As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Holdings of US Treasury Securities data was reported at 784.300 USD bn in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 760.802 USD bn for Jan 2025. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 937.400 USD bn from Mar 2000 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,316.700 USD bn in Nov 2013 and a record low of 58.900 USD bn in Nov 2000. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Department of the Treasury. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FF: Holdings of US Treasury Securities.

Total outstanding debt of the U.S. government reported daily. Includes a breakout of intragovernmental holdings (federal debt held by U.S. government) and debt held by the public (federal debt held by entities outside the U.S. government).

In the third quarter of 2024, Greece's national debt was the highest in all the European Union, amounting to 158 percent of Greece's gross domestic product. In spite of Greece's total being high by EU standards, it marks a substantial decrease from the historical high point reached by the country's national debt of 207 percent of GDP in 2020. Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, and Portugal also all have government debt worth over one year's production of their economies, while the small Baltic country of Estonia has the smallest national debt when compared with GDP, at only 24 percent. In debitum incrementum?A country’s national debt, also known as government debt or public debt, is defined as all borrowings owed by the government of a country. It usually comprises internal debt – owed to other governmental departments – and external debt, which is held by the public and is owed to government bond owners. National debt can be caused by a struggling economy in general, or by low tax income, which usually leads to money being borrowed from other governments for support, which in turn cannot be paid back right away. At first glance, a high national debt is not always a sign of a struggling economy – but since increasing debt can slow down economic growth significantly, it is imperative for the respective government to seek a steady reduction in the long run.

Key information about United States Government Debt: % of GDP

• United States Government debt accounted for 124.0 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Dec 2024, compared with the ratio of 123.1 % in the previous quarter.
• US government debt to GDP ratio data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1969 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 130.4 % in Mar 2021 and a record low of 31.8 % in Sep 1974.

CEIC calculates quarterly Government Debt as % of Nominal GDP from monthly Government Debt and rolling sum of quarterly Nominal GDP. The Bureau of the Fiscal Service provides Government Debt in USD. The Bureau of Economic Analysis provides Nominal GDP in USD. Government Debt covers Central Government only.


Related information about United States Government Debt: % of GDP

• In the latest reports, US National Government Debt reached 36,220.2 USD bn in Jan 2025.
• The country's Nominal GDP reached 6,632.4 USD bn in Mar 2023.

Government Debt in the United States decreased to 36211469 USD Million in June from 36215818 USD Million in May of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

The United States recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 124.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Green Bond Financing for Healthcare Facilities Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global market size for Green Bond Financing for Healthcare Facilities reached USD 8.7 billion in 2024, reflecting the rapidly growing commitment to sustainable healthcare infrastructure worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 13.2% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market value projected to reach USD 25.7 billion by 2033. This robust growth is primarily driven by the urgent need for environmentally sustainable healthcare development, heightened regulatory pressures, and a surge in climate-conscious investment strategies.

A significant growth factor for the Green Bond Financing for Healthcare Facilities Market is the increasing global emphasis on decarbonization and sustainability within the healthcare sector. Healthcare facilities are among the largest consumers of energy and resources, and they generate substantial waste. As governments and international organizations set stricter carbon-neutral targets, healthcare providers face mounting pressure to modernize their facilities using green technologies. Green bonds provide a dedicated financial tool to facilitate the transition, enabling hospitals, clinics, and long-term care centers to invest in energy-efficient systems, renewable energy installations, and sustainable waste management solutions. This trend is further reinforced by investor demand for ESG-compliant assets, which has led to a surge in green bond issuances targeting healthcare infrastructure improvements.

Another pivotal driver is the evolving regulatory landscape that mandates sustainable building standards and reporting for healthcare facilities. Many countries, particularly in Europe and North America, have implemented policies requiring new healthcare construction and renovations to meet stringent environmental performance criteria. This regulatory momentum is encouraging both public and private healthcare operators to seek green bond financing for their capital-intensive projects. Additionally, international development banks and multilateral agencies are increasingly channeling funds into green bond instruments to support sustainable healthcare access in emerging economies. These policy shifts not only catalyze green bond adoption but also foster innovation in sustainable healthcare facility design and operation.

