As of 2020, the United States of America was the most common country of birth of residents in Mexico who were not born in the Latin American country. A total of approximately ******* persons lived in Mexico having being born in the nothern neighbour country. Guatemala and Venezuela ranked as the second and third most common countries of origin.

Analysis unit

Persons and households

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: no - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: no

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: This is the space generally delineated by walls and roofs of any material, with an independent entrance, that was constructed for the habitation of people, or that at the moment of data collection is used to live- that is, to sleep, prepare food, eat, and protect oneself from the environment. The independent entrance permits the occupants to enter from and go out to the street, the field, or rather the space common to other dwellings, like a hallway, patio, or stairs, without passing through the rooms of another dwelling. - Households: Group of persons, related or not, who live together under the same roof and share food expenses - Group quarters: This is a premise intended to provide housing for large groups of people that submit themselves to living and behavior norms based on motives of health, education, discipline, religion, work, and social assistance, amongst others, and that in the moment of the data collection has habitual residents.

Universe

Mexican citizens, including Mexican diplomats and their families resident in other countries, as well as foreign residents. The census sought to enumerate vagrants, the homeless, and transient workers. The current version of the microdata sample excludes persons living abroad and group quarters.

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 11938402.

SAMPLE DESIGN: One stage stratified cluster sample by municipality. Enumeration areas (blocks of dwellings within a locality) selected by simple random sampling within strata.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Long and short dwelling enumeration forms; long form was applied to a sample survey.

The United States hosted, by far, the highest number of immigrants in the world in 2024. That year, there were over ** million people born outside of the States residing in the country. Germany and Saudi Arabia followed behind at around **** and **** million, respectively. There are varying reasons for people to emigrate from their country of origin, from poverty and unemployment to war and persecution. American Migration People migrate to the United States for a variety of reasons, from job and educational opportunities to family reunification. Overall, in 2021, most people that became legal residents of the United States did so for family reunification purposes, totaling ******* people that year. An additional ******* people became legal residents through employment opportunities. In terms of naturalized citizenship, ******* people from Mexico became naturalized American citizens in 2021, followed by people from India, the Philippines, Cuba, and China. German Migration Behind the United States, Germany also has a significant migrant population. Migration to Germany increased during the mid-2010's, in light of the Syrian Civil War and refugee crisis, and during the 2020’s, in light of conflict in Afghanistan and Ukraine. Moreover, as German society continues to age, there are less workers in the labor market. In a low-migration scenario, Germany will have **** million skilled workers by 2040, compared to **** million by 2040 in a high-migration scenario. In both scenarios, this is still a decrease from **** skilled workers in 2020.

As of 2023, around 37.99 million people of Mexican descent were living in the United States - the largest of any Hispanic group. Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Cubans, and Dominicans rounded out the top five Hispanic groups living in the U.S. in that year.

The Population Database of Mexico contains geographically referenced population data for Mexican states, municipalities and localities from the 1990 Mexican population and housing census. The data include population by gender and age group for approximately 83.7% of the Mexican population. This data set is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

Abstract (en): The 2004 Mexico Global Views Survey is the first ever comprehensive study of Mexican public and leadership opinion on international affairs. The study is designed to measure general attitudes and values concerning Mexico's relationship with the world rather than opinions on specific foreign policies or issues. This year's survey was conducted in cooperation with the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations' (CCFR) study GLOBAL VIEWS 2004: AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION AND FOREIGN POLICY (ICPSR 4137). Approximately one-third of the questions on the Mexican and American surveys were asked of the general public in both countries. The thematic emphases of the surveys are the rules and norms of foreign policy interaction between nations and within international organizations and the bilateral relationship between Mexico and the United States. The Mexico survey also emphasizes Mexico's foreign policy decision-making processes as well as its relations with other countries and regions. Part 1 contains data pertaining to a survey conducted to interview members of Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales, A.C. (The Mexican Council on Foreign Relations - COMEXI). Part 2 is a survey of the general public. In particular, this study covers (1) Mexicans, Mexican identity, and the world, (2) Mexico's role in the world, (3) global governance, the use of force, and international institutions, (4) foreign relations, and (5) relations with the United States. Regarding Mexicans, Mexican identity, and the world, respondents were asked the importance they placed on various government activities, their interest in the news, their contact with the world, their sense of self-identity, and whether Mexico should have its own foreign policy or follow the United States' lead. On the topic of Mexico's role in the world, respondents were asked their views on the direction of the world, critical threats to Mexico's vital interests, and Mexico's role against terrorism and in world affairs. Concerning global governance, the use of force, and international institutions, respondents rated several international organizations, and commented on the impact of globalization, and foreign investment. On the subject of foreign relations, respondents provided their views on why it was important for Mexico to diversify its relations with the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia, the importance of other regions in the world, how to handle disputes in Latin American countries, and their feelings on several individual countries. Regarding relations with the United States, respondents were asked how they felt toward the United States, how much cooperation they favored between the United States and Mexico, who was more responsible for handling common United States-Mexico problems, and their feeling on the North American Free Trade Agreement. A set of influential policy leaders was asked their attitudes in order to assess whether the attitudes of the leaders aligned with those of the general public. Background information on respondents includes gender, age, education, employment status, income, religion, and political party affiliation. Response Rates: No information was provided regarding response rates for Part 1. The overall response rate for Part 2 was 60 percent. Part 1: Members of Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales, A.C. (The Mexican Council on Foreign Relations - COMEXI). Part 2: Adult population of Mexico aged 18 and older. For Part 1, of the 230 total members of COMEXI, all 176 who were Mexican and living in Mexico were contacted by telephone. Eighty-two of those contacted completed the survey. While the leadership survey should not be considered representative of Mexico's political, business, and cultural leadership, it does reliably capture a significant sector of these leaders with an interest in and influence on Mexico's foreign policy. They include administration officials belonging to different ministries as well as other agencies dealing with foreign policy, members of Congress (senators and deputies) or their staff, state government officials or staff and administrators, active members of Mexico's political parties, business and financial executives, university faculty and researchers, leaders of organizations active in foreign affairs, top executives of consulting firms, journalists from Mexico's major newspapers as well as writers and staff of major magazines and foreign policy publications, and leaders of trade associations...

