instances, Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AH - Zone AH is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the areas of 1-percent annual chance shallow flooding with a constant water-surface elevation (usually areas of ponding) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. The Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AO - Zone AO is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the areas of 1-percent shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. Average flood depths derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown within this zone. In addition, alluvial fan flood hazards are shown as Zone AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AR - Zone AR is the flood insurance rate zone used to depict areas protected from flood hazards by flood control structures, such as a levee, that are being restored. FEMA will consider using the Zone AR designation for a community if the flood protection system has been deemed restorable by a Federal agency in consultation with a local project sponsor; a minimum level of flood protection is still provided to the community by the system; and restoration of the flood protection system is scheduled to begin within a designated time period and in accordance with a progress plan negotiated between the community and FEMA. Mandatory purchase requirements for flood insurance will apply in Zone AR, but the rate will not exceed the rate for an unnumbered Zone A if the structure is built in compliance with Zone AR floodplain management regulations. A99 - Zone A99 is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance floodplain that will be protected by a Federal flood protection system where construction has reached specified statutory milestones. No Base Flood Elevations or depths are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. D - Zone D designation is used for areas where there are possible but undetermined flood hazards. In areas designated as Zone D, no analysis of flood hazards has been conducted. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements do not apply, but coverage is available. The flood insurance rates for properties in Zone D are commensurate with the uncertainty of the flood risk. V - Zone V is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance coastal floodplains that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. Because approximate hydraulic analyses are performed for such areas, no Base Flood Elevations are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. VE - Zone VE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance coastal floodplain that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. X - Zone X is the flood insurance rate zones that correspond to areas outside the 1-percent annual chance floodplain – Areas protected from the 1-percent annual chance flood by levees. No Base Flood Elevations or depths are shown within this zone. Insurance purchase is not required in these zones. More information about the flood zones can be found here. The NFHL data are derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps, flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data where available. The NFHL data is available at State level. The data is updated on monthly basis and FEMA is in the process of mapping all the flood zones and so some counties do not have complete data. For better visualization, it’s recommended to display the service with 50% transparency. The map service has a county layer that helps differentiate between the counties that have flood data available and those that do not. The flood data is scale dependent and is set to show from 1:3,000,000. This data is as of March 2011.

Open the Data Resource: https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/e492db86d9b348399f4bd20330b4b274 This viewer shares a variety of flood hazard and risk data produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Some flood hazard and flood risk data produced by FEMA define minimum requirements for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). This viewer includes these required NFIP data and includes other data showing current and potential future flood hazard and risk.

Flash flooding is the top weather-related killer, responsible for an average of 140 deaths per year across the United States. Although precipitation forecasting and understanding of flash flood causes have improved in recent years, there are still many unknown factors that play into flash flooding. Despite having accurate and timely rainfall reports, some river basins simply do not respond to rainfall as meteorologists might expect. The Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) was developed in order to gain insight into these “problem basins”, giving National Weather Service (NWS) meteorologists insight into the intrinsic properties of a river basin and the potential for swift and copious rainfall runoff.

