Graph and download economic data for Rest of the World; Foreign Direct Investment in U.S.: Equity; Asset (Market Value), Level (BOGZ1FL263092141A) from 1945 to 2024 about FDI, market value, equity, assets, and USA.

Residential property sales to foreign buyers in the United States between 2010 and 2024 peaked in 2017 at a value of *** billion U.S. dollars. Since 2017, the value of property sales to foreign buyers dramatically decreased to pre-2010 values. The dramatic decline in 2021 was due to the economic effect of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic both in the U.S. and globally. By March 2024, property sales to foreign buyers in the United States amounted to ** billion U.S. dollars, the lowest recorded since 2010.

In 2024, Chinese and Mexican buyers made up the second-largest share of major foreign buyers of property in the United States, following Canadians. In that year, ** percent of residential properties were purchased by Canadians buyers and ** percent by Chinese buyers. That amounted to an aggregate value of *** billion U.S. dollars of housing sales to Chinese buyers.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Foreign Banking Offices in the U.S.; Loans for Purchasing or Carrying Securities; Asset, Level (BOGZ1FL753067003A) from 1945 to 2024 about foreign offices, off-premises, purchase, foreign, securities, assets, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

About ** percent of foreign buyers of residential real estate in the United States bought detached single-family houses in the period between April 2023 and March 2024. In comparison, only five percent of foreign buyers bought residential land. During the same period, the largest buyer group was Canadian.

Most of the property purchased by non-resident foreign buyers in the United States between 2009 and 2024 was in suburban areas. In 2024, ** percent of the American properties bought by foreign buyers were in suburban areas whereas ** percent were in Central city and urban areas.

Texas is one of the U.S. states with the highest number of international home purchases in the United States in 2023. In the period between ********** and **********, the Mexican buyers accounted for the largest share of international transaction of residential real estate in Texas, with ** percent of international transactions. In total, Mexican, Indian, Chinese, Canadian, and UK buyers were responsible for ** percent of international transactions.

In 2022, commercial property in the United States was bought for investment reasons by ** percent of realtors' foreign buyers . In comparison, in 2020, the share of respondents who bought property to rent it out was ** percent. The lower share in 2020 can be explained with the economic effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic during the year.

Graph and download economic data for Foreign Banking Offices in the U.S.; Loans for Purchasing or Carrying Securities; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA753067003Q) from Q4 1946 to Q1 2025 about foreign offices, off-premises, purchase, foreign, transactions, securities, assets, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Total Fed Funds Sold and Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell, Foreign-Related Institutions (H8B3092NFRD) from 2010-01-06 to 2025-08-06 about purchase, foreign, securities, sales, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The proportion of buyers from the United Kingdom among foreign buyers of residential property in the United States decreased between 2011 and 2024. In 2024, four percent of foreign buyers of property in the U.S. hailed from the United Kingdom. Compared to countries like Canada and Mexico, the United Kingdom contributed a smaller share to foreign buyers of residential property in the United States.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Foreign Exchange market size will be USD 807548.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 323019.40 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 242264.55 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 185736.16 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 40377.43 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 16150.97 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Forex Options are the fastest-growing segment in the Foreign Exchange market by type, driven by their flexibility for hedging and speculative trading

Market Dynamics

Key Drivers

The interplay of currency supply and demand dictates forex market movements.

The interplay of currency supply and demand fundamentally dictates movements in the foreign exchange market, a colossal marketplace with an average daily trading volume of approximately $2.44 trillion as of January 2025. This dynamic is powerfully influenced by central bank monetary policy, as demonstrated by the direct impact of interest rate changes. When a central bank raises interest rates, it increases the demand for its currency from foreign investors seeking higher returns on their assets. A mere 25 basis point increase in interest rates can trigger capital inflows sufficient to appreciate a currency by 1-2% against other currencies. This demand is further influenced by a country's economic health, as a strong economy, like the U.S.'s projected 1.4% GDP growth in 2025, attracts significant foreign investment, thereby increasing the demand for its currency. The balance of a country's trade also directly impacts currency flows; a nation with a trade surplus sees a continuous demand for its currency as foreigners buy its exports, while a trade deficit increases supply as local buyers sell their currency for imports. Ultimately, every economic data point and policy decision contribute to the daily flux of supply and demand, creating the volatile and dynamic market movements that drive trillions of dollars in trading volume across the globe.

Source -

https://www.tradeweb.com/newsroom/media-center/news-releases/tradeweb-reports-january-2025-total-trading-volume-of-$54.6-trillion-and-average-daily-volume-of-$2.44-trillion

https://www.bea.gov/news/2025/gross-domestic-product-1st-quarter-2025-advance-estimate

Key Restraints

The foreign exchange market's expansion is limited by its transparency and counterparty risk challenges.

The foreign exchange market's expansion is significantly limited by a lack of transparency and pervasive counterparty risk, both of which are direct consequences of its decentralized, Over-the-Counter (OTC) structure. According to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Triennial Survey, a staggering 80% of all forex turnover happens in this OTC environment, including 28% of spot trades and 51% of swaps. This structural opaqueness leads to fragmented pricing and makes it difficult for participants to assess true market depth, thereby eroding confidence. This setup also exposes participants to significant counterparty risk, as there is no central clearinghouse to guarantee trades. This risk is underscored by recent regulatory actions, with French authorities adding 50 new websites to their blacklist of unauthorized platforms in the first half of 2024, and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintaining its own alert list against unregulated brokers. Ultimately, these quantifiable risks pose a fundamental restraint on market expansion by increasing trading costs, undermining trust, and deterring both institutional and retail participants.

