Forex daily volume was nearly ***** billion U.S. dollars for the USD currency, an amount ***** times higher than for the euro (EUR). The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance. What figures are available, however, indicate that the USD currency far outweighs that of many other currencies all over the world. What is the forex market? The forex market is based on the fluctuations in the value of currency interest rates. For example, the U.S. dollar performs differently against other major currencies. If one can properly predict these fluctuations, they can buy a weaker currency with a stronger one. After the currencies rebalance, the original currency will be worth more in terms of the exchange rate, giving the investor a profit. There are many foreign exchange trading services, including many multinational banks that already work in multiple currencies. Other currency trading functions Countries and central banks typically hold foreign currencies. These international reserves help facilitate the transactions in international trade, which is one reason China’s foreign reserves are so high. Countries can buy and sell foreign currencies to maintain a particular exchange rate. This is necessary for currencies that are pegged to another currency, such as the U.S. dollar. However, some countries are accused of exchange rate manipulation to make their exports seem more attractive. Finally, certain currencies are considered safer. Citizens and firms in a country with an unstable currency will buy these currencies to avoid volatility, or even hyperinflation, in their home currency.

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Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is valued to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% from 2024 to 2029. Growing urbanization and digitalization will drive the foreign exchange market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

Europe dominated the market and accounted for a 47% growth during the forecast period.
By Type - Reporting dealers segment was valued at USD 278.60 billion in 2023
By Trade Finance Instruments - Currency swaps segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 118.14 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 582.00 billion
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 10.6%

Market Summary

The market, a dynamic and intricate web of financial transactions, plays a pivotal role in facilitating global trade and economic interactions. Its primary function is to enable the conversion of one currency into another, thereby mitigating the risk of currency fluctuations for businesses and investors. Key drivers of this market include growing urbanization and digitalization, which have expanded trading opportunities to a 24x7 global economy. However, the uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a significant challenge, necessitating effective risk management strategies. The market's evolution reflects the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. Transactions occur in a decentralized, over-the-counter system, with major trading centers in London, New York, and Tokyo.
Participants include commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and individual investors, all seeking to capitalize on price differences between currencies. Trends shaping the market include the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence to analyze market data and execute trades. Regulatory changes, such as the introduction of stricter capital requirements, also impact the market's functioning. Looking ahead, the market is expected to remain a vital component of the global financial landscape, with continued growth driven by increased trade and economic interdependence. However, challenges, such as regulatory changes and geopolitical risks, will necessitate adaptability and innovation from market participants.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Foreign Exchange Market Segmented ?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market, a dynamic and ever-evolving financial landscape, is characterized by constant activity and intricate patterns. Participants engage in various trading strategies, employing advanced tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders on forex trading platforms. Real-time data feeds and order book dynamics facilitate trade execution speed, while market microstructure and slippage minimization techniques ensure efficient transactions. Currency correlation analysis and transaction cost analysis are integral to informed decision-making, with backtesting methodologies providing valuable insights. Currency forwards contracts, position sizing techniques, and forex derivatives pricing are essential components of risk management systems. Carry trade strategies, hedging strategies, and interest rate parity are popular tactics employed by market participants.

Algorithmic trading strategies, driven by options pricing models and trading algorithms' efficiency, significantly influence price discovery mechanisms. High-frequency trading and volatility modeling contribute to the market's liquidity risk management, while foreign exchange swaps and currency option valuation help manage risk. The market's complexities necessitate sophisticated risk management systems and intricate order routing optimization. Global payments systems facilitate the smooth transfer of funds, and liquidity risk management remains a critical concern for market participants. According to recent studies, The market is estimated to account for approximately USD6 trillion in daily trading volume, und

By April 2022, average daily trades on the U.S. forex market had grown by over *** billion U.S. dollars compared to three years before. However, the forex market in the UK was larger, with an average daily turnover of **** trillion U.S. dollars in April 2019. These values relate to the total foreign exchange market, covering both spot transactions and forex derivatives like swaps forwards and options The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance.

In 2025, the United Kingdom had by far the largest OTC (over-the-counter) foreign exchange (forex) market, with an average daily turnover of around *** trillion U.S. dollars. Of this, the vast majority was due to various kinds of forex derivatives, with swaps being the most common forex instrument traded. Standard spot transactions, where two currencies are exchanged at an agreed price within two days and without a contract, accounted for roughly *** trillion U.S. dollars of the total average daily turnover.