The growing recognition of the health co-benefits associated with green healthcare infrastructure is also fueling market expansion. Sustainable healthcare facilities reduce patient and staff exposure to harmful pollutants, improve indoor air quality, and contribute to community resilience against climate change. These advantages are compelling healthcare administrators to prioritize green upgrades, often with the support of green bond financing. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened awareness of the interconnectedness between environmental health and public health, prompting a wave of investments in resilient, eco-friendly healthcare environments. As a result, green bonds are becoming a preferred vehicle for financing both new construction and retrofitting of healthcare facilities worldwide.

Regionally, Europe and North America are leading the adoption of green bond financing in the healthcare sector, thanks to mature financial markets, robust regulatory frameworks, and strong investor appetite for sustainable assets. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, driven by rapid urbanization, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and increasing government commitments to climate action. Countries such as China, Japan, and India are witnessing a surge in green bond issuances dedicated to healthcare facility upgrades, supported by favorable policy environments and international partnerships. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, with pilot projects and cross-border collaborations paving the way for broader market participation.

Bond Type Analysis

The Green Bon

Resilience Retrofit Bond Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Resilience Retrofit Bond market size reached USD 7.8 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust momentum driven by the urgent need to finance climate adaptation and disaster-resilient infrastructure. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 12.4% during the forecast period, reaching USD 22.1 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is attributed to increasing government mandates, public-private partnership initiatives, and heightened awareness of the economic and social impact of climate-related risks. The global push towards sustainable and resilient infrastructure, coupled with innovative financial instruments, is propelling the adoption and issuance of resilience retrofit bonds worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the Resilience Retrofit Bond market is the escalating frequency and severity of natural disasters, which has underscored the vulnerability of existing infrastructure. Governments and private sector stakeholders are increasingly recognizing the necessity to retrofit buildings, roads, bridges, and other critical assets to withstand extreme weather events such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. This realization has led to a surge in demand for dedicated financing mechanisms like resilience retrofit bonds, which provide much-needed capital for large-scale infrastructure upgrades. Additionally, investors are showing a growing appetite for sustainable financial products, further supporting the expansion of this market.

Another significant driver is the evolution of regulatory frameworks and international agreements focused on climate change adaptation and mitigation. Policymakers across major economies are introducing incentives, tax breaks, and regulatory mandates to encourage the issuance and uptake of resilience retrofit bonds. For example, the European Union’s Green Deal and the United States’ Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act have included provisions for financing resilient infrastructure, directly contributing to market growth. These policies not only create a conducive environment for bond issuance but also enhance investor confidence by reducing perceived risks associated with long-term infrastructure projects.

Technological advancements and innovation in financial structuring are also playing a pivotal role in the growth of the Resilience Retrofit Bond market. The integration of advanced data analytics, risk assessment tools, and blockchain technology has streamlined the bond issuance process, improved transparency, and enabled more precise tracking of fund utilization. These innovations have attracted a broader pool of institutional and retail investors, while also enabling issuers to customize bonds for specific resilience projects. As a result, the market is witnessing increased diversification in bond types and applications, further accelerating its expansion.

Regionally, North America and Europe are leading the market, accounting for a significant share of global issuance, driven by stringent regulatory standards and a well-established financial ecosystem. However, the Asia Pacific region is rapidly emerging as a key growth area, fueled by large-scale urbanization, infrastructure investments, and a high incidence of climate-related disasters. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing growing interest, albeit from a smaller base, as governments in these regions strive to enhance disaster preparedness and attract international capital. Overall, the global Resilience Retrofit Bond market is poised for sustained growth, underpinned by a combination of regulatory support, investor demand, and technological innovation.