Source –

https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx.html

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As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

The dataset shows Year and month wise Foreign exchange reserves of India

Note: 1. Foreign Currency Assets exclude investment in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK), SDRs transferred by Government of India to RBI and foreign currency received under SAARC SWAP arrangement. Foreign currency assets in US dollar take into account appreciation/depreciation of non-US currencies (such as Euro, Sterling, Yen, Australian Dollar, etc.) held in reserves. Foreign exchange holdings are converted into rupees at market exchange rates prevailing on the day. 2. Data on SDR includes SDRs 3,082.5 Million and SDRs 12,569.56 Million allocated under general allocation done by IMF on August 28, 2009 and August 23, 2021 respectively as well as SDRs 214.6 Million allocated under special allocation done by IMF on September 9, 2009. 3. Gold data Include ₹31463 Crore (US$ 6,699 Million) reflecting the purchase of 200 metric tonnes of gold from IMF on November 3, 2009.

The dataset contains All India Yearly Forex Reserves from Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy.

Note: 1. Foreign Currency Assets exclude investment in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK), SDRs transferred by Government of India to RBI and foreign currency received under SAARC SWAP arrangement. Foreign currency assets in US dollar take into account appreciation/ depreciation of non-US currencies (such as Euro, Sterling, Yen, Australian Dollar, etc.) held in reserves. Foreign exchange holdings are converted into rupees at rupee-US dollar RBI holding rates. 2. Gold Includes Rupees 31463 crore(US $ 6699 million) reflecting the purchase of 200 metric tonnes of gold from IMF on November 3, 2009. 3. SDRs Includes SDRs 3082.5 million allocated under general allocation and SDRs 214.6 million allocated under special allocation by the IMF done on August 28, 2009 and september 9, 2009, respectively.

In 2024, approximately ** percent of foreign buyers of residential real estate in Florida were of Latin American or Caribbean origin. North Americans were the second largest group contributing ** percent of buyers.

The dataset contains year-, month- and day-wise historically compiled data from the year 2001 to till date on the value of India's foreign exchange reserves such as Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and other Assets, along with its Reserve Tranche Position in International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Notes : 1) Foreign Currency Assets exclude investment in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK), SDRs transferred by Government of India to RBI and foreign currency received under SAARC SWAP arrangement. Foreign currency assets in US dollar take into account appreciation/depreciation of non-US currencies (such as Euro, Sterling, Yen, Australian Dollar, etc.) held in reserves. Foreign exchange holdings are converted into rupees at rupee-US dollar RBI holding rates.

2) Data on SDR includes SDRs 3,082.5 million allocated under general allocation and SDRs 214.6 million allocated under special allocation by the IMF done on August 28, 2009 and September 9, 2009, respectively.

3) Gold data Include Rupees 31463 crore(US $ 6,699 million) reflecting the purchase of 200 metric tonnes of gold from IMF on November 3, 2009.

The data shows the year-wise foreign exchange reserves in Indian currency and in US Dollar in the years between 2001 and 2017.

Note: 1. Gold has been valued close to international market price. 2. Conversion of FCA is done at current exchange rates and SDR in US dollars is done at exchange rates supplied by IMF. 3. Transactions with IMF are converted at respective SDR/$ rate. 4. FCA excludes: (i) Investment in foreign currency denominated bonds issued by IIFC (UK) since 2009, (ii) Amount lent under SAARC swap arrangements since 2013 and (iii) SDR transferred by Govt. of India to RBI since March 2014. 5. Gold includes Rupee 31,463 crore(US$ 6699 million) reflecting the purchase of 200 metric tonnes of Gold from IMF on November 3, 2009. 6. SDR includes SDR 3082.5 million allocated under general allocation and SDR 214.6 million allocated under special allocation by the IMF done on August 28,2009 and September 2009 respectively. 8. Above figures are as on 31st March of each year mentioned in years. 9. FCA implies Foreign Currency Assets, SDRs implies Special Drawing Rights and RTP implies Reserve Tranche Position in IMF.

Chinese buyers comprise one of the largest groups of foreign buyers of residential property in the United States. In 2017, a record number of residential properties were bought by Chinese nationals, but since then, both the sales volume and percentage of all foreign-bought properties has declined. In 2024, Chinese buyers were responsible for ** percent of all sales to foreigners. Who is the biggest buyer of U.S. residential property? During the coronavirus pandemic, buyers from Canadian and Mexican origin dominated international transactions. In 2024 Chinese nationals were the second-largest buyers of U.S. residential property. They were also responsible for the largest share of the aggregate value of properties purchased. On average, Chinese bought properties were also substantially more expensive than the ones purchased by other buyer groups, such as Canadians. How has the market developed? The total property sales to foreign buyers peaked at *** U.S. dollars in 2017, followed by a period of declining transaction value. The coronavirus pandemic has significantly contributed to cross-border transactions remaining subdued. In 2024, the value of property sales to foreigners was the lowest observed since recording began.