Inflation does not just raise prices; it reshapes daily life. For Generation Z, rising food costs and financial instability aren’t abstract economic shifts but lived realities carrying serious emotional and psychological weight. This study explores how perceived inflation relates to food insecurity and depressive symptoms among university students in Hungary, one of the EU’s hardest-hit economies during recent inflation surges. As an emerging EU economy with limited student welfare support, Hungary offers a critical lens for understand how inflation, food insecurity, and mental health intersect across vulnerable populations in similar contexts. Using validated measures (FIES, PHQ-9) and survey data from 517 Gen Z students, we examine how students’ personal experiences of inflation affect both their access to basic needs and their mental health. Our findings show that perceived inflation is not only an economic burden, but a psychological amplifier capable of intensifying insecurity and emotional distress, especially among emotionally sensitive students and young women. Nearly half of our sample reported food insecurity, and more than three-quarters indicated signs of moderate to severe depression. These results point to a deeper truth: when basic needs become harder to attain, mental health suffers. Inflation, food insecurity, and emotional well-being are deeply interconnected and properly addressing them requires more than financial aid alone. To truly support Generation Z and those who follow, universities and policymakers must work together to offer holistic solutions that safeguard both economic stability and mental well-being.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data was reported at 100.430 Same Mth PY=100 in Dec 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.430 Same Mth PY=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data is updated monthly, averaging 109.740 Same Mth PY=100 from Apr 1997 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 261 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 233.130 Same Mth PY=100 in Jul 1999 and a record low of 100.210 Same Mth PY=100 in Sep 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA014: Consumer Price Index: Same Month Previous Year=100: Food.

CPI: Prev Dec=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data was reported at 100.430 Prev Dec=100 in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 100.380 Prev Dec=100 for Nov 2018. CPI: Prev Dec=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data is updated monthly, averaging 105.430 Prev Dec=100 from Jan 1995 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 206.510 Prev Dec=100 in Dec 1995 and a record low of 100.060 Prev Dec=100 in Apr 2018. CPI: Prev Dec=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA018: Consumer Price Index: Previous December=100: Food.

In January 2025, gasoline prices were around 0.2 percent lower than in January 2024. The data represents city averages in the United States. The defined base period is: 1982-84=100. CPI is defined by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics as "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services". It is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuels, transportation fares, charges for doctors’ and dentists’ services, drugs, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The annual inflation rate in the U.S. since 1990 can be accessed here.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Publishing & Printing: Daily Newspaper data was reported at 103.470 Same Mth PY=100 in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 103.170 Same Mth PY=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Publishing & Printing: Daily Newspaper data is updated monthly, averaging 111.440 Same Mth PY=100 from Apr 1997 to Dec 2018, with 261 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 184.160 Same Mth PY=100 in Jul 1999 and a record low of 101.620 Same Mth PY=100 in Oct 2010. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Same Mth PY=100: Publishing & Printing: Daily Newspaper data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA015: Consumer Price Index: Same Month Previous Year=100: Non Food.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data was reported at 100.050 Prev Mth=100 in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.850 Prev Mth=100 for Nov 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data is updated monthly, averaging 100.760 Prev Mth=100 from Jan 1995 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 125.980 Prev Mth=100 in Sep 1998 and a record low of 99.760 Prev Mth=100 in Jul 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA009: Consumer Price Index: Previous Month=100: Food.

Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Food: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data was reported at 0.530 % in 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.507 % for 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Food: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data is updated yearly, averaging 0.558 % from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2019, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.625 % in 2012 and a record low of 0.507 % in 2018. Russia Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Food: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA027: Consumer Price Index: Weights.

CPI: Prev Dec=100: Publishing & Printing: Daily Newspaper data was reported at 103.470 Prev Dec=100 in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 103.080 Prev Dec=100 for Nov 2018. CPI: Prev Dec=100: Publishing & Printing: Daily Newspaper data is updated monthly, averaging 107.815 Prev Dec=100 from Jan 1995 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 267.120 Prev Dec=100 in Dec 1995 and a record low of 100.390 Prev Dec=100 in Jan 2018. CPI: Prev Dec=100: Publishing & Printing: Daily Newspaper data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IA019: Consumer Price Index: Previous December=100: Non Food.