Latina immigrant women are among the least physically active when compared with women in other racial/ethnic groups in the US. Similarly, Mexican mothers in Mexico have low rates of physical activity. Motherhood and immigration experiences are recognized barriers to engage in physical activity among Latina immigrant mothers. Less is known about the factors that promote and limit physical activity engagement among Mexican mothers in Mexico, and how their experiences compare with their immigrant counterparts. This transnational qualitative study aimed to investigate the barriers and facilitators of physical activity of 25 Latina mothers in Mexico and the US. Low-income Mexican mothers of kindergarten aged children and Latino mothers of similar aged children were recruited in San Luis Potosí, Mexico and central Illinois, US. Semi-structured interviews were administered by two bilingual and bicultural researchers in participants language of preference. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a thematic network approach and multi-stage coding analysis guided by the Socio-Ecological Model framework. We found that at the macro-level: 1) familial obligations, and 2) cold weather after migrating; at the mezzo-level: 1) changes in walking patterns, and 2) social cohesion (e.g., lack of an invitation to engage in activities); and at the micro-level: 1) individual perceptions, particularly unattainable perceptions of physical activity and 2) shift exhaustion were perceived as barriers and occasionally facilitators of physical activity by mothers in both countries. Context-specific interventions are needed to increase women’s physical activity levels in the US and Mexico.

This dataset comprises the third follow-up of the baseline Hispanic EPESE, HISPANIC ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1993-1994: ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, AND TEXAS, and provides information on 1,682 of the original respondents. The Hispanic EPESE collected data on a representative sample of community-dwelling Mexican-American elderly, aged 65 years and older, residing in the five southwestern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The primary purpose of the series was to provide estimates of the prevalence of key physical health conditions, mental health conditions, and functional impairments in older Mexican Americans and to compare these estimates with those for other populations. The Hispanic EPESE attempted to determine whether certain risk factors for mortality and morbidity operate differently in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic White Americans, African Americans, and other major ethnic groups. The public-use data cover background characteristics (age, sex, type of Hispanic race, income, education, marital status, number of children, employment, and religion), height, weight, social and physical functioning, chronic conditions, related health problems, health habits, self-reported use of dental, hospital, and nursing home services, and depression. The follow-ups provide a cross-sectional examination of the predictors of mortality, changes in health outcomes, and institutionalization and other changes in living arrangements, as well as changes in life situations and quality of life issues. The vital status of respondents from baseline to this round of the survey may be determined using the Vital Status file (Part 2). This file contains interview dates from the baseline as well as vital status at Wave IV (respondent survived, date of death if deceased, proxy-assisted, proxy-reported cause of death, proxy-true). The first follow-up of the baseline data (Hispanic EPESE Wave II, 1995-1996 [ICPSR 3385]) followed 2,438 of the original 3,050 respondents, and the second follow-up (Hispanic EPESE Wave III, 1998-1999 [ICPSR 4102]) followed 1,980 of these respondents. Hispanic EPESE, 1993-1994 (ICPSR 2851), was modeled after the design of ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1981-1993: EAST BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, IOWA AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES, IOWA, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, AND NORTH CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA and ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1996-1997: PIEDMONT HEALTH SURVEY OF THE ELDERLY, FOURTH IN-PERSON SURVEY DURHAM, WARREN, VANCE, GRANVILLE, AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA.

