2015 USDA Food Desert areas for Florida defined by 2010 US Census tract. Based on LILATract_1And10 field census data. Developed by the USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) as part of the Food Access Research Atlas.This service is intended for use with popups or at very large scales.This data layer is part of Florida’s Roadmap to Living Healthy web map produced by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS), Division of Food, Nutrition and Wellness (DFNW).For technical assistance, contact the Florida's Roadmap to Healthy Living Administrator

Dataset is an overview of food access indicators for low-income and other census tracts using different measures of supermarket accessibility. This dataset provides food access data for populations within census tracts; and offers census-tract-level data on food access that can be used for community planning or research purposes.Data from USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) Food Access Research Atlas, 2019. Last updated 4/27/2021.See also USDA map service at https://gisportal.ers.usda.gov/server/rest/services/FARA/FARA_2019/MapServer.

description: Census Tract Data - Census 2000 This data layer represents Census 2000 demographic data derived from the PL94-171 redistricting files and SF3. Census geographic entities include blocks, blockgroups and tracts. Tiger line files are the source of the geometry representing the Census blocks. Attributes include total population counts, racial/ethnic, and poverty/income information. Racial/ethnic classifications are represented in units of blocks, blockgroups and tracts. Poverty and income data are represented in units of blockgroups and tracts. Percentages of each racial/ethnic group have been calculated from the population counts. Total Minority counts and percentages were compiled from each racial/ethnic non-white category. Categories compiled to create the Total Minority count includes the following: African American, Asian, American Indian, Pacific Islander, White Hispanic, Other and all mixed race categories. The percentage poverty attribute represents the percent of the population living at or below poverty level. The per capita income attribute represents the sum of all income within the geographic entity, divided by the total population of that entity. Special fields designed to be used for EJ analysis have been derived from the PL data and include the following: Percentage difference of block, blockgroup and total minority from the state and county averages, percentile rank for each percent total minority within state and county entities. Food Desert Locator Documenation The Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) Working Group defines a food desert as a low-income census tract where a substantial number or share of residents has low access to a supermarket or large grocery store. To qualify as low-income, census tracts must meet the Treasury Department's New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) program eligibility criteria. Furthermore, to qualify as a food desert tract at least 33% of the tract's population (or a minimum of 500 people) must have low access to a supermarket or large grocery store. Low access to a healty food retail outlet is defined as more than 1 mile from a supermarket or large grocery store in urban ares and as more than 10 miles in rural areas. The Food Desert Locator includes characteristics only for census tracts that qualify as food deserts. All store data come from the 2006 directory of stores, and all population and household data come from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing. For the 140 urban census tracts for which grid-level data are not available, all people in the tract are assumed to have low-access to a supermarket or large grocery store.; abstract: Census Tract Data - Census 2000 This data layer represents Census 2000 demographic data derived from the PL94-171 redistricting files and SF3. Census geographic entities include blocks, blockgroups and tracts. Tiger line files are the source of the geometry representing the Census blocks. Attributes include total population counts, racial/ethnic, and poverty/income information. Racial/ethnic classifications are represented in units of blocks, blockgroups and tracts. Poverty and income data are represented in units of blockgroups and tracts. Percentages of each racial/ethnic group have been calculated from the population counts. Total Minority counts and percentages were compiled from each racial/ethnic non-white category. Categories compiled to create the Total Minority count includes the following: African American, Asian, American Indian, Pacific Islander, White Hispanic, Other and all mixed race categories. The percentage poverty attribute represents the percent of the population living at or below poverty level. The per capita income attribute represents the sum of all income within the geographic entity, divided by the total population of that entity. Special fields designed to be used for EJ analysis have been derived from the PL data and include the following: Percentage difference of block, blockgroup and total minority from the state and county averages, percentile rank for each percent total minority within state and county entities. Food Desert Locator Documenation The Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) Working Group defines a food desert as a low-income census tract where a substantial number or share of residents has low access to a supermarket or large grocery store. To qualify as low-income, census tracts must meet the Treasury Department's New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) program eligibility criteria. Furthermore, to qualify as a food desert tract at least 33% of the tract's population (or a minimum of 500 people) must have low access to a supermarket or large grocery store. Low access to a healty food retail outlet is defined as more than 1 mile from a supermarket or large grocery store in urban ares and as more than 10 miles in rural areas. The Food Desert Locator includes characteristics only for census tracts that qualify as food deserts. All store data come from the 2006 directory of stores, and all population and household data come from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing. For the 140 urban census tracts for which grid-level data are not available, all people in the tract are assumed to have low-access to a supermarket or large grocery store.