The Retail Price Index (RPI) is a tool that helps us understand how the prices of everyday items change over time in Trinidad and Tobago. Imagine you have a shopping basket filled with various items people commonly buy, like food, gas, and other services. The RPI keeps track of how the prices of these items in the basket change each month. To do this, experts regularly check the prices of these items in fifteen (15) different areas across Trinidad and Tobago. They visit local stores, markets, and gas stations to note the current prices of food and gas, which tend to change often. For items whose prices do not change as quickly, they check the prices every three (3) months. This way, the RPI gives a clear picture of how much more or less it costs to buy the same set of items over time.

Mexico Consumer Price Index (CPI): Semimonthly: Core: Goods: Non-Food data was reported at 132.641 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 in 15 Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 131.856 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 for 31 Mar 2025. Mexico Consumer Price Index (CPI): Semimonthly: Core: Goods: Non-Food data is updated daily, averaging 67.482 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 from Jan 1988 (Median) to 15 Apr 2025, with 895 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 132.641 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 in 15 Apr 2025 and a record low of 7.963 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 in 15 Jan 1988. Mexico Consumer Price Index (CPI): Semimonthly: Core: Goods: Non-Food data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics and Geography. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.I012: Consumer Price Index: Core: Second Half July 2018=100. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Additional file 5 : Table S3. Consumer Price Index and inflation coefficients, 2001–2016. NA, Not applicable. 1Represents 1 + percent change in Consumer Price Index from 2001 to 2016. 2Derived by (CFAFH/CFAH)Ci, where C represents the inflation coefficient for all food away from home (FAFH), all food at home (FAH), and each individual food category (i).

Denmark Retail Trade Index: Value: Food and Other Everyday Commodities data was reported at 103.400 2005=100 in Jan 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 128.700 2005=100 for Dec 2012. Denmark Retail Trade Index: Value: Food and Other Everyday Commodities data is updated monthly, averaging 101.900 2005=100 from Jan 2000 (Median) to Jan 2013, with 157 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 130.100 2005=100 in Dec 2011 and a record low of 77.800 2005=100 in Feb 2001. Denmark Retail Trade Index: Value: Food and Other Everyday Commodities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Denmark. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.H003: Retail Trade Index: by Commodity: 2005=100.

CPI: Prev Month=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic在2018-12达100.050 Prev Mth=100，相较于2018-11的99.850 Prev Mth=100有所增长。CPI: Prev Month=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic数据按月度更新，1995-01至2018-12期间平均值为100.760 Prev Mth=100，共288份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于1998-09，达125.980 Prev Mth=100，而历史最低值则出现于2018-07，为99.760 Prev Mth=100。CEIC提供的CPI: Prev Month=100: Alcoholic Beverages: Cognac: Ordinary Domestic数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Federal State Statistics Service，数据归类于Russia Premium Database的Inflation – Table RU.IA009: Consumer Price Index: Previous Month=100: Food。

Philippines Consumer Price Index (CPI): Food: CP: Flour: Ordinary data was reported at 188.500 2000=100 in Dec 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 188.200 2000=100 for Nov 2011. Philippines Consumer Price Index (CPI): Food: CP: Flour: Ordinary data is updated monthly, averaging 108.550 2000=100 from Jan 1994 (Median) to Dec 2011, with 216 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 188.500 2000=100 in Dec 2011 and a record low of 66.600 2000=100 in Jan 1994. Philippines Consumer Price Index (CPI): Food: CP: Flour: Ordinary data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Philippine Statistics Authority. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.I030: Consumer Price Index: 2000=100.

Life in the European Union. Voting behaviour and the European Parliament. European elections 2009. Europeans and the economic crisis. Life satisfaction in the European Union. Opinion on the European Union. Climate change. Chemically contaminated products.

Topics: 1. Life in the European Union: frequency of political discussions on national, European, and global matters with friends; life satisfaction; assessment of the present situation of the national, the European, and the global economy, of the personal job situation, the financial situation of the own household, and the national employment situation; expectations regarding improvement or worsening within the next twelve months in the general life situation, the financial situation of the own household, the national employment situation, the personal job situation, the economic situation in the European Union, and in the world; most important national and personal problems; assessment of the own country’s EU membership as a good thing; benefit from the EU membership of the own country; approval of the current development in the own country, in the EU, and in the USA; trust in institutions: national government, national parliament, EU, European Parliament, European Commission, European Central Bank; image of the EU; change in the purchasing power of the own household in the last five years; difficulties paying bills; assessment of the life of future generations as easier or more difficult; influence of the EU on national issues: fighting crime, economic situation, inflation, price stability, fighting unemployment, immigration, environmental protection, healthcare system, combating climate change, research, consumer safety, agriculture, energy supply, food prices, own country’s role in the world, security situation of the own country; most important issues in the EU; assessment of the role of the EU in protecting its citizens from negative effects of globalisation; opinion on the role of the EU: should take a more important role in developing new rules for the global financial market, has sufficient power to defend the European economic interests in the world; prioritized fields in which the EU should take action to overcome the financial crisis; satisfaction with selected aspects of everyday life: housing, residential area, standard of living, state of health, medical services and job opportunities in the local area; assessment of the personal risk of poverty and feeling of social exclusion; assessment of the likelihood to become homeless; trust in media; preferred source of information about politics.