Bond Type Analysis

The Resilience Retrofit Bond market is segmented by bond type into Green Bonds, Catastrophe Bonds, Sustainability Bonds, and Others. Green Bonds have emerged as the dominant segment, accounting for the largest share of bond issuances in 2024. These bonds are specifically earmarked for projects that deliver environmental benefits, such as energy-efficient retrofits and flood protection infrastructure. The popularity of green bonds is underpinned by growing investor demand for sustainable finance products and the alignment of these instruments with global ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) investment strategies. Governments and corporations are increasingly leveraging green bonds to raise ca

Treasury Management Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global treasury management market size reached USD 6.2 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand across diverse sectors. With a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.1% projected over the forecast period, the market is expected to reach USD 14.6 billion by 2033. This impressive expansion is largely driven by the escalating need for efficient cash and liquidity management, heightened regulatory compliance requirements, and the rapid adoption of advanced digital solutions across enterprises worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the treasury management market is the increasing complexity of global financial operations. Organizations are expanding their footprints across borders, resulting in more intricate cash flows, currency exposures, and regulatory landscapes. Treasury management solutions are becoming indispensable for managing these complexities, enabling businesses to optimize liquidity, minimize financial risks, and ensure compliance with evolving international regulations. The adoption of real-time analytics, automation, and artificial intelligence within treasury functions has further enhanced the capability of these platforms to deliver actionable insights and drive strategic decision-making, thereby fueling market growth.

Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on risk mitigation and compliance. In the wake of recent financial crises and tightening regulatory frameworks, enterprises are under increasing pressure to maintain robust governance over their financial operations. Treasury management systems offer integrated solutions for risk assessment, regulatory reporting, and policy enforcement, allowing organizations to proactively address potential threats and avoid costly penalties. The ability to centralize and automate compliance processes not only reduces operational risks but also enhances transparency and auditability—a key requirement in sectors such as banking, healthcare, and government.

Digital transformation initiatives across industries have also played a pivotal role in the expansion of the treasury management market. The proliferation of cloud computing, mobile platforms, and API integrations has made it possible for companies of all sizes to deploy sophisticated treasury solutions with minimal upfront investment. This democratization of technology has particularly benefited small and medium enterprises (SMEs), enabling them to compete with larger counterparts in terms of financial agility and control. Additionally, the rise of fintech partnerships and open banking standards is fostering innovation, leading to the development of highly customizable and scalable treasury management platforms that cater to the unique needs of different sectors.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the treasury management market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, boasts a mature financial ecosystem and a high rate of technology adoption, while European firms are driven by stringent regulatory requirements such as PSD2 and GDPR. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, propelled by rapid economic development, increasing cross-border trade, and a burgeoning digital economy. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as promising markets, supported by ongoing financial sector reforms and rising investments in digital infrastructure.

Component Analysis

The treasury management market is segmented by component into solutions and services, each playing a critical role in shaping the overall market dynamics. The solutions segment encompasses a broad suite of software platforms designed to automate and streamline core treasury functions such as cash management, liquidity forecasting, risk assessment, and regulatory compliance. These platforms are increasingly leveraging artificial intelligence, machine learni

Graph and download economic data for Overnight Reverse Repurchase Agreements: Treasury Securities Sold by the Federal Reserve in the Temporary Open Market Operations (RRPONTSYD) from 2003-02-07 to 2025-06-20 about reverse repos, overnight, trade, securities, Treasury, sales, and USA.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield rose to 1.73% on July 24, 2025, marking a 0.03 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.09 points, though it remains 0.49 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