This map shows areas within the City of Scranton defined as Food Deserts. It also shows the location of retailers within the City of Scranton that accept the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, also known as SNAP.Food DesertsThe 2009 USDA report measures the distance to the nearest healthy-food retailer, using the locations of supermarkets and large grocery stores as a proxy, by referencing 1-square-kilometer grids for geographical analysis. These grids come from the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) and are based on information from the 2000 Census of Population (SEDAC, 2006). These population data (including socioeconomic and demographic data), which are released at the block group level, are first allocated to blocks and then allocated aerially down to roughly 1-square-kilometer grids across the Continental United States. For each grid cell, the distance from its geographic center to the nearest supermarket or large grocery store is used to measure access for people who live in that grid. Grids that are farther than a specified distance from the nearest supermarket or large grocery store are considered areas of low access, and low-access areas with a large percentage of low-income population are noted in particular. Use of the grid-level data provides two important benefits for the analysis: first, the data provide greater accuracy in estimating where people and households are located than data on larger geographic areas, such as census tracts; thus, they provide better precision in measuring distance to stores. Second, the process of allocating census data to 1-square-kilometer grid cells transforms the irregular shapes and sizes of census geographies or other geographies, such as ZIP Codes, into regular grid cells. While the 1-square-kilometer grid-based measures increase the precision in measuring where people are and how far they are from sources of healthy food and provide consistency in defining geographic areas across the country, the SEDAC grids are not widely used geographic units. Currently, no standardized nomenclature exists to identify a specific grid (as counties, ZIP Codes, or census tracts can be identified), and they cannot easily be linked to other geocoded data. For this reason, the area-based definition of a food desert uses the census tract as the geographic unit of analysis because it is more commonly used and has a standardized numbering system. Census tracts are subdivisions of a county, containing between 1,000 and 8,000 people and ideally encompassing a population of about 4,000. In order to establish a consistent definition for national comparison, we define food deserts as low-income tracts in which a substantial number or proportion of the population has low access to supermarkets or large grocery stores. Low-income tracts are characterized by either a poverty rate equal to or greater than 20 percent, or a median family income that is 80 percent or less of the metropolitan area’s median family income (for tracts in metropolitan areas) or the statewide median family income (for tracts in nonmetropolitan areas). This definition of low-income tracts is used to designate tracts that are eligible for the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) program. Low access is characterized by at least 500 people and/or 33 percent of the tract population residing more than 1 mile from a supermarket or large grocery in urban areas, and more than 10 miles in rural areas.SNAPSNAP authorized stores must meet one of two staple food requirements:Criterion A - staple food inventory; orCriterion B - staple food salesStaple foods are the basic foods that make up a significant portion of a person’s diet. They are usually prepared at home and eaten as a meal. They do not include prepared foods, heated foods, or accessory foods.Staple food categories:vegetables or fruitsdairy productsmeat, poultry, or fishbreads or cerealsCriterion AA store must have 3 stocking units of 3 different varieties for each staple food category on a continuous basis. For 2 staple food categories, there must be at least 1 perishable variety. Most stores are authorized under Criterion A.Criterion BA store must have more than 50 percent of its total gross retail sales from the sale of staple foods. Specialty stores, like butcher shops, are often authorized under Criterion B.Other Eligibility ConsiderationsFNS also takes other factors into account when determining the eligibility of your store. These are included but not limited to:Need for Access: Stores that do not meet Criterion A or Criterion B are still considered for authorization if they are in an area where SNAP clients have significantly limited access to food.Restaurants: Generally, SNAP does not allow participants to redeem benefits at restaurants. Your firm is considered a restaurant if more than 50% of your total gross retail sales come from sales of hot or cold prepared foods intended for immediate consumption. Only restaurants located in a State that operates the Restaurant Meals Program (RMP) State Option can participate in SNAP.Co-Location: When multiple firms operating at the same location meet certain elements, FNS will consider them a single firm when determining eligibility for SNAP authorization.

Contains a list of grocery stores which was used by the city to calculate the estimates of Chicagoans living in food deserts in 2011. Data in this file can be cross-referenced with the city's business license data (http://bit.ly/sMFZdN).

