This dataset was generated by parsing PDFs released by the US Treasury for foreign exchange. An edited version (quarterly-edited.csv) includes fixes for typos in the Treasury data.

Usage caveats from the documentation:

"Exceptions to using the reporting rates as shown in the report are: * collections and refunds to be valued at specified rates set by international agreements, * conversions of one foreign currency into another, * foreign currencies sold for dollars, and * other types of transactions affecting dollar appropriations. (See Volume I Treasury Financial Manual 2-3200 for further details.)

Since the exchange rates in this report are not current rates of exchange, they should not be used to value transactions affecting dollar appropriations."

Additional caveats:

This unified dataset should be used only for reference or ballpark estimation, and not for anything like automated valuation. The reason is because there's still a lot of messiness involving countries and changing units- when in doubt or if required, please do additional research to confirm the historical rates are indeed as stated.

Future plans:

• Clean this up so that it can indeed be used in an automated system for converting currencies
• Fill in the missing entries
• Standardize country names and currency names

Documentation

Source

The Global Currency Historical Prices Dataset provides a comprehensive collection of historical data for multiple currencies from around the world. This dataset includes daily open, high, low, and closing prices for each currency. The dataset is updated regularly to include the latest available data.

The dataset includes historical data for a variety of currencies, such as the US dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen, the British pound, the Canadian dollar, the Swiss franc, the Australian dollar, and many others. This dataset covers a broad range of currencies and includes data from various countries, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in analyzing global currency trends and patterns.

The data is provided in a user-friendly format, making it easy to download and use. The dataset includes data on currency prices for each day, as well as additional data such as currency exchange rates and volume data. The data is presented in a CSV format, making it compatible with most data analysis and machine learning tools.

This dataset is ideal for researchers, financial analysts, traders, and anyone interested in studying the historical trends and patterns of global currency prices. It can be used for a variety of purposes, such as developing trading strategies, backtesting models, and creating machine learning models for predicting future currency prices.

Overall, the Global Currencies Historical Prices Dataset is a valuable resource for anyone looking to analyze the historical trends and patterns of global currency prices. It provides comprehensive data on multiple currencies from various countries, making it an excellent tool for financial analysis and research.

A graphic that displays the dollar performance against other currencies reveals that economic developments had mixed results on currency exchanges. The third quarter of 2023 marked a period of disinflation in the euro area, while China's projected growth was projected to go up. The United States economy was said to have a relatively strong performance in Q3 2023, although growing capital market interest rate and the resumption of student loan repayments might dampen this growth at the end of 2023. A relatively weak Japanese yen Q3 2023 saw pressure from investors towards Japanese authorities on how they would respond to the situation surrounding the Japanese yen. The USD/JPY rate was close to ***, whereas analysts suspected it should be around ** given the country's purchase power parity. The main reason for this disparity is said to be the differences in central bank interest rates between the United States, the euro area, and Japan. Any future aggressive changes from, especially the U.S. Fed might lower those differences. Financial markets responded somewhat disappoint when Japan did not announce major plans to tackle the situation. Potential rent decreases in 2024 Central bank rates peak in 2023, although it is expected that some of these will decline in early 2024. That said, analysts expect overall policies will remain restrictive. For example, the Bank of England's interest rate remained unchanged at **** percent in Q3 2023. It is believed the United Kingdom's central bank will ease its interest rate in 2024 but less than either the U.S. Fed or the European Central Bank. This should be a positive development for the pound compared to either the euro or the dollar.

Indonesia Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data was reported at 16,466.999 USD/IDR in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 15,856.567 USD/IDR for 2024. Indonesia Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data is updated yearly, averaging 9,319.032 USD/IDR from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2025, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,466.999 USD/IDR in 2025 and a record low of 1,640.844 USD/IDR in 1987. Indonesia Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.World Bank.GEM: Foreign Exchange Rates: Annual. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).

Comoros Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data was reported at 434.474 USD/KMF in May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 438.476 USD/KMF for Apr 2025. Comoros Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data is updated monthly, averaging 401.029 USD/KMF from Jan 1987 (Median) to May 2025, with 461 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,060.522 USD/KMF in Dec 2020 and a record low of 246.026 USD/KMF in Sep 1992. Comoros Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Comoros – Table KM.World Bank.GEM: Foreign Exchange Rates. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).

India Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data was reported at 85.987 USD/INR in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 83.669 USD/INR for 2024. India Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data is updated yearly, averaging 45.732 USD/INR from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2025, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 85.987 USD/INR in 2025 and a record low of 12.949 USD/INR in 1987. India Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.World Bank.GEM: Foreign Exchange Rates: Annual. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).

Snapshot img

Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is valued to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% from 2024 to 2029. Growing urbanization and digitalization will drive the foreign exchange market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

Europe dominated the market and accounted for a 47% growth during the forecast period.
By Type - Reporting dealers segment was valued at USD 278.60 billion in 2023
By Trade Finance Instruments - Currency swaps segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 118.14 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 582.00 billion
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 10.6%

Market Summary

The market, a dynamic and intricate web of financial transactions, plays a pivotal role in facilitating global trade and economic interactions. Its primary function is to enable the conversion of one currency into another, thereby mitigating the risk of currency fluctuations for businesses and investors. Key drivers of this market include growing urbanization and digitalization, which have expanded trading opportunities to a 24x7 global economy. However, the uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a significant challenge, necessitating effective risk management strategies. The market's evolution reflects the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. Transactions occur in a decentralized, over-the-counter system, with major trading centers in London, New York, and Tokyo.
Participants include commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and individual investors, all seeking to capitalize on price differences between currencies. Trends shaping the market include the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence to analyze market data and execute trades. Regulatory changes, such as the introduction of stricter capital requirements, also impact the market's functioning. Looking ahead, the market is expected to remain a vital component of the global financial landscape, with continued growth driven by increased trade and economic interdependence. However, challenges, such as regulatory changes and geopolitical risks, will necessitate adaptability and innovation from market participants.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

Get Key Insights on Market Forecast (PDF) Request Free Sample

How is the Foreign Exchange Market Segmented ?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market, a dynamic and ever-evolving financial landscape, is characterized by constant activity and intricate patterns. Participants engage in various trading strategies, employing advanced tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders on forex trading platforms. Real-time data feeds and order book dynamics facilitate trade execution speed, while market microstructure and slippage minimization techniques ensure efficient transactions. Currency correlation analysis and transaction cost analysis are integral to informed decision-making, with backtesting methodologies providing valuable insights. Currency forwards contracts, position sizing techniques, and forex derivatives pricing are essential components of risk management systems. Carry trade strategies, hedging strategies, and interest rate parity are popular tactics employed by market participants.

Algorithmic trading strategies, driven by options pricing models and trading algorithms' efficiency, significantly influence price discovery mechanisms. High-frequency trading and volatility modeling contribute to the market's liquidity risk management, while foreign exchange swaps and currency option valuation help manage risk. The market's complexities necessitate sophisticated risk management systems and intricate order routing optimization. Global payments systems facilitate the smooth transfer of funds, and liquidity risk management remains a critical concern for market participants. According to recent studies, The market is estimated to account for approximately USD6 trillion in daily trading volume, und

One United States dollar was worth over ********* Indonesian rupiah in September 2025, the highest value in a comparison of over 50 different currencies worldwide. All countries and territories shown here are based on the Big Mac Index - a measurement of how much a single Big Mac is worth across different areas in the world. This exchange rate comparison reveals a strong position of the dollar in Asia and Latin America. Note, though, that several of the top currencies shown here do not rank among the most traded. The quarterly U.S. dollar exchange rate against the ten biggest forex currencies only contains the Korean won and the Japanese yen.

Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data was reported at 944.375 USD/CLP in May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 961.461 USD/CLP for Apr 2025. Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data is updated monthly, averaging 530.420 USD/CLP from Jan 1987 (Median) to May 2025, with 461 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,000.049 USD/CLP in Jan 2025 and a record low of 203.377 USD/CLP in Jan 1987. Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.World Bank.GEM: Foreign Exchange Rates. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).