The baseline Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (Hispanic EPESE, ICPSR 2851) was modeled after the design of ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1981-1993: "ICPSR%209915">EAST BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, IOWA AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES, IOWA, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, AND NORTH CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA and ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1996-1997: PIEDMONT HEALTH SURVEY OF THE ELDERLY, FOURTH IN-PERSON SURVEY "ICPSR%202744">DURHAM, WARREN, VANCE, GRANVILLE, AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA. This data collection contains the two-year follow-up of the baseline Hispanic EPESE, which collected data on a representative sample of community-dwelling Mexican-American elderly, aged 65 years and older, residing in the five southwestern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The primary purpose of the study was to provide estimates of the prevalence of key physical health conditions, mental health conditions, and functional impairments in older Mexican Americans and to compare these estimates with those for other populations. The Hispanic EPESE attempted to determine whether certain risk factors for mortality and morbidity operate differently in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic White Americans, African Americans, and other major ethnic groups. The public-use data cover demographic characteristics (age, sex, type of Hispanic race, income, education, marital status, number of children, employment, and religion), height, weight, social and physical functioning, chronic conditions, related health problems, health habits, self-reported use of dental, hospital, and nursing home services, and depression. This two-year follow-up is a cross-sectional examination of the predictors of mortality, changes in health outcomes, institutionalization, and other changes in living arrangements, as well as changes in life situations and quality of life issues. The Medications file (Part 2) includes a listing of the medications, by brand name and classification of the drug, which were prescribed for the respondent. The vital status of respondents from baseline to this round of the survey may be determined using the Vital Status file (Part 3). This file contains interview dates from the baseline as well as vital status at Wave II (respondent survived, date of death if deceased, proxy-assisted, proxy-true).

The Hispanic EPESE provides data on risk factors for mortality and morbidity in Mexican Americans in order to contrast how these factors operate differently in non-Hispanic White Americans, African Americans, and other major ethnic groups. The Wave 8 dataset comprises the seventh follow-up of the baseline Hispanic EPESE (HISPANIC ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1993-1994: [ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, AND TEXAS] [ICPSR 2851]). The baseline Hispanic EPESE collected data on a representative sample of community-dwelling Mexican Americans, aged 65 years and older, residing in the five southwestern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The public-use data cover demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status), height, weight, BMI, social and physical functioning, chronic conditions, related health problems, health habits, self-reported use of hospital and nursing home services, and depression. Subsequent follow-ups provide a cross-sectional examination of the predictors of mortality, changes in health outcomes, and institutionalization, and other changes in living arrangements, as well as changes in life situations and quality of life issues. During this 8th Wave, 2012-2013, re-interviews were conducted either in person or by proxy, with 452 of the original respondents. This Wave also includes 292 re-interviews from the additional sample of Mexican Americans aged 75 years and over with higher average-levels of education than those of the surviving cohort who were added in Wave 5, increasing the total number of respondents to 744.

Analysis unit

Persons and households

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: no - Vacant Units: Yes - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: no

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: Occupied dwelling with independent entryway used for shelter - Households: Group of persons, related or not, who live together under the same roof and share food expenses - Group quarters: Building used to shelter people for reasons of assistance, health, education, religion, confinement or service

Universe

Mexican citizens, including Mexican diplomats and their families resident in other countries, as well as foreign residents. The census sought to enumerate vagrants, the homeless, and transient workers. The current version of the microdata sample excludes persons living abroad and group quarters.

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 10284550.

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every tenth private dwelling after a random start. Selection was accomplished by a register of private dwellings maintained by INEGI. Where the field worker encountered a building that was no longer occupied, the immediately following occupied dwelling was substituted.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Dwelling enumeration and dwelling inventory forms.

About the Missing Migrants Data

This data is sourced from the International Organization for Migration. The data is part of a specific project called the Missing Migrants Project which tracks deaths of migrants, including refugees , who have gone missing along mixed migration routes worldwide. The research behind this project began with the October 2013 tragedies, when at least 368 individuals died in two shipwrecks near the Italian island of Lampedusa. Since then, Missing Migrants Project has developed into an important hub and advocacy source of information that media, researchers, and the general public access for the latest information.

Where is the data from?

Missing Migrants Project data are compiled from a variety of sources. Sources vary depending on the region and broadly include data from national authorities, such as Coast Guards and Medical Examiners; media reports; NGOs; and interviews with survivors of shipwrecks. In the Mediterranean region, data are relayed from relevant national authorities to IOM field missions, who then share it with the Missing Migrants Project team. Data are also obtained by IOM and other organizations that receive survivors at landing points in Italy and Greece. In other cases, media reports are used. IOM and UNHCR also regularly coordinate on such data to ensure consistency. Data on the U.S./Mexico border are compiled based on data from U.S. county medical examiners and sheriff’s offices, as well as media reports for deaths occurring on the Mexico side of the border. Estimates within Mexico and Central America are based primarily on media and year-end government reports. Data on the Bay of Bengal are drawn from reports by UNHCR and NGOs. In the Horn of Africa, data are obtained from media and NGOs. Data for other regions is drawn from a combination of sources, including media and grassroots organizations. In all regions, Missing Migrants Projectdata represents minimum estimates and are potentially lower than in actuality.

Updated data and visuals can be found here: https://missingmigrants.iom.int/

Who is included in Missing Migrants Project data?

