In 2025, stock markets in the United States accounted for roughly ** percent of world stocks. The next largest country by stock market share was China, followed by the European Union as a whole. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ are the largest stock exchange operators worldwide. What is a stock exchange? The first modern publicly traded company was the Dutch East Industry Company, which sold shares to the general public to fund expeditions to Asia. Since then, groups of companies have formed exchanges in which brokers and dealers can come together and make transactions in one space. Stock market indices group companies trading on a given exchange, giving an idea of how they evolve in real time. Appeal of stock ownership Over half of adults in the United States are investing money in the stock market. Stocks are an attractive investment because the possible return is higher than offered by other financial instruments.

The average for 2022 based on 75 countries was 1225.97 billion U.S. dollars. The highest value was in the USA: 40297.98 billion U.S. dollars and the lowest value was in Bermuda: 0.21 billion U.S. dollars. The indicator is available from 1975 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world, with an equity market capitalization of almost ** trillion U.S. dollars as of November 2025. The following largest three exchanges were the NASDAQ, PINK Exchange, and the Frankfurt Exchange. What is a stock exchange? A stock exchange is a marketplace where stockbrokers, traders, buyers, and sellers can trade in equities products. The largest exchanges have thousands of listed companies. These companies sell shares of their business, giving the general public the opportunity to invest in them. The oldest stock exchange worldwide is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, founded in the late sixteenth century. Other functions of a stock exchange Since these are publicly traded companies, every firm listed on a stock exchange has had an initial public offering (IPO). The largest IPOs can raise billions of dollars in equity for the firm involved. Related to stock exchanges are derivatives exchanges, where stock options, futures contracts, and other derivatives can be traded.

About:

This dataset encompasses the historical data of major stock indices from around the world, sourced directly from Yahoo Finance. With data reaching back to the early 1920s (where available), it serves as an invaluable repository for academic researchers, financial analysts, and market enthusiasts. Users can delve into trends across decades, evaluate historical market behaviors, or even design and validate predictive financial models.

Photo by Tötös Ádám on Unsplash

Info on CSVs:

1. all_indices_data.csv:

   • Description: A consolidated dataset merging all the stock indices from Yahoo Finance.
   • Columns:
     • date: The date of the data point (formatted as YYYY-MM-DD).
     • open: The opening value of the index on that date.
     • high: The highest value of the index during the trading session.
     • low: The lowest value of the index during the trading session.
     • close: The closing value of the index.
     • volume: The trading volume of the index on that date.
     • ticker: The ticker symbol of the stock index.

2. individual_indices_data/[SYMBOL]_data.csv:

   • Description: Individual datasets for each stock index, where [SYMBOL] denotes the ticker symbol of the respective stock index. Each dataset is curated from Yahoo Finance's historical data archives.
   • Columns:
     • date: The date of the data point (formatted as YYYY-MM-DD).
     • open: The opening value of the index on that date.
     • high: The highest value of the index during the trading session.
     • low: The lowest value of the index during the trading session.
     • close: The closing value of the index.
     • volume: The trading volume of the index on that date.

The average for 2022 based on 74 countries was 34.95 percent. The highest value was in Hong Kong: 794.22 percent and the lowest value was in Azerbaijan: 0 percent. The indicator is available from 1975 to 2022. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The "Stock Market Dataset for AI-Driven Prediction and Trading Strategy Optimization" is designed to simulate real-world stock market data for training and evaluating machine learning models. This dataset includes a combination of technical indicators, market metrics, sentiment scores, and macroeconomic factors, providing a comprehensive foundation for developing and testing AI models for stock price prediction and trading strategy optimization.

Key Features Market Metrics:

Open, High, Low, Close Prices: Daily stock price movement. Volume: Represents the trading activity during the day. Technical Indicators:

RSI (Relative Strength Index): A momentum oscillator to measure the speed and change of price movements. MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): An indicator to reveal changes in strength, direction, momentum, and duration of a trend. Bollinger Bands: Upper and lower bands around a stock price to measure volatility. Sentiment Analysis:

Sentiment Score: Simulated sentiment derived from financial news and social media, ranging from -1 (negative) to 1 (positive). Macroeconomic Factors:

GDP Growth: Indicates the overall health and growth of the economy. Inflation Rate: Reflects changes in purchasing power and economic stability. Target Variable:

Buy/Sell Signal: Binary classification (1 = Buy, 0 = Sell) based on price movement thresholds, simulating actionable trading decisions. Use Cases AI Model Training: Ideal for building stock prediction models using LSTM, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, etc. Trading Strategy Optimization: Enables testing of trading algorithms and strategies in a simulated environment. Sentiment Analysis Research: Useful for understanding how sentiment influences stock movements. Feature Engineering and Selection: Provides a diverse set of features for experimentation with advanced techniques like PCA and LDA. Dataset Highlights Synthetic Yet Realistic: Carefully designed to mimic real-world financial data trends and relationships. Comprehensive Coverage: Includes key indicators and metrics used by traders and analysts. Scalable: Suitable for use in both small-scale academic projects and larger AI-driven trading platforms. Accessible for All Levels: The intuitive structure ensures that even beginners can utilize this dataset for financial machine learning applications. File Format The dataset is provided in CSV format, where:

Rows represent individual trading days. Columns represent features (technical indicators, market metrics, etc.) and the target variable. Acknowledgments This dataset is synthetically generated and is intended for research and educational purposes. It is not based on real market data and should not be used for actual trading.

Context:

The provided dataset is extracted from yahoo finance using pandas and yahoo finance library in python. This deals with stock market index of the world best economies. The code generated data from Jan 01, 2003 to Jun 30, 2023 that’s more than 20 years. There are 18 CSV files, dataset is generated for 16 different stock market indices comprising of 7 different countries. Below is the list of countries along with number of indices extracted through yahoo finance library, while two CSV files deals with annualized return and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been computed from the extracted data.

Number of Countries & Index:

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F90ce8a986761636e3edbb49464b304d8%2FNumber%20of%20Index.JPG?generation=1688490342207096&alt=media" alt="">

Content:

Unit of analysis: Stock Market Index Analysis

This dataset is useful for research purposes, particularly for conducting comparative analyses involving capital market performance and could be used along with other economic indicators.

There are 18 distinct CSV files associated with this dataset. First 16 CSV files deals with number of indices and last two CSV file deals with annualized return of each year and CAGR of each index. If data in any column is blank, it portrays that index was launch in later years, for instance: Bse500 (India), this index launch in 2007, so earlier values are blank, similarly China_Top300 index launch in year 2021 so early fields are blank too.

The extraction process involves applying different criteria, like in 16 CSV files all columns are included, Adj Close is used to calculate annualized return. The algorithm extracts data based on index name (code given by the yahoo finance) according start and end date.

Annualized return and CAGR has been calculated and illustrated in below image along with machine readable file (CSV) attached to that.

To extract the data provided in the attachment, various criteria were applied:

1. Content Filtering: The data was filtered based on several attributes, including the index name, start and end date. This filtering process ensured that only relevant data meeting the specified criteria.

2. Collaborative Filtering: Another filtering technique used was collaborative filtering using yahoo finance, which relies on index similarity. This approach involves finding indices that are similar to other index or extended dataset scope to other countries or economies. By leveraging this method, the algorithm identifies and extracts data based on similarities between indices.

In the last two CSV files, one belongs to annualized return, that was calculated based on the Adj close column and new DataFrame created to store its outcome. Below is the image of annualized returns of all index (if unreadable, machine-readable or CSV format is attached with the dataset).

Annualized Return:

As far as annualised rate of return is concerned, most of the time India stock market indices leading, followed by USA, Canada and Japan stock market indices.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F37645bd90623ea79f3708a958013c098%2FAnnualized%20Return.JPG?generation=1688525901452892&alt=media" alt="">

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR):

The best performing index based on compound growth is Sensex (India) that comprises of top 30 companies is 15.60%, followed by Nifty500 (India) that is 11.34% and Nasdaq (USA) all is 10.60%.

The worst performing index is China top300, however this is launch in 2021 (post pandemic), so would not possible to examine at that stage (due to less data availability). Furthermore, UK and Russia indices are also top 5 in the worst order.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F58ae33f60a8800749f802b46ec1e07e7%2FCAGR.JPG?generation=1688490409606631&alt=media" alt="">

Geography: Stock Market Index of the World Top Economies

Time period: Jan 01, 2003 – June 30, 2023

Variables: Stock Market Index Title, Open, High, Low, Close, Adj Close, Volume, Year, Month, Day, Yearly_Return and CAGR

File Type: CSV file

Inspiration:

• Time series prediction model
• Investment opportunities in world best economies
• Comparative Analysis of past data with other stock market indices or other indices

Disclaimer:

This is not a financial advice; due diligence is required in each investment decision.