Data pulled from the USDA Food Research Atlas for 2019 Census Tracts designated as food deserts

The Food Access Research Atlas presents a spatial overview of food access indicators for low-income and other census tracts using different measures of supermarket accessibility, provides food access data for populations within census tracts, and offers census-tract-level data on food access that can be downloaded for community planning or research purposes.

Contains a list of grocery stores which was used by the city to calculate the estimates of Chicagoans living in food deserts in 2011. Data in this file can be cross-referenced with the city's business license data (http://bit.ly/sMFZdN).

The food access data displayed in this theme are quantitative measures that illustrate the accessibility of nutritious, affordable, and culturally appropriate food in Florida’s communities. Food consumption is often influenced by the food environment and barriers that may inhibit an individual’s ability to make healthful food choices. In addition, food access has been studied as a contributing factor in diet and health outcomes. The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services has used the most current food access data from trusted sources, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Florida Department of Children and Families, Feeding Florida, Nielsen, and The Reinvestment Fund to build this visualization. The food access data listed in Florida’s Roadmap to Living Healthy includes important layers, such as nutrition programs, food banks, food deserts, retail market locations, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) statistics), low supermarket access areas, farmers’ markets, and limited service restaurants along with other vital statistics. This unique categorization of food access data can be used to better identify the specific food access needs of individual communities in Florida, and allow government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and other organizations to identify gaps so they may begin to improve access to those communities.