By the end of 2019, forex trades involving the British pound in the United Kingdom had grown by nearly ** percent compared to the turnover in 2016. The daily volume of the British pound on UK foreign exchange markets now amounted to around *** trillion U.S. dollars in 2019, by far the highest value over the period surveyed. The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance.

Context The dataset contains daily prices of Bitcoin from 13-07-2010 to 19-04-2023 (scrapped from coinmarketcap.com)

Description Open: Price from the first transaction of a business day High: Maximum price in a day Low: Minimum price in a day Close: Price from the last transaction of a trading day Volume: Number of units traded in a day Market Cap: Total dollar value of all the Bitcoins

This dataset includes Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) estimations of the major currency pairs on the Forex market. Notably, it provides daily VaR and ES estimates for the AUDUSD, EURCAD, EURCHF, EURUSD, GBPUSD, and USDJPY FX assets for January 2021 to September 2022. The reported risk estimates were calculated by various parametric and non-parametric models, including Variance-Covariance (VS), Historical Simulation (HS), Monte Carlo (MC), and Garch(1,1) at both 95% and 99% confidence levels. To enable model evaluation, the last column of each CSV file, named pnl, provides the actual daily returns of the FX asset. The data and code used to create this dataset are available at Zenodo and INFINITECH Marketplace, respectively.

Dataset

This dataset was created by Damjan Ostrelič

Released under CC0: Public Domain

Contents

Cryptocurrencies have been constantly part of news articles lately. So we wanted to understand more about it. Some basic questions got us interested in looking for answers to the following questions: - How many cryptocurrencies are there and what are their prices and valuations? - Why is there a sudden surge in interest in recent days?

The Dataset has one CSV containing the Top 9 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization and their historical data from 8 Aug 2015 to 6 July 2021. Price history is available on a daily basis from 8 Aug 2015.

Date: date of observation Open: Opening price on the given day High: Highest price on the given day Low: Lowest price on the given day Close: Closing price on the given day Volume: Volume of transactions on the given day Market Cap: Market capitalization in USD

Acknowledgments This data is taken from Cryptocurrency Historical Prices (on Kaggle) Cover Image: Photo by Taxer on Unsplash

Problem Statement: 1. Recognizing the Top 5 most volatile currencies. 2. Predicting the next date closing price based on past cryptocurrency data for investments. 3. Finding patterns of cryptocurrencies using historical data. 4. Understanding the need for patterns in cryptocurrency historical data as a tool for building a crypto trading system as a future scope.

TCA for FX Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the TCA for FX market size reached USD 730 million globally in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.2% projected through 2033. By leveraging this CAGR, the market is expected to reach a value of approximately USD 1.45 billion by 2033. The primary growth factor fueling this market is the increasing demand for transparency, regulatory compliance, and cost efficiency in foreign exchange trading environments, prompting financial institutions to adopt advanced TCA (Transaction Cost Analysis) solutions for FX markets.

The growth trajectory of the TCA for FX market is primarily driven by the global shift towards automated and data-driven trading environments. As forex trading volumes continue to surge, financial institutions are under growing pressure to reduce trading costs and optimize execution quality. TCA solutions allow market participants to analyze and benchmark transaction costs in real-time, providing actionable insights to enhance trading strategies. The proliferation of electronic trading platforms has further accelerated the adoption of TCA tools, as firms seek to leverage advanced analytics and machine learning to gain a competitive edge. The integration of TCA solutions with existing trading infrastructure is becoming increasingly seamless, fostering greater market penetration across both buy-side and sell-side institutions.

Another significant growth factor is the evolving regulatory landscape governing the global FX market. Regulatory authorities across major financial hubs have intensified their focus on best execution, transparency, and accountability, compelling market participants to adopt robust TCA frameworks. Regulations such as MiFID II in Europe and the FX Global Code have mandated comprehensive reporting and monitoring of trading activities, driving the demand for TCA solutions that can address compliance requirements efficiently. Financial institutions are recognizing the strategic value of TCA not only as a compliance tool but also as a means to enhance operational efficiency and mitigate risks associated with FX trading.

