In response to a pre-budget survey conducted across India in 2022, ** percent of the participants agreed there was an urgent need for the government to adopt measures to regulate the prices of commodities and utilities such as food, electricity, and fuel in the union budget for that year. With an increase in unemployment and job loss during the pandemic, prices of such essentials saw a massive spike and resulted in reduced consumption among several Indian households.

Cost of food in the United States increased 3 percent in June of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Food Inflation - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Processed Foods and Feeds: Frozen Ground Meat Patties and Other Processed, Frozen, or Cooked Meats, Made from Purchased Carcasses (WPU02210586) from Dec 2001 to May 2025 about meat, processed, food, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This replication folder describes the Stata v17 “do file” (code file) for statistical analysis for "Food inflation and child undernutrition in low and middle income countries " by Derek Headey & Marie Ruel. This do file can be used to replicate the analysis in the study mentioned above, published in Nature Communications. The study uses a combination of Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data for child, maternal, household level variables and national level indicators on real food price changes drawn from FAOSTAT, as well as conflict and climate variables. In summary, this is a large multi-country DHS dataset merged with FAO food and total consumer price indices (CPIs) and various other national level control variables. These are DHS surveys from 2000 onwards only.

The authors cannot publicly share the DHS data but can share it upon request, provided we can obtain approval from the DHS implementers. To make a request to access the data for this paper, please email Derek Headey at d.headey@cgiar.org. Alternatively researchers can access the raw DHS data from: https://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm and the country level indicators from the Food and Agriculture Organisation Consumer Prices data portal (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/CP) as well as The World Bank World Development Indicators (https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) for obtaining data on various control variables.

The average inflation rate in the Nigeria was forecast to continuously decrease between 2023 and 2028 by in total 6.1 percentage points. The average inflation rate is estimated to amount to 14 percent in 2028.Following the definitions provided by the International Monetary Fund, this indicator measures inflation based upon the year on year change in the average consumer price index. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services. Depicted here is the year-on-year change in said index measure, expressed in percent.Find more key insights for the average inflation rate in countries like Senegal, Mali and Cote D'Ivoire.

Urban versus rural inflation disparity Comparing rural to urban areas in Nigeria showed that inflation was slightly worse in urban areas, with a difference of close to one percent in 2022. Other economic indicators reveal that inflation had a severe impact on the prices of consumer goods. Moreover, the Consumer Index Price of food in Nigeria in 2022 was 590.2. The food products with the highest percentage change in price was beans with 40 percent and over, depending on the color. That was followed by beef articles with 34 to close to 37 percent, depending on the part.

Fuel price surges: a closer look at diesel price fluctuations in Nigeria Another area that saw a dramatic spike in prices was fuel prices. In February 2023, there was a 0.98 percent rise in the cost of diesel in Nigeria when compared to January 2023. The most substantial surge occurred in March 2022. During that month, the average price of diesel surged by nearly 73 percent in contrast to the preceding month. This sharp escalation was attributed to a worldwide deficit in fuel supply and difficulties in the supply chain, which was prompted by the conflict in Ukraine and regulations implemented to control the transmission of COVID-19. Furthermore, consumers in Nigeria faced an average diesel price of 836.91 Nigerian naira (NGN), approximately 1.82 U.S. dollars, per liter. The North-Central States of Nigeria displayed the most elevated prices, with consumers in this region paying an average of 850.65 NGN per liter, roughly 1.85 U.S. dollars. During this specific timeframe, Osun emerged as the State with the highest price across Nigeria, as diesel prices reached a pinnacle of 707 NGN (equivalent to 1.7 U.S. dollars).