This layer represents USDA Food Access Research Atlas data at the census tract geography. Low Income is defined as tracts with a poverty rate of 20% or higher, or tracts with median family income less than 80% of median family income of the state or metropolitan area. Low Access is defined as tracts where a significant number or share of residents is more than 1 mile (urban) or 10 miles (rural) from the nearest supermarket.http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspxFood accessLimited access to supermarkets, supercenters, grocery stores, or other sources of healthy and affordable food may make it harder for some Americans to eat a healthy diet. There are many ways to measure food store access for individuals and for neighborhoods, and many ways to define which areas are food deserts—neighborhoods that lack healthy food sources. Most measures and definitions take into account at least some of the following indicators of access:Accessibility to sources of healthy food, as measured by distance to a store or by the number of stores in an area.Individual-level resources that may affect accessibility, such as family income or vehicle availability.Neighborhood-level indicators of resources, such as the average income of the neighborhood and the availability of public transportation.In the Food Access Research Atlas, several indicators are available to measure food access along these dimensions. For example, users can choose alternative distance markers to measure low access in a neighborhood, such as the number and share of people more than half a mile to a supermarket or 1 mile to a supermarket. Users can also view other census-tract-level characteristics that provide context on food access in neighborhoods, such as whether the tract has a high percentage of households far from supermarkets and without vehicles, individuals with low income, or people residing in group quarters.Low-income neighborhoodsThe criteria for identifying a census tract as low income are from the Department of Treasury’s New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) program. This program defines a low-income census tract as any tract where:The tract’s poverty rate is 20 percent or greater; orThe tract’s median family income is less than or equal to 80 percent of the State-wide median family income; orThe tract is in a metropolitan area and has a median family income less than or equal to 80 percent of the metropolitan area's median family income.Low-access census tractsIn the Food Access Research Atlas, low access to healthy food is defined as being far from a supermarket, supercenter, or large grocery store ("supermarket" for short). A census tract is considered to have low access if a significant number or share of individuals in the tract is far from a supermarket.In the original Food Desert Locator, low access was measured as living far from a supermarket, where 1 mile was used in urban areas and 10 miles was used in rural areas to demarcate those who are far from a supermarket. In urban areas, about 70 percent of the population was within 1 mile of a supermarket, while in rural areas over 90 percent of the population was within 10 miles (see Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Updated Estimates of Distance to Supermarkets Using 2010 Data). Updating the original 1- and 10-mile low-access measure shows that an estimated 18.3 million people in these low-income and low-access census tracts were far from a supermarket in 2010.Three additional measures of food access based on distance to a supermarket are provided in the Atlas:One additional measure applies a 0.5-mile demarcation in urban areas and a 10-mile distance in rural areas. Using this measure, an estimated 52.5 million people, or 17 percent of the U.S. population, have low access to a supermarket;A second measure applies a 1.0-mile demarcation in urban areas and a 20-mile distance in rural areas. Under this measure, an estimated 16.5 million people, or 5.3 percent of the U.S. population, have low access to a supermarket; andA slightly more complex measure incorporates vehicle access directly into the measure, delineating low-income tracts in which a significant number of households are located far from a supermarket and do not have access to a vehicle. This measure also includes census tracts with populations that are so remote, that, even with a vehicle, driving to a supermarket may be considered a burden due to the great distance. Using this measure, an estimated 2.1 million households, or 1.8 percent of all households, in low-income census tracts are far from a supermarket and do not have a vehicle. An additional 0.3 million people are more than 20 miles from a supermarket.For each of the first three measures that are based solely on distance, a tract is designated as low access if the aggregate number of people in the census tract with low access is at least 500 or the percentage of people in the census tract with low access is at least 33 percent. For the final measure using vehicle availability, a tract is designated as having low vehicle access if at least one of the following is true:at least 100 households are more than ½ mile from the nearest supermarket and have no access to a vehicle; orat least 500 people or 33 percent of the population live more than 20 miles from the nearest supermarket, regardless of vehicle access.Methods used to assess distance to the nearest supermarket are the same for each of these measures. First, the entire country is divided