In 2025, stock markets in the United States accounted for roughly ** percent of world stocks. The next largest country by stock market share was China, followed by the European Union as a whole. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ are the largest stock exchange operators worldwide. What is a stock exchange? The first modern publicly traded company was the Dutch East Industry Company, which sold shares to the general public to fund expeditions to Asia. Since then, groups of companies have formed exchanges in which brokers and dealers can come together and make transactions in one space. Stock market indices group companies trading on a given exchange, giving an idea of how they evolve in real time. Appeal of stock ownership Over half of adults in the United States are investing money in the stock market. Stocks are an attractive investment because the possible return is higher than offered by other financial instruments.

In 2024, ** percent of adults in the United States invested in the stock market. This figure has remained steady over the last few years, and is still below the levels before the Great Recession, when it peaked in 2007 at ** percent. What is the stock market? The stock market can be defined as a group of stock exchanges, where investors can buy shares in a publicly traded company. In more recent years, it is estimated an increasing number of Americans are using neobrokers, making stock trading more accessible to investors. Other investments A significant number of people think stocks and bonds are the safest investments, while others point to real estate, gold, bonds, or a savings account. Since witnessing the significant one-day losses in the stock market during the Financial Crisis, many investors were turning towards these alternatives in hopes for more stability, particularly for investments with longer maturities. This could explain the decrease in this statistic since 2007. Nevertheless, some speculators enjoy chasing the short-run fluctuations, and others see value in choosing particular stocks.

Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; Foreign Direct Investment in U.S.: Equity; Asset (Market Value), Transactions (BOGZ1FA263092141A) from 1946 to 2024 about FDI, market value, equity, transactions, assets, and USA.

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world, with an equity market capitalization of almost ** trillion U.S. dollars as of June 2025. The following three exchanges were the NASDAQ, PINK Exchange, and the Frankfurt Exchange. What is a stock exchange? A stock exchange is a marketplace where stockbrokers, traders, buyers, and sellers can trade in equities products. The largest exchanges have thousands of listed companies. These companies sell shares of their business, giving the general public the opportunity to invest in them. The oldest stock exchange worldwide is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, founded in the late sixteenth century. Other functions of a stock exchange Since these are publicly traded companies, every firm listed on a stock exchange has had an initial public offering (IPO). The largest IPOs can raise billions of dollars in equity for the firm involved. Related to stock exchanges are derivatives exchanges, where stock options, futures contracts, and other derivatives can be traded.

This paper sheds light on the similarities and differences with respect to the presence of anomalies in the China A-share market and other markets. To this end, we examine the existence of 32 anomalies in the China A-share market over the period 2000–2019. We find that value, risk, and trading anomalies carry over to China A-shares. Evidence for anomalies in the size, quality, and past return categories is substantially weaker, with the exception of a strong residual momentum and reversal effect. We document that most anomalies cannot be explained by industry composition, and are present among large, mid, and small capitalization stocks. We are the first to examine the existence of residual reversal, return seasonalities, and connected firm momentum for the China A-share market. We find strong out-of-sample evidence for the former two, but not the latter. Specific characteristics of the China A-share market, such as short-sale restrictions, the prevalence of state-owned enterprises, and the effect of stock market reforms, are examined in more detail. These features do not seem to be important drivers of our empirical findings.

This data set contains the monthly return data of the 32 anomalies underlying summary Table 4.

Dataset Description: 34-year Daily Stock Data (1990-2024)

Context and Inspiration

This dataset captures historical financial market data and macroeconomic indicators spanning over three decades, from 1990 onwards. It is designed for financial analysis, time series forecasting, and exploring relationships between market volatility, stock indices, and macroeconomic factors. This dataset is particularly relevant for researchers, data scientists, and enthusiasts interested in studying: - Volatility forecasting (VIX) - Stock market trends (S&P 500, DJIA, HSI) - Macroeconomic influences on markets (joblessness, interest rates, etc.) - The effect of geopolitical and economic uncertainty (EPU, GPRD)

Sources

The data has been aggregated from a mix of historical financial records and publicly available macroeconomic datasets: - VIX (Volatility Index): Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE). - Stock Indices (S&P 500, DJIA, HSI): Yahoo Finance and historical financial databases. - Volume Data: Extracted from official exchange reports. - Macroeconomic Indicators: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Federal Reserve, and other public records. - Uncertainty Metrics (EPU, GPRD): Economic Policy Uncertainty Index and Global Policy Uncertainty Database.