United States US: Stocks Traded: Total Value data was reported at 39,785.881 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 42,071.330 USD bn for 2016. United States US: Stocks Traded: Total Value data is updated yearly, averaging 17,934.293 USD bn from Dec 1984 (Median) to 2017, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 47,245.496 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 1,108.421 USD bn in 1984. United States US: Stocks Traded: Total Value data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Financial Sector. The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.; ; World Federation of Exchanges database.; Sum; Stock market data were previously sourced from Standard & Poor's until they discontinued their 'Global Stock Markets Factbook' and database in April 2013. Time series have been replaced in December 2015 with data from the World Federation of Exchanges and may differ from the previous S&P definitions and methodology.

Based on the total number of companies listed, the Japan Exchange Group was the largest stock exchange operator in the world as of Janaury 2025, with 3,968 companies listed. Of these, only six were foreign companies, with the remaining being domestic. The stock exchange with the highest number of international companies at this time was the U.S. Nasdaq, with 871. However, despite only having the seventh-highest number of companies, the New York Stock Exchange has the highest market capitalization of any stock exchange operator.

Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; Foreign Direct Investment in U.S.: Equity; Asset (Market Value), Level (BOGZ1FL263092141A) from 1945 to 2024 about FDI, market value, equity, assets, and USA.

Stock Exchanges Market Outlook

The global stock exchanges market size is projected to grow from USD 85 billion in 2023 to USD 130 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8%. This steady growth is underpinned by a multitude of factors, including advancements in trading technology, the increasing complexity of financial instruments, and the rising participation of retail and institutional investors in global financial markets. The proliferation of electronic trading platforms, alongside traditional stock exchanges, is also contributing significantly to the growth of this market, providing enhanced accessibility, transparency, and efficiency in trading operations worldwide.

A key growth factor driving the expansion of the stock exchanges market is the ongoing digital transformation across the financial sector. With the advent of sophisticated trading technologies such as algorithmic trading and high-frequency trading, stock exchanges are increasingly adopting cutting-edge IT infrastructures to handle large volumes of trade data with superior accuracy and speed. Furthermore, the development of blockchain technology is poised to revolutionize clearing and settlement processes, reducing costs and the time taken for transaction finalization. This technological evolution is not only enhancing the operational efficiency of stock exchanges but also broadening the scope for innovative financial products, thereby attracting a wider array of market participants.

Another significant driver is the globalization of financial markets, which has led to a convergence in trading practices and regulations. As cross-border investments surge, stock exchanges are compelled to offer diverse products and services to cater to a global clientele. This necessitates continuous improvements in trading platforms and regulatory frameworks to manage the complexities associated with international investments. Additionally, increasing wealth in emerging economies is spurring investment activities, thereby boosting the demand for reliable and efficient stock exchanges. These dynamics are fueling the growth of the market by fostering an environment conducive to investment and financial inclusivity.

The increasing interest from retail investors is also a major factor contributing to the growth of the stock exchanges market. The advent of user-friendly trading apps and platforms has democratized stock trading, enabling retail investors to participate actively in financial markets. Enhanced financial literacy and the widespread availability of information have empowered individual investors to make informed decisions, leading to an upsurge in market participation. This rise in retail trading volume is prompting stock exchanges to innovate and expand their offerings to accommodate this burgeoning segment, thus driving market growth.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the stock exchanges market, driven by the presence of major exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a formidable player due to rapid economic growth, regulatory reforms, and technological advancements in countries like China, India, and Japan. The region is witnessing a significant influx of foreign capital, bolstering trading activities and propelling market expansion. Europe also holds a substantial share, supported by its mature financial markets and strong institutional investor base. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are exhibiting potential for growth, albeit at a relatively slower pace, as they develop their financial infrastructures and regulatory environments.

Type Analysis

The stock exchanges market is bifurcated into traditional stock exchanges and electronic trading platforms, each serving distinct roles in the financial ecosystem. Traditional stock exchanges have long been the cornerstone of financial markets, operating as centralized venues where securities are bought and sold. These exchanges, such as the NYSE and London Stock Exchange, are characterized by their stringent regulatory frameworks and structured trading environments, which instill confidence and trust among market participants. Despite the technological advancements, traditional exchanges continue to hold a significant share of the market due to their established reputations and the comprehensive services they offer, including listing, trading, and settlement.