into ½-km square grids, and data on the population are aerially allocated to these grids (see Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Updated Estimates of Distance to Supermarkets Using 2010 Data). Then, distance to the nearest supermarket is measured for each grid cell by calculating the distance between the geographic center of the ½-km square grid that contains estimates of the population (number of people and other subgroup characteristics) and the center of the grid with the nearest supermarket.Once the distance to the nearest supermarket is calculated for each grid cell, the estimated number of people or housing units that are more than 1 mile from a supermarket in urban tracts, or 10 miles in rural census tracts, is aggregated at the census-tract level (and similarly for the alternative distance markers). A census tract is considered rural if the population-weighted centroid of that tract is located in an area with a population of less than 2,500; all other tracts are considered urban tracts.Food desertsThe Food Access Research Atlas maps census tracts that are both low income (li) and low access (la), as measured by the different distance demarcations. This tool provides researchers and other users multiple ways to understand the characteristics that can contribute to food deserts, including income level, distance to supermarkets, and vehicle access.Additional tract-level indicators of accessVehicle availabilityA tract is identified as having low vehicle availability if more than 100 households in the tract report having no vehicle available and are more than 0.5 miles from the nearest supermarket. This corresponds closely to the 80th percentile of the distribution of the number of housing units in a census tract without vehicles at least 0.5 miles from a supermarket (the 80th percentile value was 106 housing units). This means that about 20 percent of all census tracts had more than 100 housing units that were 0.5 miles from a supermarket and without a vehicle. This indicator was applied to both urban and rural census tracts.Overall, 8.8 percent of all housing units in the United States do not have a vehicle, and 4.2 percent of all housing units are at least 0.5 mile from a store and without a vehicle. Vehicle availability is defined in the American Community Survey as the number of passenger cars, vans, or trucks with a capacity of 1-ton or less kept at the home and available for use by household members. The number of available vehicles includes those vehicles leased or rented for at least 1 month, as well as company, police, or government vehicles that are kept at home and available for non-business use.Whether a vehicle is available to a household for private use is an important additional indicator of access to healthy and affordable food. For households living far from a supermarket or large grocery store, access to a private vehicle may make accessing these retailers easier than relying on public or alternative means of transportation.Group quarters populationUsers may be interested in highlighting tracts with large shares of people living in group quarters. Group quarters are residential arrangements where an entity or organization owns and provides housing (and often services) for individuals residing in these buildings. This includes college dormitories, military quarters, correctional facilities, homeless shelters, residential treatment centers, and assisted living or skilled nursing facilities. These living arrangements frequently provide dining and food retail solely for their residents. While individuals living in these areas may appear to be far from a supermarket or grocery store, they may not truly experience difficulty accessing healthy and affordable food. Tracts in which 67 percent of individuals or more live in group quarters are highlighted.General tract characteristicsPopulation, tract totalGeographic level: census tractYear of data: 2010Definition: Total number of individuals residing in a tract.Data sources: Data are from the 2012 report, Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Updated Estimates of Distances to Supermarkets Using 2010 Data. Population data are reported at the block level from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing. These data were aerially allocated down to ½-kilometer-square grids across the United States.Low-income tractGeographic level: census tractYear of data: 2010Definition: A tract with either a poverty rate of 20

This map has been prepared to provide a geographic representation of Food Desert Communities in New Jersey. The map depicts 50 separate geographic areas that are designated as Food Desert Communities pursuant to Sections 35 through 42 of the Economic Recovery Act of 2020. These Food Desert Communities are ranked from 1 to 50 to reflect areas that have the highest (most Food Desert Characteristics) to lowest (least Food Desert Characteristics) Food Desert Factor Score. Food Desert Communities resulted from an analysis of a variety of factors compiled to the Census Block Group level and then combined to form 50 distinct areas. The complete Food Desert Community Definition proposal Methodology is available on the New Jersey Economic Development Authority website at https://www.njeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/New-Jersey-Food-Desert-Community-Designation-Methodology-Final-2-9-22.pdf. The data on this map includes the Food Desert Communities and the Census Block Group data used to inform the proposal.