This study examines the volatility of beef and lamb prices in Türkiye, as food price inflation compromises the food security of low- and middle-income households. The inflation is the result of a rise in energy (gasoline) prices leading to an increase in production costs, together with a disruption of the supply chain by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is the first to comprehensively explore the effects of multiple price series on meat prices in Türkiye. Using price records from April 2006 through February 2022, the study applies rigorous testing and selects the VAR(1)–asymmetric BEKK bivariate GARCH model for empirical analysis. The beef and lamb returns were affected by periods of livestock imports, energy prices, and the COVID-19 pandemic, but those factors influenced the short- and long–term uncertainties differently. Uncertainty was increased by the COVID–19 pandemic, but livestock imports offset some of the negative effects on meat prices. To improve price stability and assure access to beef and lamb, it is recommended that livestock farmers be supported through tax exemptions to control production costs, government assistance through the introduction of highly productive livestock breeds, and improving processing flexibility. Additionally, conducting livestock sales through the livestock exchange will create a price information source allowing stakeholders to follow price movements in a digital format and their decision-making.

Inflation Rate in Kenya remained unchanged at 3.80 percent in June. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Kenya Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This dataset covers ballots 363-71 spanning January, March, May-July, September-December 1974. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 363 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest such as the James Bay Indian conflict; the Canadian fuel policy and the accessibility of abortions. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the accessibility of abortions; allowing police to use wiretaps; allowing private contributions to political campaigns; approval of the Canadian fuel policy; broadcasting ads aimed at children; whether or not Canada is heading towards a depression; the amount of confidence there is in multinational oil companies; the distribution of seats in the Federal House of Commons; expropriating Indian lands; governmental set up of land banks; the James Bay Indian conflict; Liberals complying with NDP; limiting foreign investments; police protection of scabs and the problems facing the various provinces. Basic demographic variables are also included. 364 - March This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The poll asks opinions about political issues such as the upcoming election, the effect of government and which political leader will make the best Prime Minister. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as questions about smoking, seatbelts and how strict schools are. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: allowing euthanasia for the terminally ill; approval of Lewis as leader of the NDP; approval of Stanfield as leader of the opposition; approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; biggest concern due to the rising prices; country most interested in visiting; whether or not the courts are treating criminals too harshly; the effects of American influence; possible fine for not wearing a seatbelt; giving workers the right to strike; the government's effect on life; the ideal number of children to have; the increasing amounts of political corruptness; which political leader will make the best Prime Minister; the main cause of energy problems in Canada; the most important problem facing Canada; opinions of the teaching profession; quality of US-Canada relations; rising prices; smoking in the past week; strictness of schools; the use of seatbelts; the use of alcohol; and what makes a good Prime Minister. Basic demographic variables are also included. 365 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. Opinions on topics such as inflation, oil and gas prices and whether or not UFOs exist are touched on in this poll. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of money spent on food; beliefs about UFOs; the causes of inflation; comparing the Roman Empire to Western Civilization; the decline in the Roman Empire; dieting; expanding the World Football League; growing vegetables in the summer; illegal strikes; impeaching President Nixon; learning second languages in school; opinions about weight; owing a car; the reasons for higher oil and gas prices; whether or not President Nixon should resign; who profits from higher oil and gas prices; types of cars and ways to control inflation. Basic demographic variables are also included. 