Technological advancements are also playing a pivotal role in propelling the TCA for FX market forward. The emergence of cloud-based deployment models, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics has transformed the capabilities of TCA solutions, enabling real-time analysis and scalable deployment across global trading desks. These innovations are making TCA tools more accessible to a wider range of market participants, including smaller banks, asset managers, and hedge funds, who are seeking to level the playing field with larger, more technologically advanced competitors. The ability to process vast volumes of trade data and generate granular insights is positioning TCA as an indispensable component of modern FX trading strategies.

As the financial markets continue to evolve, the importance of T+1 Settlement Readiness Solutions is becoming increasingly evident. These solutions are designed to streamline the post-trade process, ensuring that transactions are settled within a day after the trade date. This shift towards T+1 settlement is driven by the need for greater efficiency, reduced counterparty risk, and improved liquidity in the financial markets. By adopting T+1 Settlement Readiness Solutions, financial institutions can enhance their operational efficiency, minimize settlement failures, and align with global regulatory standards. The integration of these solutions with existing trading and settlement systems is crucial for achieving seamless and timely settlement, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and robust financial ecosystem.

From a regional perspective, North America currently leads the global TCA for FX market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the presence of major financial institutions, advanced trading infrastructure, and a proactive regulatory environment. However, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by the rapid expansion of electronic trading, increasing cross-border capital flows, and growing awareness of the benefits of TCA solutions among regional banks and asset managers. Europe remains a key market, u

In 2007, the average daily turnover of foreign exchange (forex) transactions and derivatives traded in Italy had risen significantly, before dropping during the next few years. The level of foreign exchange swaps has remained stable since 2016, not experiencing a significant increase or decrease through to 2022. The most commonly traded foreign exchange instrument was foreign exchange rate swaps, which amounted to a rough value of ** billion U.S. dollars in 2007. The least traded foreign exchange instrument was currency swaps, with the highest value of roughly *** million U.S. dollars being recorded in 2016.

Graph and download economic data for Nominal Broad U.S. Dollar Index (DTWEXBGS) from 2006-01-02 to 2025-11-28 about trade-weighted, broad, exchange rate, currency, goods, services, rate, indexes, and USA.

The market cap of the top 10 stablecoin initially multiplied over time, reaching a combined value of over ****** billion USD in September 2025. Note this value does not include TerraUSD (UST), the algorithmic stablecoin tied to the LUNA crypto which declined severely in May 2022. Up to then, estimates reveal that the market cap had more than tripled within five months - likely following growing interest worldwide in cryptocurrencies, after sudden price spikes in a coin like Dogecoin (DOGE). Stability above all, or what does a stablecoin do? Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies - like the commonly known Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) - but their value is determined differently. Whilst the price of Bitcoin mainly follows supply - how many coins are being mined or are available to purchase - and demand - how many investors want to buy the coin - stablecoins are synthetically connected to the price of an altogether different asset. Tether's USDT, for instance, is connected to the price development of the U.S. dollar (USD): if the U.S. dollar falls in the FX market, so does the USDT. Compare this to the "regular" price history of a cryptocurrency like Ripple (XRP) and stablecoins reveal themselves to be a relatively less volatile digital currency to either use or invest in than their counterparts in the free market. A test ground for digital payments This stability of these particular cryptocurrencies is important for two areas in digital payments that do not prefer volatility. For instance, these coins are a popular choice within the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFi - an online financial market without the supervision of central bank that relies on cryptocurrencies for payments and loans. Because of that reliance, it is a market that can rapidly change in size due to price fluctuations or changing transaction fees of certain cryptocurrencies - something that is less likely to occur when using stablecoins. Additionally, stablecoins are considered the inspiration for so-called CBDC or Central Bank Digital Currencies - such as China's e-CNY currency or the "digital euro" that is being researched in the EU-27. In terms of how advanced countries worldwide are into researching their own cryptocurrency, China ranked third in 2020, behind Cambodia, and The Bahamas.