This is a collection of maps, layers, apps and dashboards that show population access to essential retail locations, such as grocery stores. Data sourcesPopulation data is from the 2010 U.S. Census blocks. Each census block has a count of stores within a 10 minute walk, and a count of stores within a ten minute drive. Census blocks known to be unpopulated are given a score of 0. The layer is available as a hosted feature layer.Grocery store locations are from SafeGraph, reflecting what was in the data as of October 2020. Access to the layer was obtained from the SafeGraph offering in ArcGIS Marketplace. For this project, ArcGIS StreetMap Premium was used for the street network in the origin-destination analysis work, because it already has the necessary attributes on each street segment to identify which streets are considered walkable, and supports a wide variety of driving parameters.The walkable access layer and drivable access layers are rasters, whose colors were chosen to allow the drivable access layer to serve as backdrop to the walkable access layer. Alternative versions of these layers are available. These pairs use different colors but are otherwise identical in content.Data PreparationArcGIS Network Analyst was used to set up a network street layer for analysis. ArcGIS StreetMap Premium was installed to a local hard drive and selected in the Origin-Destination workflow as the network data source. This allows the origins (Census block centroids) and destinations (SafeGraph grocery stores) to be connected to that network, to allow origin-destination analysis.The Census blocks layer contains the centroid of each Census block. The data allows a simple popup to be created. This layer's block figures can be summarized further, to tract, county and state levels.The SafeGraph grocery store locations were created by querying the SafeGraph source layer based on primary NAICS code. After connecting to the layer in ArcGIS Pro, a definition query was set to only show records with NAICS code 445110 as an initial screening. The layer was exported to a local disk drive for further definition query refinement, to eliminate any records that were obviously not grocery stores. The final layer used in the analysis had approximately 53,600 records. In this map, this layer is included as a vector tile layer.MethodologyEvery census block in the U.S. was assigned two access scores, whose numbers are simply how many grocery stores are within a 10 minute walk and a 10 minute drive of that census block. Every census block has a score of 0 (no stores), 1, 2 or more stores. The count of accessible stores was determined using Origin-Destination Analysis in ArcGIS Network Analyst, in ArcGIS Pro. A set of Tools in this ArcGIS Pro package allow a similar analysis to be conducted for any city or other area. The Tools step through the data prep and analysis steps. Download the Pro package, open it and substitute your own layers for Origins and Destinations. Parcel centroids are a suggested option for Origins, for example. Origin-Destination analysis was configured, using ArcGIS StreetMap Premium as the network data source. Census block centroids with population greater than zero were used as the Origins, and grocery store locations were used as the Destinations. A cutoff of 10 minutes was used with the Walk Time option. Only one restriction was applied to the street network: Walkable, which means Interstates and other non-walkable street segments were treated appropriately. You see the results in the map: wherever freeway overpasses and underpasses are present near a grocery store, the walkable area extends across/through that pass, but not along the freeway.A cutoff of 10 minutes was used with the Drive Time option. The default restrictions were applied to the street network, which means a typical vehicle's access to all types of roads was factored in.The results for each analysis were captured in the Lines layer, which shows which origins are within the cutoff of each destination over the street network, given the assumptions about that network (walking, or driving a vehicle).The Lines layer was then summarized by census block ID to capture the Maximum value of the Destination_Rank field. A census block within 10 minutes of 3 stores would have 3 records in the Lines layer, but only one value in the summarized table, with a MAX_Destination_Rank field value of 3. This is the number of stores accessible to that census block in the 10 minutes measured, for walking and driving. These data were joined to the block centroids layer and given unique names. At this point, all blocks with zero population or null values in the MAX_Destination_Rank fields were given a store count of 0, to help the next step.Walkable and Drivable areas are calculated into a raster layer, using Nearest Neighbor geoprocessing tool on the count of stores within a 10 minute walk, and a count of stores within a ten minute drive, respectively. This tool uses a 200 meter grid and interpolates the values between each census block. A census tracts layer containing all water polygons "erased" from the census tract boundaries was used as an environment setting, to help constrain interpolation into/across bodies of water. The same layer use used to "shoreline" the Nearest Neighbor results, to eliminate any interpolation into the ocean or Great Lakes. This helped but was not perfect.Notes and LimitationsThe map provides a baseline for discussing access to grocery stores in a city. It does not presume local population has the desire or means to walk or drive to obtain groceries. It does not take elevation gain or loss into account. It does not factor time of day nor weather, seasons, or other variables that affect a person's commute choices. Walking and driving are just two ways people get to a grocery store. Some people ride a bike, others take public transit, have groceries delivered, or rely on a friend with a vehicle. Thank you to Melinda Morang on the Network Analyst team for guidance and suggestions at key moments along the way; to Emily Meriam for reviewing the previous version of this map and creating new color palettes and marker symbols specific to this project. Additional ReadingThe methods by which access to food is measured and reported have improved in the past decade or so, as has the uses of such measurements. Some relevant papers and articles are provided below as a starting point.Measuring Food Insecurity Using the Food Abundance Index: Implications for Economic, Health and Social Well-BeingHow to Identify Food Deserts: Measuring Physical and Economic Access to Supermarkets in King County, WashingtonAccess to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their ConsequencesDifferent Measures of Food Access Inform Different SolutionsThe time cost of access to food – Distance to the grocery store as measured in minutes