IOM defines a migrant as any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a State away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of

  (1) the person’s legal status; 
  (2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; 
  (3) what the causes for the movement are; or 
  (4) what the length of the stay is.[1]

Missing Migrants Project counts migrants who have died or gone missing at the external borders of states, or in the process of migration towards an international destination. The count excludes deaths that occur in immigration detention facilities, during deportation, or after forced return to a migrant’s homeland, as well as deaths more loosely connected with migrants’ irregular status, such as those resulting from labour exploitation. Migrants who die or go missing after they are established in a new home are also not included in the data, so deaths in refugee camps or housing are excluded. This approach is chosen because deaths that occur at physical borders and while en route represent a more clearly definable category, and inform what migration routes are most dangerous. Data and knowledge of the risks and vulnerabilities faced by migrants in destination countries, including death, should not be neglected, rather tracked as a distinct category.

How complete is the data on dead and missing migrants?

Data on fatalities during the migration process are challenging to collect for a number of reasons, most stemming from the irregular nature of migratory journeys on which deaths tend to occur. For one, deaths often occur in remote areas on routes chosen with the explicit aim of evading detection. Countless bodies are never found, and rarely do these deaths come to the attention of authorities or the media. Furthermore, when deaths occur at sea, frequently not all bodies are recovered - sometimes with hundreds missing from one shipwreck - and the precise number of missing is often unknown. In 2015, over 50 per cent of deaths recorded by the Missing Migrants Project refer to migrants who are presumed dead and whose bodies have not been found, mainly at sea.

Data are also challenging to collect as reporting on deaths is poor, and the data that does exist are highly scattered. Few official sources are collecting data systematically. Many counts of death rely on media as a source. Coverage can be spotty and incomplete. In addition, the involvement of criminal actors in incidents means there may be fear among survivors to report deaths and some deaths may be actively covered-up. The irregular immigration status of many migrants, and at times their families as well, also impedes reporting of missing persons or deaths.

The vary...

Analysis unit

Persons and households

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: no - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: no

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: The immediate space where a human being's daily life takes place. It provides its inhabitants privacy and protection from the natureal and social environment and it must be sufficient to fulfill the vital domestic duties and activities; additonally it must have basic services and sanitary facilities that ensure proper health and guarantee the human development and social integration. - Households: A unit considting of one or more people, linked by family ties or not, and live together regularly in the same dwelling. - Group quarters: Premise intended to provide housing for groups of people that submit themselves to living and behavior norms based on motives of health, education, discipline, religion, work, and social assistance, amongst others, and who are living in the place as habitual residents at the moment of data collection.

Universe

All people that reside in the country at the moment of the interview, whether nationals or foreigners. This includes Mexicans that cross the border daily to work in another country.

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 11344365.

SAMPLE DESIGN: One stage cluster sample stratified by municipality size.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Long and short dwelling enumeration forms; long form was applied to a sample survey.

In 2023, California had the highest Hispanic population in the United States, with over 15.76 million people claiming Hispanic heritage. Texas, Florida, New York, and Illinois rounded out the top five states for Hispanic residents in that year. History of Hispanic people Hispanic people are those whose heritage stems from a former Spanish colony. The Spanish Empire colonized most of Central and Latin America in the 15th century, which began when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492. The Spanish Empire expanded its territory throughout Central America and South America, but the colonization of the United States did not include the Northeastern part of the United States. Despite the number of Hispanic people living in the United States having increased, the median income of Hispanic households has fluctuated slightly since 1990. Hispanic population in the United States Hispanic people are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, making Spanish the second most common language spoken in the country. In 2021, about one-fifth of Hispanic households in the United States made between 50,000 to 74,999 U.S. dollars. The unemployment rate of Hispanic Americans has fluctuated significantly since 1990, but has been on the decline since 2010, with the exception of 2020 and 2021, due to the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Abstract

The objective of the ENIGH is to provide a statistical overview of the behavior of household income and expenditure in terms of its amount, origin and distribution; it also offers information on the occupational and sociodemographic characteristics of the members of the household, as well as the characteristics of the housing infrastructure and household equipment.

From 1984, when INEGI began to carry out the survey, until today, new methodologies have been developed, international recommendations have been issued and good practices have been documented for the generation of information on household income and expenditure through surveys. During this period, additions have been made to the subject of the survey, methodological updates and innovations in the processes, to obtain results that reflect reality, taking into account international recommendations and the information requirements of the different users. When the adoption of recommendations and good practices implied a break in the comparability of results, it was preferred to maintain historical comparability.

As of 2008, INEGI decided to publish the results of the ENIGH, whose variables have been constructed and presented in accordance with the recommendations of the UN, specifically, those issued at the 17th International Conference of Labor Statisticians and in the Report of the Canberra Group. This new construction is also the one used in the database of the Socioeconomic Conditions Module of the ENIGH, which is the source of information for the multidimensional measurement of poverty carried out by the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL).

However, in addition to mentioning and analyzing the international recommendations that were put into practice at ENIGH 2022, this document also relates the background of ENIGH, how it emerged and the significant changes it has undergone since then; the objectives of the survey and the recruitment instruments used are mentioned; likewise, as the main axis, there is the description of income and expenditure, their sources, their correlation and implications, this, as the main indicators of household well-being; another chapter lists the main users of the survey information; and finally, the schemes of the topics, categories and variables used in the ENIGH 2022 are presented.

Periodicity: Since 1992 it has been carried out biennially (every two years) with the exception of 2005 when an extraordinary survey was carried out.