366 - June This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and the upcoming Federal election. There are also questions regarding compulsory military service, nuclear testing and what people fear. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the type of activities recently participated in; confidence levels of Canadian institutions; compulsory military service; conditions that warrant an election; being eligible to vote; what people fear; gaining a majority government; India's nuclear testing; interest in the Federal election; likelihood of voting; how long the respondent could live comfortably without an income; who the most sincere political leader is; whether or not a respondents name is on the voter's list; participation in sports; the political leader with the best campaign; preferred area of living; satisfaction levels; and summer holiday plans. Basic demographic variables are also included. 367 - July This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about political parties, the election and other political issues within the country. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the activities done during the 1874 election campaign; the difference between the political parties; the important jobs for the government after the election; overall interest in the election; voting eligibility; and voting intentions. Basic demographic variables are also included. 368 - September This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about the past election and political leaders in Canada; as well as American politics. Questions also touched on subjects such as the benefits of marriage; the Old Age Pension and the metric system. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: allowing abortions; the amount of money given by the Old Age Pension; the approval for lotteries; converting to the metric system; disapproval for lotteries; the effectiveness of police; the expectations of Gerald Ford as President; gaining from marriage; the government running lotteries; the involvement of churches in daily life; the loss of prestige in the United States due to Watergate; making French the sole official language in Quebec; passing Bill 22 in Quebec; the reasons for voting for a political leader; rising prices; setting maximum speed limits; wage and price controls; and who is to blame for violence in minor hockey. Basic demographic variables are also included. 369 - October This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. Topics of interest include: the most important problems facing the country; government intervention in wage; the influence of foreign (U.S.) capital; opinions on PM Trudeau, Minister of Finance Turner, Minister of Agriculture Whelan, current issues in the agricultural sector; over-coverage of U.S. news; safety regulations; sense of increasing violence; Gerald Ford; the possibility of an imminent economic depression; political leanings and voting behavior. Basic demographic variables are also included. 370 - November This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about government salaries and the past election. There are also questions on other topics of interest such as the effect of women in the RCMP and predictions for 1975. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: only admitting immigrants with prearranged jobs; allowing organ donations; attending the 1976 Olympics in Montreal; the effects of where you live on wealth; the effects of women in the RCMP; evaluation of government salaries; fear of walking at night; political preferences; rating post office performance; predictions for 1975; regularly saving part of income; and types of foods recently ate. Basic demographic variables are also included. 371 - December This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about who will be the new political leaders as well as other political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as type of employment, inflation and attitudes towards marijuana. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of foreign aid given; the cause of rising food prices; confidence in the government's handling of inflation; gender preference of boss; the groups that will suffer the most from high food prices; helping underdeveloped countries; legalizing marijuana; opinions of a two-price system; political preferences; giving prison sentences for selling marijuana; the protection of Canadian magazine publishers; who the replacement leader for the Conservative party will be; who the replacement leader for the NDP will be; whether or not the respondent would stop working if they had the means to do so; trying marijuana; the type of employment; and weekend prison leaves for serious convictions. Basic demographic variables are also included.