Columns

1. dt: Date of observation in YYYY-MM-DD format.
2. vix: VIX (Volatility Index), a measure of expected market volatility.
3. sp500: S&P 500 index value, a benchmark of the U.S. stock market.
4. sp500_volume: Daily trading volume for the S&P 500.
5. djia: Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), another key U.S. market index.
6. djia_volume: Daily trading volume for the DJIA.
7. hsi: Hang Seng Index, representing the Hong Kong stock market.
8. ads: Aruoba-Diebold-Scotti (ADS) Business Conditions Index, reflecting U.S. economic activity.
9. us3m: U.S. Treasury 3-month bond yield, a short-term interest rate proxy.
10. joblessness: U.S. unemployment rate, reported as quartiles (1 represents lowest quartile and so on).
11. epu: Economic Policy Uncertainty Index, quantifying policy-related economic uncertainty.
12. GPRD: Geopolitical Risk Index (Daily), measuring geopolitical risk levels.
13. prev_day: Previous day’s S&P 500 closing value, added for lag-based time series analysis.

Key Features

• Cross-Market Analysis: Compare U.S. markets (S&P 500, DJIA) with international benchmarks like HSI.
• Macroeconomic Insights: Assess how external factors like joblessness, interest rates, and economic uncertainty affect markets.
• Temporal Scope: Longitudinal data facilitates trend analysis and machine learning model training.

Potential Use Cases

• Forecasting market indices using machine learning or statistical models.
• Building volatility trading strategies with VIX Futures.
• Economic research on relationships between policy uncertainty and market behavior.
• Educational material for financial data visualization and analysis tutorials.

Feel free to use this dataset for academic, research, or personal projects.

Graph and download economic data for Security Brokers and Dealers; U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Equity (Market Value), Market Value Levels (BOGZ1LM663092103Q) from Q4 1945 to Q2 2025 about abroad, brokers, market value, dealers, equity, investment, securities, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; Foreign Corporate Equities Including Foreign Investment Fund Shares; Liability, Market Value Levels (BOGZ1LM263164100Q) from Q4 1945 to Q2 2025 about market value, foreign, equity, liabilities, and investment.

Based on the total number of companies listed, the Japan Exchange Group was the largest stock exchange operator in the world as of Janaury 2025, with 3,968 companies listed. Of these, only six were foreign companies, with the remaining being domestic. The stock exchange with the highest number of international companies at this time was the U.S. Nasdaq, with 871. However, despite only having the seventh-highest number of companies, the New York Stock Exchange has the highest market capitalization of any stock exchange operator.

The dataset contains All India Daily Foreign Equity Market Index Values – Dow Jones Industrial Average and NASDAQ-100

United States US: Stocks Traded: Total Value data was reported at 39,785.881 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 42,071.330 USD bn for 2016. United States US: Stocks Traded: Total Value data is updated yearly, averaging 17,934.293 USD bn from Dec 1984 (Median) to 2017, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 47,245.496 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 1,108.421 USD bn in 1984. United States US: Stocks Traded: Total Value data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Financial Sector. The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.; ; World Federation of Exchanges database.; Sum; Stock market data were previously sourced from Standard & Poor's until they discontinued their 'Global Stock Markets Factbook' and database in April 2013. Time series have been replaced in December 2015 with data from the World Federation of Exchanges and may differ from the previous S&P definitions and methodology.