Target population: It is made up of the households of nationals or foreigners, who usually reside in private homes within the national territory.

Selection Unit: Private home. The dwellings are chosen through a meticulous statistical process that guarantees that the results obtained from only a part of the population (sample) can be generalized to the total.

Sampling Frame: The sampling frame used is the multipurpose framework of the INEGI, it is constituted with the demographic and cartographic information obtained from the Population and Housing Census 2010. Effective sample size: 105 525 households Observation unit: The household.

Unit of analysis: The household, the dwelling and the members of the household.

Thematic coverage:

Characteristics of the house. Residents and identification of households in the dwelling. Sociodemographic characteristics of the residents of the dwelling. Home equipment, services. Activity condition and occupational characteristics of household members aged 12 and over. Total current income (monetary and non-monetary) of households. Financial and capital perceptions of households and their members. Current monetary expenditure of households. Financial and capital expenditures of households.

The different concepts of the ENIGH are governed by recommendations agreed upon in international conventions, for example:

The resolutions and reports of the 18 International Conferences on Labour Statistics, of the International Labour Organization (ILO).

The final report and recommendations of the Canberra Group, an expert group on "Household Income Statistics".

Manual of Household Surveys. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Bureau of Statistics. United Nations, New York, 1987.

They are also articulated with the System of National Accounts and with the Household Surveys carried out by INEGI.

Sample size: At the national level there are, including the ten, 105,525 private homes.

Workload: According to the meticulousness in the recording of information in this project, a load of six interviews in private homes per dozen has been defined for each interviewer. The number of interviews may decrease or increase according to several factors: non-response, recovery from non-response, or additional households.

Geographic coverage

National and at the state level - Urban area: localities with 2,500 or more inhabitants - Rural area: localities with less than 2,500 inhabitants

Analysis unit

The household, the dwelling and the members of the household

Universe

The survey is aimed at households in the national territory

Kind of data

Probabilistic household survey

Sampling procedure

The design of the subsample for ENIGH-2022 is characterized by being probabilistic; Consequently, the results obtained from the survey are generalized to the entire population of the study domain, in turn it is two-stage, stratified and by clusters, where the ultimate unit of selection is the dwelling and the unit of observation is the household.

The ENIGH-2022 subsample was selected from the 2012 INEGI master sample, this master sample was designed and selected from the 2012 Master Sampling Framework (Marco Maestro de Muestreo (MMM)) which was made up of housing clusters called Primary Sampling Units (PSUs or Unidades Primarias de Muestreo (UPM)), built from the cartographic and demographic information obtained from the 2010 Population and Housing Census. The master sample allows the selection of subsamples for all housing surveys carried out by INEGI; Its design is probabilistic, stratified, single-stage and by clusters, since it is in them that the dwellings that make up the subsamples of the different surveys were selected in a second stage. The design of the MMM was built as follows:

Formation of the primary sampling units (PSUs) First, the set of PSUs that will cover the national territory is built. The primary sampling units are made up of groups of dwellings with differentiated characteristics depending on the area to which they belong, as specified below:

In high urban areas The minimum size of a PSU is 80 inhabited dwellings and the maximum is 160. They can be made up of: · A block · The union of two or more contiguous blocks of the same AGEB. · The union of two or more contiguous blocks of different AGEBs in the same locality. · The union of two or more contiguous blocks of different localities, which belong to the same size of locality.

In urban complement The minimum size of a PSU is 160 inhabited homes and the maximum is 300. They can be made up of: · A block. · The union of two or more contiguous blocks of the same AGEB · The union of two or more contiguous blocks of different AGEBs in the same locality. · The union of two or more contiguous blocks of different AGEBs and localities, but of the same municipality.

In rural areas The minimum size of a PSU is 160 inhabited homes and the maximum is 300. They can be made up of: · An AGEB. · Part of an AGEB. · The union of two or more adjoining AGEBs in the same municipality. · The union of an AGEB with a part of another adjoining AGEB in the same municipality.

In this way, each PSU was classified into a single geographical and a sociodemographic stratum. As a result, a total of 683 strata were obtained throughout the country.

The sample size for the ENIGH 2022 was calculated at the Entity level with urban and rural scope considering the variables and non-response rates mentioned above.

At the Entity level in the urban area, in the case of the variable Quarterly Average Current Income, there is a variation between 31 554.58 and 91 003.53, with a variance that isthe between 609 706 543.70 and 570 110 356 234.59, and a design effect that fluctuates between 1.09 and 4.24.

At the Entity level with a rural environment, the variable Quarterly Average Current Income varies between 14 115.33 and 44 778.03, with a variance that ranges between 156 406 519.01 and 12 108 216 477.28, and a design effect that fluctuates between 1.00 and 9.43. Annex C presents the sample sizes for urban and rural entity areas.

Integrating the sample sizes at the national level, there is a sample size of 105,525 households, which guarantees an error of 4.485% at the national level for the variable average quarterly current income.

Sampling deviation

The ENIGH 2022, were raised in a national sample of 105,525 selected homes.