This dataset covers ballots 372-83 spanning January-December 1975. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 372 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly social issues. The questions ask opinions on topics such as pollution, married women and daycare. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of taxes; bad retail service; CBC programming; complaining about bad retail service; the dangers of pollution; whether or not daycare should be the responsibility of the government; liberalization of drinking laws; married women working; the perceived value of government services; the problems facing families; provinces separating from Canada; satisfaction with customer service; and the seriousness of pollution. Basic demographic variables are also included. 373 - February This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both social and political issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions regarding farmers; Lent and drivers. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the approval of labour unions; how fairly the government treat farmers; giving something up for Lent; government's record to date; opinions about Stanfield; opinions about Trudeau; pre-marital sex between couples; and preparing children for the future. Basic demographic variables are also included. 374 - March This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly social issues. The questions ask opinions about courts and capital punishment within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as racial intolerance, unemployment and inflation. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: bail for sex offenders; the benefits of the Syncrude project; community business conditions; fairness of courts; favouring capital punishment; the increase in racial intolerance; the minimum amount of income needed; the opinions about the Syncrude project; reducing inflation and unemployment; secret ballot voting for labour union strikes; and the use of corporal punishment. Basic demographic variables are also included. 375 - April This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly social issues. The questions ask opinions about whether or not Canada is heading towards a depression; violence on television and the emphasis of the 3 R's in high school. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: Arab investments in Canada; children watching violence on television; financial conditions; financial expectations; the emphasis high schools place on the 3 R's; House of Commons television coverage; permitting essential workers to strike; the personal effects of strikes; and the probability of having another depression in Canada. Basic demographic variables are also included. 376 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. Questions regarding strikes, housework and Socialism are included. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: Canada becoming socialistic; the criticism of the Conservative opposition; the criticism of the Liberal government; husbands sharing in housework; irritating high priced purchases; opinions about the union leaders; who is responsible for the postal strike; the services that shouldn't be allowed to strike; strength of unions in 10 years; United Nations problem solving abilities; the U.S. financing Canadian development and Zionism as a form of racism. Basic demographic variables are also included. 377 - June This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about international topics such as U.S capital as well as preference for foreign countries. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as inflation, shorter work weeks and curfews. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of money spent on food; approval of a shorter work week; Canada becoming a Republic; curfews for children under 16; the fairness of courts; fighting inflation; increasing immigration; liking of foreign countries; morality of birth control; having neighbours of a different descent; opposing immigrants from certain countries; parole for prisoners with records; preferred historical period; and U.S. capital investment in Canada. Basic demographic variables are also included. 378 - July This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country, as well as throughout the world. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as having a cashless society, abortions and strikes. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: having a cashless society; allowing teachers to go on strike; approving legal abortions; confidence in U.S. problem solving; the effectiveness of economic policies; the most important problem facing Canada; opinions about Turner; prohibiting small arms possession; registering of firearms; and the size of Canada's population. Basic demographic variables are also included. 379 - August This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly social issues. The questions ask opinions about the chances of atomic war; housing and night school. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as political preferences and governmental spending. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: attending night school/part-time school; the biggest mistake ever made; the biggest threat to Canada; worker's productivity; the chances of atomic war; the closeness of student-teacher relationships; government cuts to programs; the most admired women; perception of relations between Canada and the United States; the quality of schools; recommendations for types of jobs; reducing government spending; satisfaction with current housing situation; types of courses taken in school; and type of employment. Basic demographic variables are also included. 380 - September This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as metric conversions, religion and alternative energy resources. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the approval of the maple leaf flag; approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; the best alternative energy resource; causes of increased crime; difficulty of metric conversions; the influence of religion; level of interest in the Olympics; plans to attend the Olympic games; retirement plans; rising food prices; spelling tests; and types of beliefs. Basic demographic variables are also included. 381 - October This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly social issues. The questions ask opinions about the economy, rising prices and important problems within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as having a maximum highway speed and no fault divorce. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the approval of no fault divorce; the causes of rising prices; compulsory price restraint; compulsory wage restraint; maximum highway speed; the most important problems facing Canada; whether or not the oil companies should setting gas prices; satisfaction levels; voluntary arbitration prior to striking; and women's liberation. Basic demographic variables are also included. 382 - November This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about having a female as the head of the Liberal party, as well as the PC candidates and other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such who produces the best television programs and future predictions for 1976. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the Anti-Inflation Review Board; Christmas images; confidence in the government's handling of inflation; declared PC candidates; predictions for 1976; producing the best television programs; whether or not there would be support for the Federal party if their leader was a women; and wage and price controls. Basic demographic variables are also included. 383 - December This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The HIECS 2008/2009 is the tenth Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey that was carried out in 2008/2009, among a long series of similar surveys that started back in 1955.