The Asia-Pacific capital market exchange ecosystem is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing financialization in the region's rapidly developing economies. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 7% from 2019 to 2024 suggests a significant market expansion, projected to continue into the forecast period (2025-2033). Key drivers include rising domestic savings, increasing foreign direct investment (FDI), and the proliferation of retail and institutional investors. The expansion of digital financial services and fintech innovations further fuels this growth, facilitating easier access to markets and investment products. While market segments vary significantly across the region, the dominance of equity and debt markets is evident, reflecting the developmental stage of many economies. The presence of major stock exchanges like the Shanghai, Tokyo, and Hong Kong exchanges underscores the region's importance in the global financial landscape. However, regulatory hurdles, geopolitical uncertainties, and potential macroeconomic shifts pose some restraints to sustained growth. The study focuses on key markets within the Asia-Pacific region, including China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and others, providing a detailed picture of market dynamics and future potential within each specific nation. Furthermore, the growing participation of institutional investors, alongside a rising retail investor base, points to a mature and deepening market. This expanding market presents significant opportunities for both domestic and international players. However, navigating the diverse regulatory environments and understanding the unique characteristics of each national market is crucial for success. Future growth will likely be shaped by government policies promoting financial inclusion, technological advancements enhancing market efficiency, and the overall macroeconomic stability of the region. The continued development and deepening of these capital markets will play a critical role in driving economic growth and development across the Asia-Pacific region for the foreseeable future, attracting further foreign investment and fostering greater financial integration within the area. Please note: I cannot create hyperlinks. I also cannot provide financial data (market size, growth rates, etc.) as this requires specialized market research. The following report description provides a framework; you would need to fill in the financial data from your research. Recent developments include: July 2022: The eligible companies listed on Beijing Stock Exchange were allowed to apply for transfer to the Star Market of the Shanghai Stock Exchange. A transfer system is a positive approach for bridge-building efforts between China's multiple layers of the capital market., February 2022: The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) approved the merger of Shenzhen Stock Exchange's main board with the SME board. The merger will optimize the trading structure of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.. Notable trends are: Increasing Foreign Direct Investment in Various Developing Economies in Asia-Pacific.

Japan TSE: Turnover: Value: Foreign Stocks: Prime Market: Daily Average data was reported at 0.003 JPY bn in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.004 JPY bn for Feb 2025. Japan TSE: Turnover: Value: Foreign Stocks: Prime Market: Daily Average data is updated monthly, averaging 0.004 JPY bn from Apr 2022 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.065 JPY bn in Mar 2024 and a record low of 0.000 JPY bn in Feb 2023. Japan TSE: Turnover: Value: Foreign Stocks: Prime Market: Daily Average data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Japan Exchange Group Inc.. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.Z010: Tokyo Stock Exchange: Turnover: Stock and Bonds.

Snapshot img

Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is valued to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% from 2024 to 2029. Growing urbanization and digitalization will drive the foreign exchange market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

Europe dominated the market and accounted for a 47% growth during the forecast period.
By Type - Reporting dealers segment was valued at USD 278.60 billion in 2023
By Trade Finance Instruments - Currency swaps segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 118.14 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 582.00 billion
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 10.6%

Market Summary

The market, a dynamic and intricate web of financial transactions, plays a pivotal role in facilitating global trade and economic interactions. Its primary function is to enable the conversion of one currency into another, thereby mitigating the risk of currency fluctuations for businesses and investors. Key drivers of this market include growing urbanization and digitalization, which have expanded trading opportunities to a 24x7 global economy. However, the uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a significant challenge, necessitating effective risk management strategies. The market's evolution reflects the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. Transactions occur in a decentralized, over-the-counter system, with major trading centers in London, New York, and Tokyo.
Participants include commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and individual investors, all seeking to capitalize on price differences between currencies. Trends shaping the market include the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence to analyze market data and execute trades. Regulatory changes, such as the introduction of stricter capital requirements, also impact the market's functioning. Looking ahead, the market is expected to remain a vital component of the global financial landscape, with continued growth driven by increased trade and economic interdependence. However, challenges, such as regulatory changes and geopolitical risks, will necessitate adaptability and innovation from market participants.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Foreign Exchange Market Segmented ?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market, a dynamic and ever-evolving financial landscape, is characterized by constant activity and intricate patterns. Participants engage in various trading strategies, employing advanced tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders on forex trading platforms. Real-time data feeds and order book dynamics facilitate trade execution speed, while market microstructure and slippage minimization techniques ensure efficient transactions. Currency correlation analysis and transaction cost analysis are integral to informed decision-making, with backtesting methodologies providing valuable insights. Currency forwards contracts, position sizing techniques, and forex derivatives pricing are essential components of risk management systems. Carry trade strategies, hedging strategies, and interest rate parity are popular tactics employed by market participants.