The sample allows information to be obtained at the national level, with a breakdown for localities of 2,500 and more inhabitants and localities of less than 2,500 inhabitants.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Six collection instruments will be used for the collection of information in each household, four of which concentrate information on the household as a whole.

These are: - Household and housing questionnaire - Household expenditure questionnaires - Daily expenditure booklet

In the other three, individual information is recorded for people - Questionnaire for people aged 12 and over - Questionnaire for people under 12 years of age - Questionnaire for household businesses

Cleaning

Abstract

Different countries have different health outcomes that are in part due to the way respective health systems perform. Regardless of the type of health system, individuals will have health and non-health expectations in terms of how the institution responds to their needs. In many countries, however, health systems do not perform effectively and this is in part due to lack of information on health system performance, and on the different service providers.

The aim of the WHO World Health Survey is to provide empirical data to the national health information systems so that there is a better monitoring of health of the people, responsiveness of health systems and measurement of health-related parameters.

The overall aims of the survey is to examine the way populations report their health, understand how people value health states, measure the performance of health systems in relation to responsiveness and gather information on modes and extents of payment for health encounters through a nationally representative population based community survey. In addition, it addresses various areas such as health care expenditures, adult mortality, birth history, various risk factors, assessment of main chronic health conditions and the coverage of health interventions, in specific additional modules.

The objectives of the survey programme are to: 1. develop a means of providing valid, reliable and comparable information, at low cost, to supplement the information provided by routine health information systems. 2. build the evidence base necessary for policy-makers to monitor if health systems are achieving the desired goals, and to assess if additional investment in health is achieving the desired outcomes. 3. provide policy-makers with the evidence they need to adjust their policies, strategies and programmes as necessary.

Geographic coverage

The survey sampling frame must cover 100% of the country's eligible population, meaning that the entire national territory must be included. This does not mean that every province or territory need be represented in the survey sample but, rather, that all must have a chance (known probability) of being included in the survey sample.

There may be exceptional circumstances that preclude 100% national coverage. Certain areas in certain countries may be impossible to include due to reasons such as accessibility or conflict. All such exceptions must be discussed with WHO sampling experts. If any region must be excluded, it must constitute a coherent area, such as a particular province or region. For example if ¾ of region D in country X is not accessible due to war, the entire region D will be excluded from analysis.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The WHS will include all male and female adults (18 years of age and older) who are not out of the country during the survey period. It should be noted that this includes the population who may be institutionalized for health reasons at the time of the survey: all persons who would have fit the definition of household member at the time of their institutionalisation are included in the eligible population.

If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized short-term (e.g. a 3-day stay at a hospital) the interviewer must return to the household when the individual will have come back to interview him/her. If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized long term (e.g. has been in a nursing home the last 8 years), the interviewer must travel to that institution to interview him/her.

The target population includes any adult, male or female age 18 or over living in private households. Populations in group quarters, on military reservations, or in other non-household living arrangements will not be eligible for the study. People who are in an institution due to a health condition (such as a hospital, hospice, nursing home, home for the aged, etc.) at the time of the visit to the household are interviewed either in the institution or upon their return to their household if this is within a period of two weeks from the first visit to the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING GUIDELINES FOR WHS

Surveys in the WHS program must employ a probability sampling design. This means that every single individual in the sampling frame has a known and non-zero chance of being selected into the survey sample. While a Single Stage Random Sample is ideal if feasible, it is recognized that most sites will carry out Multi-stage Cluster Sampling.

The WHS sampling frame should cover 100% of the eligible population in the surveyed country. This means that every eligible person in the country has a chance of being included in the survey sample. It also means that particular ethnic groups or geographical areas may not be excluded from the sampling frame.

The sample size of the WHS in each country is 5000 persons (exceptions considered on a by-country basis). An adequate number of persons must be drawn from the sampling frame to account for an estimated amount of non-response (refusal to participate, empty houses etc.). The highest estimate of potential non-response and empty households should be used to ensure that the desired sample size is reached at the end of the survey period. This is very important because if, at the end of data collection, the required sample size of 5000 has not been reached additional persons must be selected randomly into the survey sample from the sampling frame. This is both costly and technically complicated (if this situation is to occur, consult WHO sampling experts for assistance), and best avoided by proper planning before data collection begins.

All steps of sampling, including justification for stratification, cluster sizes, probabilities of selection, weights at each stage of selection, and the computer program used for randomization must be communicated to WHO

STRATIFICATION

Stratification is the process by which the population is divided into subgroups. Sampling will then be conducted separately in each subgroup. Strata or subgroups are chosen because evidence is available that they are related to the outcome (e.g. health, responsiveness, mortality, coverage etc.). The strata chosen will vary by country and reflect local conditions. Some examples of factors that can be stratified on are geography (e.g. North, Central, South), level of urbanization (e.g. urban, rural), socio-economic zones, provinces (especially if health administration is primarily under the jurisdiction of provincial authorities), or presence of health facility in area. Strata to be used must be identified by each country and the reasons for selection explicitly justified.