Argentina Forex: Spot: Central Bank Reference Rate: United States Dollar data was reported at 1,429.570 USD/ARS in Nov 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,438.300 USD/ARS for Oct 2025. Argentina Forex: Spot: Central Bank Reference Rate: United States Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 3.420 USD/ARS from Jan 1992 (Median) to Nov 2025, with 407 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,438.300 USD/ARS in Oct 2025 and a record low of 1.000 USD/ARS in Dec 2001. Argentina Forex: Spot: Central Bank Reference Rate: United States Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Argentina. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Argentina – Table AR.M: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: United States Dollar data was reported at 19.378 MXN/USD in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.261 MXN/USD for Feb 2019. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: United States Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 12.339 MXN/USD from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 231 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.791 MXN/USD in Jan 2017 and a record low of 9.016 MXN/USD in Mar 2002. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: United States Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Forex: Month End: Ask: Czech Koruna data was reported at 69.639 CZK/ARS in Nov 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 68.407 CZK/ARS for Oct 2025. Forex: Month End: Ask: Czech Koruna data is updated monthly, averaging 0.259 CZK/ARS from Jan 2000 (Median) to Nov 2025, with 311 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.639 CZK/ARS in Nov 2025 and a record low of 0.024 CZK/ARS in Oct 2000. Forex: Month End: Ask: Czech Koruna data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Argentina. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Argentina – Table AR.M: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Puerto Rico Dollar data was reported at 19.378 MXN/USD in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.261 MXN/USD for Feb 2019. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Puerto Rico Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 12.339 MXN/USD from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 231 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.791 MXN/USD in Jan 2017 and a record low of 9.016 MXN/USD in Mar 2002. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Puerto Rico Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Peru Foreign Exchange Rate: US Dollar: Central Bank: Sell data was reported at 3.313 PEN/USD in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.290 PEN/USD for Aug 2018. Peru Foreign Exchange Rate: US Dollar: Central Bank: Sell data is updated monthly, averaging 3.272 PEN/USD from Jan 1980 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 465 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 528,640.510 PEN/USD in Dec 1990 and a record low of 0.540 PEN/USD in Jan 1991. Peru Foreign Exchange Rate: US Dollar: Central Bank: Sell data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Reserve Bank of Peru. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Peru – Table PE.M009: Foreign Exchange Rate.

Japan Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data was reported at 153.691 USD/JPY in Nov 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 151.260 USD/JPY for Oct 2025. Japan Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data is updated monthly, averaging 114.697 USD/JPY from Jan 1987 (Median) to Nov 2025, with 467 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 158.459 USD/JPY in Apr 1990 and a record low of 76.679 USD/JPY in Oct 2011. Japan Official Exchange Rate: Period Average: Local Currency to USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank.GEM: Foreign Exchange Rates. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).

Foreign Exchange Rate: Central Bank of Syria: End of Month: EUR data was reported at 501.420 SYP/EUR in Jan 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 498.240 SYP/EUR for Dec 2018. Foreign Exchange Rate: Central Bank of Syria: End of Month: EUR data is updated monthly, averaging 312.057 SYP/EUR from Jan 2012 (Median) to Jan 2019, with 85 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 617.567 SYP/EUR in Aug 2017 and a record low of 83.540 SYP/EUR in Jul 2012. Foreign Exchange Rate: Central Bank of Syria: End of Month: EUR data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Syria . The data is categorized under Global Database’s Syrian Arab Republic – Table SY.M002: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Ukrainian Hryvnia data was reported at 0.709 MXN/UAH in Mar 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.715 MXN/UAH for Feb 2019. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Ukrainian Hryvnia data is updated monthly, averaging 1.685 MXN/UAH from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 231 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.257 MXN/UAH in Jun 2008 and a record low of 0.549 MXN/UAH in Feb 2015. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Ukrainian Hryvnia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Taiwan New Dollar data was reported at 0.628 MXN/NTD in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.625 MXN/NTD for Feb 2019. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Taiwan New Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 0.403 MXN/NTD from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 231 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.666 MXN/NTD in Jan 2017 and a record low of 0.258 MXN/NTD in Mar 2002. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Taiwan New Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Ecuadorian Sucre data was reported at 19.378 MXN/USD in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.261 MXN/USD for Feb 2019. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Ecuadorian Sucre data is updated monthly, averaging 12.339 MXN/USD from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 231 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.791 MXN/USD in Jan 2017 and a record low of 0.000 MXN/USD in Dec 2003. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Mexico: Ecuadorian Sucre data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Foreign Exchange Rates.

Iran Foreign Exchange Rate: CBI: Avg: Euro data was reported at 47,701.722 IRR/EUR in Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 48,298.087 IRR/EUR for Oct 2018. Iran Foreign Exchange Rate: CBI: Avg: Euro data is updated monthly, averaging 12,903.417 IRR/EUR from Jan 1997 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 262 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50,699.818 IRR/EUR in Jul 2018 and a record low of 1,501.409 IRR/EUR in Jun 2001. Iran Foreign Exchange Rate: CBI: Avg: Euro data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Iran – Table IR.M001: Foreign Exchange Rates.