On the other hand, electronic trading platforms have gained momentum in recent years, driven by the demand for greater efficiency and flexibility in trading. These platf

Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; Foreign Direct Investment in U.S.; Asset (Market Value), Market Value Levels (BOGZ1LM263092045Q) from Q4 1945 to Q2 2025 about FDI, market value, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Stock Market Total Value Traded to GDP for United States (DDDM02USA156NWDB) from 1975 to 2019 about market cap, stock market, trade, GDP, and USA.

The value of global domestic equity market increased from ***** trillion U.S. dollars in 2013 to ****** trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. The United States was by far the leading country with the largest share of total world stocks as of 2024. Global market capitalization in different regions The market capitalization of domestic companies listed varied across different regions of the world. As of Decmber 2024, the Americas region had the largest domestic equity market, totaling ** trillion U.S. dollars. This region is home to the NYSE and Nasdaq, which are the two largest stock exchange operators in the world. The market capitalization of these two exchanges alone exceeded ** billion U.S. dollars as of January 2025, larger than the total market capitalization in the Asia-Pacific, and in the EMEA regions in the same period. Largest Stock Exchanges in Latin America As of December 2024, the B3 (Brasil Bolsa Balcao) was the biggest stock exchange in Latin America in terms of market capitalization and the second-largest in terms of number of listed companies. Following the B3 were the Mexican Stock Exchange and the Santiago Stock Exchange in Chile. The most valuable company in Latin America is listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange: Fomento Económico Mexicano, a multinational beverage and retail company headquartered in Monterrey, had a market cap of *** billion U.S. dollars as of March 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Stock Market Capitalization to GDP for World (DISCONTINUED) (DDDM011WA156NWDB) from 1975 to 2015 about market cap, stock market, capital, and GDP.

Ukraine Turnover: Kiev International Stock Exchange data was reported at 0.000 UAH mn in Oct 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 UAH mn for Sep 2018. Ukraine Turnover: Kiev International Stock Exchange data is updated monthly, averaging 12.312 UAH mn from Jan 1999 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 237 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,995.450 UAH mn in Aug 2013 and a record low of 0.000 UAH mn in Oct 2018. Ukraine Turnover: Kiev International Stock Exchange data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by NATIONAL SECURITIES AND STOCK MARKET COMMISSION. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ukraine – Table UA.Z002: Stock Exchange: Turnover.

Market capitalization of World jumped by 11.21% from 102,923,059,370,000.0 US dollars in 2023 to 114,462,421,710,000.0 US dollars in 2024. Since the 15.77% drop in 2022, market capitalization shot up by 22.37% in 2024. Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding. Listed domestic companies are the domestically incorporated companies listed on the country's stock exchanges at the end of the year. Listed companies does not include investment companies, mutual funds, or other collective investment vehicles.

Japan TSE: Turnover: Value: Foreign Stocks: Prime Market data was reported at 0.059 JPY bn in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.073 JPY bn for Feb 2025. Japan TSE: Turnover: Value: Foreign Stocks: Prime Market data is updated monthly, averaging 0.077 JPY bn from Apr 2022 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.292 JPY bn in Mar 2024 and a record low of 0.001 JPY bn in Feb 2023. Japan TSE: Turnover: Value: Foreign Stocks: Prime Market data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Japan Exchange Group Inc.. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.Z010: Tokyo Stock Exchange: Turnover: Stock and Bonds.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Listed Companies for United States (DDOM01USA644NWDB) from 1975 to 2019 about companies, stock market, and USA.

Egypt EG: Stocks Traded: Total Value data was reported at 14.429 USD bn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.080 USD bn for 2016. Egypt EG: Stocks Traded: Total Value data is updated yearly, averaging 21.767 USD bn from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 95.827 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 10.080 USD bn in 2016. Egypt EG: Stocks Traded: Total Value data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank.WDI: Financial Sector. The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values converted to U.S. dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates.; ; World Federation of Exchanges database.; Sum; Stock market data were previously sourced from Standard & Poor's until they discontinued their 'Global Stock Markets Factbook' and database in April 2013. Time series have been replaced in December 2015 with data from the World Federation of Exchanges and may differ from the previous S&P definitions and methodology.