Stratification is strongly recommended at the first stage of sampling. Once the strata have been chosen and justified, all stages of selection will be conducted separately in each stratum. We recommend stratifying on 3-5 factors. It is optimum to have half as many strata (note the difference between stratifying variables, which may be such variables as gender, socio-economic status, province/region etc. and strata, which are the combination of variable categories, for example Male, High socio-economic status, Xingtao Province would be a stratum).

Strata should be as homogenous as possible within and as heterogeneous as possible between. This means that strata should be formulated in such a way that individuals belonging to a stratum should be as similar to each other with respect to key variables as possible and as different as possible from individuals belonging to a different stratum. This maximises the efficiency of stratification in reducing sampling variance.

MULTI-STAGE CLUSTER SELECTION

A cluster is a naturally occurring unit or grouping within the population (e.g. enumeration areas, cities, universities, provinces, hospitals etc.); it is a unit for which the administrative level has clear, nonoverlapping boundaries. Cluster sampling is useful because it avoids having to compile exhaustive lists of every single person in the population. Clusters should be as heterogeneous as possible within and as homogenous as possible between (note that this is the opposite criterion as that for strata). Clusters should be as small as possible (i.e. large administrative units such as Provinces or States are not good clusters) but not so small as to be homogenous.

In cluster sampling, a number of clusters are randomly selected from a list of clusters. Then, either all members of the chosen cluster or a random selection from among them are included in the sample. Multistage sampling is an extension of cluster sampling where a hierarchy of clusters are chosen going from larger to smaller.

In order to carry out multi-stage sampling, one needs to know only the population sizes of the sampling units. For the smallest sampling unit above the elementary unit however, a complete list of all elementary units (households) is needed; in order to be able to randomly select among all households in the TSU, a list of all those households is required. This information may be available from the most recent population census. If the last census was >3 years ago or the information furnished by it was of poor quality or unreliable, the survey staff will have the task of enumerating all households in the smallest randomly selected sampling unit. It is very important to budget for this step if it is necessary and ensure that all households are properly enumerated in order that a representative sample is obtained.

It is always best to have as many clusters in the PSU as possible. The reason for this is that the fewer the number of respondents in each PSU, the lower will be the clustering effect which

How does donor domestic ideology and partisan politics shape the lives of people in aid-dependent countries? In this paper, we study the impact of the United States Mexico City Policy, which—when in place—prohibits the disbursement of United States aid funds to foreign Non-Governmental Organizations that provide information or services related to abortion care. Since its 1984 inception, every Democratic president has rescinded it, while every Republican has reinstated it. While previous global public health studies reveal how the Mexico City Policy has actually increased unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortion rates, we argue that these unintended consequences go further than previously understood. We argue that when women lose access to abortion care, they are more likely to lose their lives and suffer life-changing injuries due to violence by their partners. Using global data on United States aid and the health burden caused by intimate partner violence against women in up to 204 countries and territories between 1993 and 2019, we show that the burden of deaths and disability attributed to intimate partner violence increases by approximately 16 percent when the Mexico City Policy is in place.

Mexico MX: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 2.500 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.100 % for 2014. Mexico MX: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 6.200 % from Dec 1984 (Median) to 2016, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.200 % in 1998 and a record low of 2.500 % in 2016. Mexico MX: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. The aggregated numbers for low- and middle-income countries correspond to the totals of 6 regions in PovcalNet, which include low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia). See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

Abstract

The census carried out in 1991 represents a primary source of data, which makes it possible to characterize the structure and operation of the agricultural and forestry sectors in the country. This is made possible through the collection of statistical data that support the decision making process which aims to increase production and productivity and raise the standard of living of rural families.

This census had the following phases: planning, experimentation, user consultation and decentralization. This was also coupled with the achievement of the following inputs: the implementation of four census events (2 trials, a survey, and a pilot census), various field tests, contributions from the advisory council, user workshops and planning committee, complemented by the exchange of experiences with international organizations. The operation of the ten regional directorates and the 32 state census coordinators allowed for the definition of objectives, structure, strategies, instruments and procedures to carry out the collection of information for the census.

The census had the following objectives: 1. Obtain, process and disseminate basic information on the productive structure of the agricultural and forestry sector. 2. Create sampling frames that serve as a basis for the development and integration of a system of continuous surveys of the agricultural and forestry sectors.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage

Analysis unit

Agricultural holdings

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Data processing was carried out through the following stages:

1. Capture
2. Coverage verification
3. Electronic Clavification
4. Pre-Processing: (a) Purification and Filter, (b) Electronic Crop Relocation, and (c) Reformatting.
5. Normalization.
6. Electronic validation
7. Logical relations.
8. Preliminary Results
9. Final Results

Data appraisal

The activity of performing the census operation consisted of 2 stages: 1. Cartography and directories update: In this stage, due to the dynamism in the agricultural sector as a result of migration, land renting or abandonment, it was necessary to update the cartographic material and the register. This was done to update names of producers and identify the land that form the production units. The cartography and register were updated from July 29 to August 31, 1991, with the supervisors being responsible for this activity.