The survey main objectives are: - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands. - To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. - To define mean household and per-capita income from different sources. - To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependant on the results of this survey. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. - To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ...) in urban and rural areas. - To identify the percentage distribution of income recipients according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Compared to previous surveys, the current survey experienced certain peculiarities, among which: 1- Doubling the number of area segments from 1200 in the previous survey to 2526 segments with decreasing the number of households selected from each segment to be (20) households instead of (40) in the previous survey to ensure appropriate representatives in the society. 2- Changing the survey period to 15 days instead of one month in the previous one 200412005, to lighten the respondent burden and encourage more cooperation. 3- Adding some additional questions: a- Participation or the benefits gained from pension and social security system. b- Participation in health insurance system. 4- Increasing quality control Procedures especially for fieldwork to ensure data accuracy and avoid any errors in suitable time.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The sample of HIECS, 2008-2009 is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, approximately self-weighted, of nearly 48000 households. The main elements of the sampling design are described in the following.

1- Sample Size
It has been deemed important to retain the same sample size of the previous two HIECS rounds. Thus, a sample of about 48000 households has been considered. The justification of maintaining the sample size at this level is to have estimates with levels of precision similar to those of the previous two rounds: therefore trend analysis with the previous two surveys will not be distorted by substantial changes in sampling errors from round to another. In addition, this relatively large national sample implies proportional samples of reasonable sizes for smaller governorates. Nonetheless, over-sampling has been introduced to raise the sample size of small governorates to about 1000 households As a result, reasonably precise estimates could be extracted for those governorates. The over-sampling has resulted in a slight increase in the national sample to 48658 households.

2- Cluster size
An important lesson learned from the previous two HIECS rounds is that the cluster size applied in both surveys is found to be too large to yield an accepted design effect estimates. The cluster size was 40 households in the 2004-2005 round, descending from 80 households in the 1999-2000 round. The estimates of the design effect (deft) for most survey measures of the latest round were extraordinary large. As a result, it has been decided to decrease the cluster size to only 19 households (20 households in urban governorates to account for anticipated non-response in those governorates: in view of past experience non-response is almost nil in rural governorates).

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among the documentation materials published in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires have been designed as following: 1- Expenditure and consumption questionnaire. 2- Diary questionnaire for expenditure and consumption. 3- Income questionnaire.

In designing the questionnaires of expenditure, consumption and income, we were taking into our consideration the following: - Using the recent concepts and definitions of International Labor Organization approved in the International Convention of Labor Statisticians held in Geneva, 2003. - Using the recent Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose (COICOP). - Using more than one approach of expenditure measurement to serve many purposes of the survey.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire

This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections.

Section one: Household schedule and other information. It includes: - Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 18 questions for every person. - Members of household who are currently working abroad. - The household ration card. - The main outlets that provide food and beverage. - Domestic and foreign tourism. - The housing conditions including 15 questions. - Means of transportation used to go to work or school. - The household possession of appliances and means of transportation. - This section includes some questions which help to define the social and economic level of households which in turn, help interviewers to check the plausibility of expenditure, consumption and income data.

Section two: Expenditure and consumption data It includes 14 tables as follows: - The quantity and value of food and beverages commodities actually consumed. - The quantity and value of the actual consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics. - The quantity and value of the clothing and footwear. - The household expenditure for housing. - The household expenditure for furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house. - The household expenditure for health care services. - The household expenditure for transportation. - The household

Abstract

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The survey's main objectives are: - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. - To measure average household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. - To Measure the change in living standards and expenditure patterns and behavior for the individuals and households in the panel sample, previously surveyed in 2008/2009, for the first time during 12 months representing the survey period. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands. - To define average household and per-capita income from different sources. - To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. - To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its nutrition components and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to its sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non-food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ,…etc) in urban and rural areas that enables measuring household wealth index. - To identify the percentage distribution of income earners according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of HIECS 2010/2011 is a self-weighted two-stage stratified cluster sample of around 26500 households. The main elements of the sampling design are described below.

• Sample Size : It was deemed important to collect a smaller sample size (around 26.5 thousand households) compared to previous rounds due to the convergence in the time period over which the survey is conducted to be every two years instead of five years because of its importance. The sample was proportionally distributed on the governorate level between urban and rural areas, in order to make the sample representative even for small governorates.

• Cluster size : The cluster size was decreased compared to older surveys since large cluster sizes previously used were found to be too large to yield accepted design effect estimates (DEFT). As a result, a cluster size of only 16 households was used (that was increased to 18 households in urban governorates and Giza, in addition to urban areas in Helwan and 6th of October, to account for anticipated non-response in those governorates: in view of past experience indicating that non-response may almost be nil in rural governorates). While the cluster size for the panel sample was 4 households.

• Core Sample: The master sample of any household sample required to be pulled for the purpose of studying the properties of individuals and families. It is a large sample(1004800 household) that is distributed across urban and rural areas of all governorates.