This mesh can be used to analyze the flood hazard exposure for a variety of features, including critical facilities, stormwater and wastewater systems, roadways, etc. The 1-acre cell size was chosen due to the fact that 84+% of the residential parcels in the Tampa Bay region can be individually encompassed by these 1-acre cells. Other considerations included ease of computing and a more accurate representation of spatial transitions afforded by a hexagonal cell shape.Flood hazards include:FEMA 100 and 500-year floodplainsStorm surge- high frequency (Category 1-3) and low frequency (Category 4 & 5)Sea level projections*King tide + sea level projections*10-year storm surge + sea level projections **NOAA Intermediate Low and Intermediate High for 2020, 2040, and 2070 Each AHI point (development from the Assisted Housing Inventory) for the Tampa Bay area is assigned a composite exposure value calculated by summing the presence of potential flood hazards over the time period 2020 - 2070, with a maximum score of 23. Parcel exposure, rounded to the nearest whole number, is as follows:<!- "None" = 0 composite exposure<!--"Low" = 1 - 7 composite exposure<!--"Medium" = 8 - 15 composite exposure<!--"High" = 16 - 23 composite exposureData sources include: <!--FEMA floodplain data are “FLOOD HAZARD ZONES OF THE DIGITAL FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (DFIRM) IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA - OCTOBER 2020,” and obtained from Florida Geographic Data Library (FGDL) (https://fgdl.org/metadataexplorer/explorer.jsp). Metadata for this layer can be found here https://www.fla-etat.org/meta/dfirm_100_floodzones.xml. Storm surge data were obtained from the NOAA National Hurricane Center’s National Storm Surge Hazard Maps, and depict projected surge inundation based on SLOSH modeling and coastal Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The data and metadata can be found here: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/.o Storm surge exposure is divided into low frequency (categories 4 & 5) and high frequency (categories 1-3) groups. This grouping was determined based on the frequency of occurrence of direct hurricane impacts to Florida over the period of 1851 to 2018 (https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#1569507388495-a5aa91bb-254c). <!--Sea level rise (SLR) projections were developed by the Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council (TBRPC) based on the 2017 NOAA sea level rise curves (“Intermediate High” and “Intermediate Low”), local tidal data, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data using the TBRPC’s Flood Master tool. It should be noted that the Intermediate High projections are consistent with the Florida’s 2021 "Statewide Flooding and Sea Level Rise Resilience" bill and the FEMA National Flood Insurance Program.o Sea level rise projections were calculated for each of the SLR scenarios for the years 2020, 2040 and 2070, and then adjusted using the St. Petersburg tide gauge (for Pinellas, Manatee, Sarasota, Hillsborough and Pasco counties) and the Cedar Key gauge (for Citrus and Hernando counties). Reference tide gauges were based on recommendations from the Climate Science Advisory Panel of Tampa Bay, and tidal data was obtained from the US Army Corps of Engineers SLR calculator: https://cwbi-app.sec.usace.army.mil/rccslc/slcc_calc.html. Mean tide was selected for all runs performed for this project. o TBRPC’s Flood Master tool uses Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to then determine the areas of inundation associated with the projected sea level rise, as well as the high tide and 10-year event storm surge scenarios. Additional tide gauges and drainage basin boundaries within the TBRPC region were used to refine the inundation estimations. Additional information and the data can be found here: https://opendata-tbrpc.hub.arcgis.com/.<!--King tide + SLR / 10-year storm surge + SLR projections. High tide flooding is derived from “coastal flood frequency” data layers obtained from NOAA Digital Coast (https://coast.noaa.gov/slrdata/), and the 10-year storm surge is derived from a SLOSH study conducted by AECOM. TBRPC combined these two layers with SLR scenarios to provide further inundation analysis. <!--Satellite imagery of flooded land area post-Hurricane Irma (September, 2017) was sourced from Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER; https://www.aer.com/). This is an experimental flooded land composite satellite data product derived from the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer group of sensors (AMSR-E, AMSR2: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/sips/sips-amsr-e-2), the Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI: https://pmm.nasa.gov/gpm/flight-project/gmi), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I: https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/SSMI). It should be noted that this product was used to provide an interim indication of interior land areas prone to flooding. (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, 2017, ARC Flood Extent Depiction Algorithm Description Document, AFED Version V03R01, Document Revision R03, Lexington, MA. 56pp.)

This dataset is an inventory of globally occurred Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). Our database encompasses data from 769 different sources including satellite and aerial images, reports from local authorities, scientific publications, news outlets, workshop proceedings, social media posts, and unpublished work.

Files: glofdatabase_V3.ods: Database spreadsheet (OpenOffice file) containing all reported GLOFs. Parameter_Readme.ods: Readme file describing all database parameters (i.e. columns in glofdatabase_V3.ods) and their units.

Our database is an ongoing project and we offer a web-based, interactive map that grants access to the most recent state of the database (http://glofs.geoecology.uni-potsdam.de). Users can also download all previous versions of the database from this interface.

Global Flood Database Scripts & Data

This repository includes code and supporting data for the Global Flood Database. This include descriptions of the data and code, and how they relate to Tellman et al, Satellite observations indicate increasing proportion of population exposed to floods

Continuously updated US flooding information from the National Weather Service shows observed flooding locations, current & forecast precipitation, and flood warning areas. The stream gauges and weather watches layers allow you to identify features to get specific information such as flooding height, weather related issue, and severity. For a map that focuses on more general weather reports and current radar, see our Severe Weather Map.About the data: Stream gauges with flooding: This is an aggregated live feed derived from the NOAA/USGS Stream Gauges site using the National Weather Service’s River Observation data.Flood Warnings (short and long term): This is an aggregated live feed derived from the NOAA Weather Warnings Watches and Advisory data provided through the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) Alert system.72-hour Forecast Total Precipitation: The data displaying forecast precipitation for the next 72 hours is Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF). QPF is the amount of expected rainfall (in hundredths of inches) every six hours. This data is recorded by NDFD at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800. Organization: NDFD (National Digital Forecast Database)Radar: Provided by DTN https://www.dtn.com/