1. Voting behaviour and the European Parliament (only in EU 27): voting behaviour in the last elections to the national parliament; party identification in general and in relation to European issues; reception of information about the European Parliament in the media; image of the European Parliament on the basis of the information received through the media.

Again all: knowledge test about the European Union: direct election of the members of the European Parliament, same number of MEPs per country, sovereignty of the EU Parliament in budget decisions and in legislation; seating plan of the members of the European Parliament according to their nationality or political opinion; preference for increased influence of the European Parliament; strengthening of the role of the European Parliament in the European Union in the last decade; preferred issues and values that should have priority in the European Union.

1. European elections 2009 (only in EU 27): knowledge of the date of the next European elections; interest in the elections; likelihood to vote (scale); main criteria for the own voting decision; reasons for abstention (political inefficacy of the own voice, rejection of the European Union, ignorance about the role of the European Parliament, inadequate consideration of problems that concern the respondent by the European Parliament; insufficient knowledge to vote); preferred issues of the campaign for the European elections.

2. Europeans and the economic crisis: significance of the current and future repercussions of the economic and financial crisis on the global, the European, and the national economy as well as on the personal situation; most competent institution to tackle the economic and financial crisis: national government, European Union, United States, G8, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); assessment of the current joint or individua...

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

NOMD Nomad Foods Limited Ordinary Shares

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data

Inflation is perceived as a critical problem by the vast majority of Italians. Therefore, citizens were forced to change their everyday non-food consumption habits. In 2025, rising prices led half of the interviewees to reduce their spending on eating out and 48 percent decided to cut their free time and clothing costs. Energy was directly affected by inflation too, as 30 percent of Italians opted for diminishing spendings in this sector. On the contrary, only eight percent decided to contract education expenses.

Mexico Consumer Price Index (CPI): Semimonthly: FB: Food: Other Food data was reported at 155.503 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 in 15 Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 154.956 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 for 31 Mar 2025. Mexico Consumer Price Index (CPI): Semimonthly: FB: Food: Other Food data is updated daily, averaging 65.118 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 from Jan 1995 (Median) to 15 Apr 2025, with 727 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 155.503 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 in 15 Apr 2025 and a record low of 13.633 16Jul2018-31Jul2018=100 in 15 Jan 1995. Mexico Consumer Price Index (CPI): Semimonthly: FB: Food: Other Food data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics and Geography. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.I002: Consumer Price Index: Second Half July 2018=100. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

In 2023, the private consumption expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages in Singapore amounted to around ** billion Singapore dollars. The private consumption expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages increased significantly in Singapore since 2020, as food prices increased due to inflation. Increase in food prices in Singapore due to inflation In 2022, the private consumption expenditure in Singapore amounted to ***** billion Singapore dollars. This was the highest amount in the last decade, resulting from a recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic but also the increase in prices of goods due to inflation. Food prices, especially, has increased significantly. For example, the average retail price of cooking oil in 2022 was approximately **** Singapore dollars per two-kilogram bottle, the highest price for this basic commodity in the last decade. The average retail price chicken, Singapore’s most consumed meat protein, increased to **** Singapore dollars per kilogram, from **** Singapore dollars per kilogram a year earlier. Real wages have not kept up with inflation While prices of everyday goods and services have increased significantly, growth in real income have not kept up. In 2022, the real change in median monthly household income in Singapore grew by just *** percent. This has led to many Singaporean households planning to cut down on leisure spending, especially on out-of-home food spending.

Philippines Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Food: CP: Flour: Ordinary data was reported at 0.064 % in 2013. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.064 % for 2012. Philippines Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Food: CP: Flour: Ordinary data is updated yearly, averaging 0.064 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2013, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.064 % in 2013 and a record low of 0.064 % in 2013. Philippines Consumer Price Index (CPI): Weights: Food: CP: Flour: Ordinary data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Philippine Statistics Authority. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.I032: Consumer Price Index: 2000=100: By Weights: Annual.