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document that is provided as an external resources in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires were used: 1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire: This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household. 2- Diary Questionnaire (Assisting questionnaire): This questionnaire was prepared to help households record - on a daily basis- the quantity and value of food and beverages consumed during the reference period (15 days). 3- Income Questionnaire: This questionnaire consists of several tables; each designated to a specific income source.

Cleaning operations

The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to clean and harmonize the datasets.

Response rate

For the total sample, the response rate was 93.0% (91.2% in urban areas and 95.6% in rural areas).

Sampling error estimates

The sampling error of major survey estimates has been derived using the Ultimate Cluster Method as applied in the CENVAR Module of the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS) Package. In addition to the estimate of sampling error, the output includes estimates of coefficient of variation, design effect (DEFF) and 95% confidence intervals.

Data appraisal

Quality Control Procedures included: 1) Procedures implemented by the survey division a - Applying the recent international recommendations of different concepts and definitions of income and expenditure considering maintaining the consistency with the previous surveys in order to compare and study the changes in pertinent indicators. b - Evaluating the quality of data in all different Implementation stages to avoid or minimize errors to the lowest extent possible through:

Implementing field editing after finishing data collection for households in governorates to avoid any errors in suitable time. Setting up a program for the Survey Technical Committee Members and survey staff for visiting fieldwork in all governorates (each 15 days) to solve any problem in the proper time. For the purpose of quality assurance, tables were generated for each survey round where internal consistency checks were performed to study the plausibility of consistency of data collected.

2) Procedures implemented by the quality control general division a - It was put into consideration during the survey implementation to assign the quality control general division a core role in controlling the quality of the fieldwork to ensure data accuracy and avoid any errors in suitable time, as well as taking all the necessary measures to guarantee that mistakes are not repeated, with the application of the principle of reward and punishment, and announce the results to all those working in the survey. b - 24 quality control rounds (2 rounds weekly) covering all governorates were implemented. A complete report on the results of each round was produced and distributed to all workers in the survey.

The quality control procedures covered 73.2% of total kism/district in urban areas, 48.3% of rural districts, and 48% of total EAs of the new sample, where the percentage of inconsistencies did not exceed 2%. As for the panel sample, the quality control procedures covered 50.3% of total kism/district in urban areas, 16.9% of rural districts, and 14.2% of total EAs of the new sample, where the percentage of inconsistencies did not exceed 2.1%.

Woolworths Group in Australia recognized total food sales of around ** billion Australian dollars in financial year 2024. This represented an increase from the previous year and a continuing upward trend since 2015. Headquartered in New South Wales, Australia, Woolworths Group is an Australian retail and finance company known for its operation of Woolworths supermarkets across Australia and New Zealand, as well as BIG W department stores. Australia’s supermarket landscape Woolworths, Coles, Aldi, and Metcash (IGA) dominate Australia’s grocery retail market, with Woolworths holding a market share of around ** percent. Its primary competitor, Coles Group, followed with a market share of around ** percent. Over the past decade, the annual revenue of supermarkets and grocery stores in Australia has witnessed steady growth, with the industry remaining resilient throughout the pandemic. Are food prices spiraling out of control? Grocery price inflation has been a key topic of contention over the past few years in Australia, with almost ** percent of households viewing grocery product prices as unfair in a 2024 survey. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) of grocery products in Australia rose across most categories in the year to March 2025, with fruit and vegetables seeing an annual growth of *** percent. To save money, many grocery shoppers nationwide hunt for deals and switch between different supermarkets to buy certain products. Nonetheless, it cannot all be left down to the consumers. From January 2024 to March 2025, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) conducted an inquiry into the country’s supermarket sector to examine pricing and competitive practices among major retailers, including Woolworths, Coles, and Aldi, to ensure Australians are paying fair prices for groceries. The profit margins of Woolworths and Coles increased in 2024 despite cost-of-living pressures, with some consumers viewing this as evidence of inflationary profiteering. Alongside the ACCC inquiry, the government planned to provide funding to consumer advocacy group CHOICE to create price transparency and comparison reports to provide detailed information to customers to help them save money amid excessive price increases.