Cartography and registers are basic tools in census works, as they help identify producers and locate the land that makes up the production units. They also allow you to keep track of workloads and activities to be carried out, in order to achieve full coverage in the survey. Also, due to changes that occur in the rural area, the material that is available tends to be outdated. Thus, it is necessary to verify that the names of those responsible for the land at that time and those that were noted in the register were correct and that they correspond to the lands that appear in the cartography. To carry out this activity, the supervisors moved to the assigned localities (according to their work area), where they visit and collect information.

1. Census questionnaires: The questionnaires were administered in October, with the enumerators and their supervisors responsible for this activity. Enumerators were in charge of administering the questionnaires for rural and urban production units, in addition to the list of houses with agricultural activity. While the supervisors administered the questionnaires for agrarian communities and communal land.

The strategy implemented for this stage varied depending on the type of questionnaire and the number of inhabitants by location. They include:

A. Full coverage: The enumerators visited each and every dwelling in locations of less than 15,000 inhabitants in order to detect homes in which some agricultural activity was carried out.

B. Home visits: In localities over 15,000 inhabitants, the supervisor or enumerator went to specific homes that engaged in agricultural activities (pre-identified), or because they were some representative authority of the communal or agrarian community.

The data consist of six transcripts of semi-structured interviews conducted online with market trader leaders in Mexico City. These interviews result from complementary research conducted as part of the ESRC postdoctoral project "Popular infrastructural politics: Connecting grassroots knowledge and practice on marketplace governance." This project builds on data collected in 2018, whose analysis led to the findings published in the doctoral thesis "Popular infrastructural politics: Trader organisation and public markets in Mexico City" (https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28209/).

These exploratory interviews delve into the traders' adoption of digital technologies and practices in recent years (from the late 2000s onwards). Particular attention is given to how these technologies and practices have been mobilised in the traders' struggles to preserve and improve Mexico City's public markets as public infrastructures and services. The interviews capture the traders' opinions and experiences concerning the function and importance of these technologies and practices in their everyday life. In addition, the interviews provide insights into the role of digital technologies and practices in organising and resisting the impacts of urban regeneration and the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, this complementary research contributes to expanding the analysis of the market traders' political repertoires and diverse engagements in urban politics.

Interviewees were recruited among research participants met while conducting the aforementioned doctoral project. Interview scripts were designed to explore the participants' engagement with digital technologies and practices. Because of their specificity, the interviews often rely on interviews and informal conversations previously held with the researcher.

The interview transcripts are shared in their original language, Spanish. They have been anonymised and pseudonymised to ensure the participant's right to confidentiality.

Marketplaces play a vital role in the everyday life of many urban communities. They are part of the supply systems that make food and other basic staples accessible to urban residents, and in many cities around the world, they also represent significant public spaces where social connections and forms of belonging are built. Either covered or open, marketplaces have increasingly become essential infrastructures for low-income and marginalised urban residents, who rely on their affordable prices for subsistence. This contribution to people's subsistence largely depends on the vibrant economic, social, cultural, and political life of market trader communities, whose efforts to keep these commercial infrastructures working are permanent. The aim of this fellowship is to disseminate and consolidate my research findings concerning the traders' permanent efforts to keep the marketplaces alive. In doing so, the fellowship will help to better understand the long-standing contribution of grassroots organisations to infrastructure and city-making. The fellowship also aims to encourage an international conversation between academics, marketplaces' stakeholders, and practitioners about their experiences in infrastructure governance. In this way, the fellowship will facilitate knowledge exchange concerning the challenges embedded in infrastructure provision, maintenance, and transformation. Focused on these two aims, the fellowship will contribute to envision alternatives to current trends in infrastructure governance from a grassroots perspective which recognises and values the work and political experience of key workers such as market traders. For this, the fellowship builds upon my PhD research, which explored Mexico City's trader community and its public markets' network, which comprises more than 70,000 traders and 329 commercial facilities. These actors and spaces have developed what I have conceptualised as popular infrastructural politics to fight against political neglect and infrastructure abandonment and deterioration. Rather than seeing grassroots politics as discrete, fragile, or ephemeral, popular infrastructural politics seeks to capture the existence of long-standing grassroots political traditions that revolve around the rights to subsistence, infrastructure, and the city. My fieldwork revealed that market traders have been able to forge these long-standing political traditions around public markets, making popular infrastructural politics a crucial practice to defending an essential service for the marginalised. Furthermore, through popular infrastructural politics, Mexico City market traders have not only developed strategies to shape marketplaces governance at a local scale but infrastructure provision and law and policymaking at the city and national levels for the past 70 years. The proposed activities for this fellowship will take these conceptual and empirical contributions further through publications, an international online workshop, a project's website, a podcast series, and new research. These dissemination and engagement activities will seek to maximise the impact of my research findings by engaging with both theory and practice on infrastructure governance. They will also seek to inform public opinion by raising awareness of the contributions of marginalised urban actors to infrastructure provision, maintenance, and transformation and city-making in general. This research on popular politics and infrastructure governance is relevant in a context in which governments and the public have widely acknowledged the importance and value of key workers and essential services. Therefore, the activities and outputs proposed under this fellowship will not only be significant to those directly related to marketplaces, but to anyone involved or interested in the long-term grassroots struggles to keep safe and running essential urban infrastructure.