Measure and Map Access to Grocery StoresFrom the perspective of the people living in each neighborhoodHow do people in your city get to the grocery store? The answer to that question depends on the person and where they live. This web map helps answer the question in this app.Some live in cities and stop by a grocery store within a short walk or bike ride of home or work. Others live in areas where car ownership is more prevalent, and so they drive to a store. Some do not own a vehicle, and rely on a friend or public transit. Others rely on grocery delivery for their needs. And, many live in rural areas far from town, so a trip to a grocery store is an infrequent event involving a long drive.This map from Esri shows which areas are within a ten minute walk or ten minute drive of a grocery store in the United States and Puerto Rico. Darker color indicates access to more stores. The chart shows how many people can walk to a grocery store if they wanted to or needed to.It is estimated that 20% of U.S. population live within a 10 minute walk of a grocery store, and 92% of the population live within a 10 minute drive of a grocery store.Look up your city to see how the numbers change as you move around the map. Or, draw a neighborhood boundary on the map to get numbers for that area.Every census block is scored with a count of walkable and drivable stores nearby, making this a map suitable for a dashboard for any city, or any of the 50 states, DC and Puerto Rico. Two colorful layers visualize this definition of access, one for walkable access (suitable for looking at a city neighborhood by neighborhood) and one for drivable access (suitable for looking across a city, county, region or state).On the walkable layer, shades of green define areas within a ten minute walk of one or more grocery stores. The colors become more intense and trend to a blue-green color for the busiest neighborhoods, such as downtown San Francisco. As you zoom in, a layer of Census block points visualizes the local population with or without walkable access.As you zoom out to see the entire city, the map adds a light blue - to dark blue layer, showing which parts of the region fall within ten minutes' drive of one or more grocery stores. As a result, the map is useful at all scales, from national to regional, state and local levels. It becomes easier to spot grocery stores that sit within a highly populated area, and grocery stores that sit in a shopping center far away from populated areas. This view of a city begins to hint at the question: how many people have each type of access to grocery stores? And, what if they are unable to walk a mile regularly, or don't own a car?How to Use This MapUse this map to introduce the concepts of access to grocery stores in your city or town. This is the kind of map where people will want to look up their home or work address to validate what the map is saying.The map was built with that use in mind. Many maps of access use straight-line, as-the-crow-flies distance, which ignores real-world barriers to walkability like rivers, lakes, interstates and other characteristics of the built environment. Block analysis using a network data set and Origin-Destination analysis factors these barriers in, resulting in a more realistic depiction of access.There is data behind the map, which can be summarized to show how many people have walkable access to local grocery stores. The map includes a feature layer of population in Census block points, which are visible when you zoom in far enough. This feature layer can be plugged into an app like this one that summarizes the population with/without walkable or drivable access.Lastly, this map can serve as backdrop to other community resources, like food banks, farmers markets (example), and transit (example). Add a transit layer to immediately gauge its impact on the population's grocery access. You can also use this map to see how it relates to communities of concern. Add a layer of any block group or tract demographics, such as Percent Senior Population (examples), or Percent of Households with Access to 0 Vehicles (examples).The map is a useful visual and analytic resource for helping community leaders, business and government leaders see their town from the perspective of its residents, and begin asking questions about how their community could be improved.Data sourcesPopulation data is from the 2010 U.S. Census blocks. Each census block has a count of stores within a 10 minute walk, and a count of stores within a ten minute drive. Census blocks known to be unpopulated are given a score of 0. The layer is available as a hosted feature layer.Grocery store locations are from SafeGraph, reflecting what was in the data as of October 2020. Access to the layer was obtained from the SafeGraph offering in ArcGIS Marketplace. For this project, ArcGIS StreetMap Premium was used for the street network in the origin-destination analysis work, because it already has the necessary attributes on each street segment to identify which streets are considered walkable, and supports a wide variety of driving parameters.The walkable access layer and drivable access layers are rasters, whose colors were chosen to allow the drivable access layer to serve as backdrop to the walkable access layer. Alternative versions of these layers are available. These pairs use different colors but are otherwise identical in content.Data PreparationArcGIS Network Analyst was used to set up a network street layer for analysis. ArcGIS StreetMap Premium was installed to a local hard drive and selected in the Origin-Destination workflow as the network data source. This allows the origins (Census block centroids) and destinations (SafeGraph grocery stores) to be connected to that network, to allow origin-destination analysis.The Census blocks layer contains the centroid of each Census block. The data allows a simple popup to be created. This layer's block figures can be summarized further, to tract, county and state levels.The SafeGraph grocery store locations were created by querying the SafeGraph source layer based on primary NAICS code. After connecting to the layer in ArcGIS Pro, a definition query was set to only show records with NAICS code 445110 as an initial screening. The layer was exported to a local disk drive for further definition query refinement, to eliminate any records that were obviously not grocery stores. The final layer used in the analysis had approximately 53,600 records. In this map, this layer is included as a vector tile layer.MethodologyEvery census block in the U.S. was assigned two access scores, whose numbers are simply how many grocery stores are within a 10 minute walk and a 10 minute drive of that census block. Every census block has a score of 0 (no stores), 1, 2 or more stores. The count of accessible stores was determined using Origin-Destination Analysis in ArcGIS Network Analyst, in ArcGIS Pro. A set of Tools in this ArcGIS Pro package allow a similar analysis to be conducted for any city or other area. The Tools step through the data prep and analysis steps. Download the Pro package, open it and substitute your own layers for Origins and Destinations. Parcel centroids are a suggested option for Origins, for example. Origin-Destination analysis was configured, using ArcGIS StreetMap Premium as the network data source. Census block centroids with population greater than zero were used as the Origins, and grocery store locations were used as the Destinations. A cutoff of 10 minutes was used with the Walk Time option. Only one restriction was applied to the street network: Walkable, which means Interstates and other non-walkable street segments were treated appropriately. You see the results in the map: wherever freeway overpasses and underpasses are present near a grocery store, the walkable area extends across/through that pass, but not along the freeway.A cutoff of 10 minutes was used with the Drive Time option. The default restrictions were applied to the street network, which means a typical vehicle's access to all types of roads was factored in.The results for each analysis were captured in the Lines layer, which shows which origins are within the cutoff of each destination over the street network, given the assumptions about that network (walking, or driving a vehicle).The Lines layer was then summarized by census block ID to capture the Maximum value of the Destination_Rank field. A census block within 10 minutes of 3 stores would have 3 records in the Lines layer, but only one value in the summarized table, with a MAX_Destination_Rank field value of 3. This is the number of stores accessible to that census block in the 10 minutes measured, for walking and driving. These data were joined to the block centroids layer and given unique names. At this point, all blocks with zero population or null values in the MAX_Destination_Rank fields were given a store count of 0, to help the next step.Walkable and Drivable areas are calculated into a raster layer, using Nearest Neighbor geoprocessing tool on the count of stores within a 10 minute walk, and a count of stores within a ten minute drive, respectively. This tool uses a 200 meter grid and interpolates the values between each census block. A census tracts layer containing all water polygons "erased" from the census tract boundaries was used as an environment setting, to help constrain interpolation into/across bodies of water. The same layer use used to "shoreline" the Nearest Neighbor results, to eliminate any interpolation into the ocean or Great Lakes. This helped but was not perfect.Notes and LimitationsThe map provides a baseline for discussing access to grocery stores in a city. It does not presume local population has the desire or means to walk or drive to obtain groceries. It does not take elevation gain or loss into account. It does not factor time of day nor weather, seasons, or other variables that affect a