Algorithmic trading strategies, driven by options pricing models and trading algorithms' efficiency, significantly influence price discovery mechanisms. High-frequency trading and volatility modeling contribute to the market's liquidity risk management, while foreign exchange swaps and currency option valuation help manage risk. The market's complexities necessitate sophisticated risk management systems and intricate order routing optimization. Global payments systems facilitate the smooth transfer of funds, and liquidity risk management remains a critical concern for market participants. According to recent studies, The market is estimated to account for approximately USD6 trillion in daily trading volume, und

The average for 2022 based on 74 countries was 1244.55 billion U.S. dollars. The highest value was in the USA: 40297.98 billion U.S. dollars and the lowest value was in Bermuda: 0.21 billion U.S. dollars. The indicator is available from 1975 to 2022. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The value of global domestic equity market increased from ***** trillion U.S. dollars in 2013 to ****** trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. The United States was by far the leading country with the largest share of total world stocks as of 2024. Global market capitalization in different regions The market capitalization of domestic companies listed varied across different regions of the world. As of Decmber 2024, the Americas region had the largest domestic equity market, totaling ** trillion U.S. dollars. This region is home to the NYSE and Nasdaq, which are the two largest stock exchange operators in the world. The market capitalization of these two exchanges alone exceeded ** billion U.S. dollars as of January 2025, larger than the total market capitalization in the Asia-Pacific, and in the EMEA regions in the same period. Largest Stock Exchanges in Latin America As of December 2024, the B3 (Brasil Bolsa Balcao) was the biggest stock exchange in Latin America in terms of market capitalization and the second-largest in terms of number of listed companies. Following the B3 were the Mexican Stock Exchange and the Santiago Stock Exchange in Chile. The most valuable company in Latin America is listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange: Fomento Económico Mexicano, a multinational beverage and retail company headquartered in Monterrey, had a market cap of *** billion U.S. dollars as of March 2025.

Israel's main stock market index, the TA-125, rose to 3081 points on September 18, 2025, gaining 1.32% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.37% and is up 54.74% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Israel. Israel Stock Market (TA-125) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on September of 2025.

United Kingdom's main stock market index, the GB100, rose to 9228 points on September 18, 2025, gaining 0.21% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.42% and is up 10.80% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from United Kingdom. United Kingdom Stock Market Index (GB100) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on September of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; Foreign Corporate Equities Including Foreign Investment Fund Shares; Liability, Market Value Levels (BOGZ1LM263164100A) from 1945 to 2024 about market value, foreign, equity, liabilities, and investment.

Austria Market Capitalization: VSE: Regulated Market: Foreign: Equity data was reported at 9,578,044.523 EUR th in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9,800,984.082 EUR th for Feb 2025. Austria Market Capitalization: VSE: Regulated Market: Foreign: Equity data is updated monthly, averaging 20,684,748.952 EUR th from Nov 2007 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 209 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 199,563,442.173 EUR th in Nov 2007 and a record low of 1,424,333.465 EUR th in Feb 2016. Austria Market Capitalization: VSE: Regulated Market: Foreign: Equity data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEE Stock Exchange Group. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Austria – Table AT.Z002: Vienna Stock Exchange: Market Capitalization.