In October 2024, the public debt of the United States was around 35.46 trillion U.S. dollars, a slight decrease from the previous month. The U.S. public debt ceiling has become one of the most prominent political issues in the States in recent years, with debate over how to handle it causing political turmoil between Democrats and Republicans. The public debt The public debt of the United States has risen quickly since 2000, and in 2022 was more than five times higher than in 2000. The public debt is the total outstanding debt that is owed by the federal government. This figure comprises debt owed to the public (for example, through bonds) and intergovernmental debt (debt owed to various governmental departments), such as Social Security. Debt in Politics The debt issue has become a highly contentious topic within the U.S. government. Measures such as stimulus packages, social programs and tax cuts add to the public debt. Additionally, spending tends to peak during large global events, such as the Great Depression, the 2008 financial crisis, or the COVID-19 pandemic - all of which had a detrimental impact on the U.S. economy. Although both major political parties in the U.S. tend to blame one another for increases in the country's debt, a recent analysis found that both parties have contributed almost equally to national expenditure. Debate on raising the debt ceiling, or the amount of debt the federal government is allowed to have at any one time, was a leading topic in the government shutdown in October 2013. Despite plans from both Democrats and Republicans on how to lower the national debt, it is only expected to increase over the next decade.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Airport Catastrophe Bond Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global airport catastrophe bond market size reached USD 1.23 billion in 2024, reflecting the growing adoption of alternative risk transfer mechanisms in the aviation sector. The market is projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 9.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 2.85 billion by the end of the period. Key growth drivers include heightened awareness of catastrophic risks, increasing frequency of natural disasters, and the need for financial resilience among airport operators and stakeholders.

One of the primary growth factors for the airport catastrophe bond market is the increasing vulnerability of airports to natural and man-made disasters. Airports serve as critical infrastructure for global transportation and commerce but are inherently exposed to risks such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and terrorism. With climate change intensifying the frequency and severity of natural disasters, airports are seeking innovative risk transfer solutions to protect their assets and ensure business continuity. Catastrophe bonds, which provide rapid access to capital in the aftermath of a disaster, are gaining traction as a preferred instrument for mitigating these risks, driving substantial market growth.

Another significant driver is the evolving regulatory landscape and the growing emphasis on resilience and risk management within the aviation industry. Regulatory bodies and international organizations are increasingly mandating comprehensive disaster preparedness and risk mitigation strategies for airport operators. This regulatory push, coupled with rising insurance premiums and limited capacity in traditional reinsurance markets, has accelerated the adoption of catastrophe bonds. These bonds offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative, enabling airports to access capital markets directly and diversify their sources of risk coverage, which strengthens their financial stability and operational resilience.

Technological advancements in catastrophe modeling and trigger mechanisms are further fueling the expansion of the airport catastrophe bond market. Innovations in parametric triggers, real-time data analytics, and advanced risk assessment tools have enhanced the accuracy and transparency of bond payouts. These technological improvements reduce basis risk and increase the attractiveness of catastrophe bonds for both issuers and investors. Additionally, the growing participation of institutional investors seeking diversification and uncorrelated returns is providing additional liquidity and depth to the market, supporting its sustained growth over the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, North America currently leads the airport catastrophe bond market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and the Asia Pacific. The dominance of North America can be attributed to the presence of major international airports, advanced risk management practices, and high exposure to catastrophic events such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Europe is witnessing steady growth due to increased regulatory focus on resilience, while the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-potential market driven by rapid infrastructure development and heightened disaster risk awareness. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are expected to see moderate growth, supported by ongoing investments in airport modernization and disaster preparedness initiatives.

Bond Type Analysis

The airport catastrophe bond market is segmented by bond type into parametric, indemnity, industry loss, and others. Parametric catastrophe bonds are gaining significant traction due to their transparent and objective payout mechanisms. These bonds trigger payouts based on predefined parameters, such as wind speed or earthquake magnitude, rather than actual loss assessment. This approach minimizes disputes, accelerates capital disbursement, and reduces administrative costs, making parametric bonds highly attractive to airport op

Rates have been trending downward in Canada for the last five years. The ebbs and flows are caused by changes in Canada’s bond yields (driven by Canadians economic developments and international rate movements, particularly U.S. rate fluctuations) and the overnight rate (which is set by the Bank of Canada). As of August 2022, there has been a 225 bps increase in the prime rate, since beginning of year 2022, from 2.45% to 4.70% as of Aug 24th 2022. The following are the historical conventional mortgage rates offered by the 6 major chartered banks in Canada in the past 20 years.