Additional file 3. Proposed Phoenix garden locations. Point shapefile of garden data generated from the spatial optimization analysis.

Food deserts are areas without affordable access to healthy foods. This paper explores whether food deserts are present within urban areas of the Brazilian Amazon. The availability and price of a variety of food products was surveyed in a total of 304 shops, across 3 cities in 2015. Least-cost distances were calculated to estimate travel distance to access products, with map overlay used to help identify areas with poor access to a variety of healthy food - these were defined as food deserts.

Additional file 1. Past and Present Phoenix Garden Locations. Point shapefile of the garden data used in this analysis.

After analyzing the map, there are some spatial concerns that need to be addressed. Most of the city has a trend of low median household income, and the least poor being in the central part of the city. The neighborhood of Jefferson in the eastern part of Denver is evidence of a food desert, as well as in the Lakeside suburb and Westwood (“Planting Seeds in Food Deserts: Neighborhood Gardens, Produce in Corner Stores” 2014) . One thing that really stood out to me was the lack of grocery stores in the eastern part of Denver, just bordering Aurora. This area is a food desert, and the average income of the area is below average. The wealthier neighborhoods are granted more sufficient access just near this part of Denver. We also see quality access to food towards the center of the city in the areas with lower income. The further we move outwards, the more and more the grocery stores start spreading out from a cluster form. From analyzing the map, it seems like living on the outskirts of Denver is where the lower income households will struggle with access to food

There are some very wealthy neighborhoods, specifically along Colorado Boulevard, where there are a lot of high quality grocery stores. This extensive street only has grocery stores located in the wealthy part of it. If we look north, towards the interstate, we see absolutely none located along Colorado Blvd. It is clear that the grocery stores were placed in the central part of Colorado Blvd, as opposed to the northern and southern parts where the average income is much lower. I believe this to be concrete evidence of a biased towards socioeconomic status.sources: “Planting Seeds in Food Deserts: Neighborhood Gardens, Produce in Corner Stores.” 2014. Accessed April 30. http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_14906833.

“USDA Economic Research Service - Food Access Research Atlas.” 2014. Accessed April 30. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas#.U2A99le0RPW.

This dataset includes polygon data for beverage places in the US and Canada, enabling accurate GIS mapping and analysis. Ideal for location-based services and market research.

Expansion of renewable energy development is rapidly transforming the Mojave Desert landscape and has the potential to impact Golden Eagles through loss of foraging habitat and reduced prey base. Regional information on Golden Eagle food habits is limited and little is known of how dietary variability influences eagle productivity. We examined diet using motion activated trail cameras and collection of prey remains at 18 nests during two seasons (2014 and 2015). As well as Golden Eagle prey abundance spotlight line transects conducted and data collected throughout the Mojave Desert Ecoregion in 2014 and 2015. The 138 spotlight line transects conducted in 2014 were a uniform 5 km in length, while the 45 spotlight line transects in 2015 were variable lengths but generally in the range 15- 20 km in length. Species observations include distance into spotlight line transect (Odometer readings) and NAD83 UTM zone 11S easting/northing coordinates, and distance from the spotlight line transect center. Data also included are general weather at time of spotlight line transects i.e. temperature and wind speed, spotlight line transect start and end times, NAD83 UTM zone 11S coordinates for spotlight line transect starting and ending locations. This data is detailed in 6 tables: CameraData PreyRemains USGS Spotlight Transect Data 2014 USGS Spotlight Transect Data 2015 USGS Transect Locations 2014 USGS Transect Locations 2015

This map shows where food stores are located across California with gray dots. Along with that, the red indicates the income of the area. The dark red indicates areas with higher poverty rates and, and the lighter area indicates the places with lower poverty rates. When you first look at the graph it looks like California has a lot of food sources in most of the areas people live in. However, there is more to California's food sources when you take a closer look. The blue indicates poverty rates. (The darker blue means higher poverty rates, and the lighter blue mean lower poverty rates). And the blue and green dots indicate whether the food source is a grocery store or not. The red means it is not a food source and is a convenience store, and the green means it is a food source. As you can see there are way more red dots than green, meaning there are more convenience stores compared to regular grocery stores. A lot of the areas that only have red dots mean that that area is a food desert. That means they have no good quality fresh produce near them. Now let's take a closer look at some towns.