Gold fell to 4,199.97 USD/t.oz on December 2, 2025, down 0.75% from the previous day. Over the past month, Gold's price has risen 4.93%, and is up 58.92% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Gold - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

‘System cash position’ is an estimate of the change in the aggregate level of Exchange Settlement (ES) balances at the RBA, prior to the RBA’s open market operations on that day. A negative value indicates a projected fall in the level of ES balances, while a positive value indicates a projected rise. The estimate is based on information about settlements arising from transactions by the RBA’s clients, including the Australian Government, as well as the RBA’s own transactions, and is announced at 9:30 am each trading day.

‘Outright transactions’ is the cash value of purchases and sales, conducted as part of the Bank’s open market operations, of securities issued by the Australian Government and State and Territory central borrowing authorities with remaining terms to maturity up to around 18 months. A positive value indicates the RBA has purchased securities while a negative value indicates the RBA has sold securities.

‘Foreign exchange swaps’ is the aggregate value of the first leg of foreign exchange swaps transacted for same-day value specifically for domestic liquidity management purposes. A positive value indicates the RBA has sold Australian dollars for foreign currency while a negative value indicates the RBA has purchased Australian dollars. The value of the second leg of a foreign exchange swap is captured in the ‘System cash position’ on the unwind date.

‘Repurchase agreements (RPs)’ is the amount of the first leg of securities bought/sold by the RBA under repurchase agreement (RP). 'General Collateral' refers to eligible eligible securities issued by the Australian Government, State and Territory governments, supranational institutions, foreign governments and government agencies as well as eligible securities with a sovereign government guarantee. ‘Private securities’ covers all other eligible collateral, including ADI-issued securities (eligible bank-issued discount securities and certificates of deposit with 12 months or less to maturity and bonds issued by ADIs), asset-backed securities (eligible residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper) and eligible commercial paper. A positive value indicates the RBA has purchased securities under RPs while a negative value indicates the RBA has sold securities under RPs. It does not include RPs which are transacted through the RBA’s overnight RP facility. The value of the second leg of all RPs is captured in the ‘System cash position’ on the respective value dates.

‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’ is the aggregate of all ES balances held at the RBA at the close of business. Unexpected movements in ES balances and overnight RPs transacted through the RBA’s overnight RP facility mean that ‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’ will not necessarily be the sum of the previous day’s ‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’, the ‘System cash position’ and the total of ‘Open market operations’ transacted.

‘Overnight repurchase agreements with RBA’ is the aggregate of the first leg of securities bought by the RBA through the overnight RP facility. These data are updated with a one month lag.

Outright Transaction Details

The 'Outright Transactions Details' sheet provides further information on the outright purchases and sales of Bonds and Discount Securities issued by the Australian Commonwealth, State & Territory Governments, conducted as part of the Bank's open market operations. “Issuer” is the acronym of the issuer of the bond/security. A positive “Face value dealt” indicates a purchase while a negative value indicates a sale. 'Weighted average rate' is the average of the rates dealt for each bond/security, weighted by the amount transacted. 'Cut-off rate' is the lowest yield accepted.

Repo Details

The Repo Details sheets provide a summary of the type of securities delivered to/by the RBA under RP at each term dealt through the open market operations. 'Govt and Quasi-Govt Repo Details' covers repo against General Collateral (eligible securities issued by the Australian Government, State and Territory governments, supranational institutions, foreign governments and government agencies as well as eligible securities with a sovereign government guarantee). ‘Private securities’ covers all other eligible collateral, including ADI-issued securities (eligible bank-issued discount securities and certificates of deposit with 12 months or less to maturity and bonds issued by ADIs), asset-backed securities (eligible residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper) and eligible commercial paper.

'Term' is the number of days dealt in open market operations.

'Value Dealt' is the amount of the first leg of securities bought/sold by the RBA under RP.

Weighted average rate' is the is the average of the rates on RPs dealt by the RBA through open market operations, weighted by the amount transacted.

'Cut-off rate' is the lowest rate dealt by the RBA through open market operations for each term dealt.

Repo Unwinds

The Repos Unwinds sheet provides a summary of the value of repurchase agreements due to unwind in the future, for both General Collateral and Private Securities. The unwind amount is equal to the sum of the total value dealt to that date plus accrued interest.

Dataset

This dataset was created by ron wang

Contents

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Daily Open, High, Low, Close, Volume and Market Cap from the 200 oldest cryptocurrencies, scraped from coinmarketcap.com. The number in file names are the ID for each coin in coinmarketcap api.