Forex daily volume was nearly ***** billion U.S. dollars for the USD currency, an amount ***** times higher than for the euro (EUR). The forex - or foreign exchange market - turnover per day is a figure that is not often measured, only once every three years. No figures are available for 2020, for instance. What figures are available, however, indicate that the USD currency far outweighs that of many other currencies all over the world. What is the forex market? The forex market is based on the fluctuations in the value of currency interest rates. For example, the U.S. dollar performs differently against other major currencies. If one can properly predict these fluctuations, they can buy a weaker currency with a stronger one. After the currencies rebalance, the original currency will be worth more in terms of the exchange rate, giving the investor a profit. There are many foreign exchange trading services, including many multinational banks that already work in multiple currencies. Other currency trading functions Countries and central banks typically hold foreign currencies. These international reserves help facilitate the transactions in international trade, which is one reason China’s foreign reserves are so high. Countries can buy and sell foreign currencies to maintain a particular exchange rate. This is necessary for currencies that are pegged to another currency, such as the U.S. dollar. However, some countries are accused of exchange rate manipulation to make their exports seem more attractive. Finally, certain currencies are considered safer. Citizens and firms in a country with an unstable currency will buy these currencies to avoid volatility, or even hyperinflation, in their home currency.

Crypto 24h trading volume declined as 2023 progressed, with figures being ********* lower than in 2022. The decline follows Binance - one of the biggest crypto exchanges in the world - received lawsuits in the United States. Observations are also that the crypto market was quiet after April, citing a lack of a "strong overarching narrative". This contrasts with 2021 and 2022 when cryptocurrency dominated the news and many people sought fortune in the digital currency. Bitcoin developments Bitcoin's trade volume slowed in the second quarter of 2023, after hitting a noticeable growth at the beginning of the year. The coin outperformed most of the market. Some attribute this to the announcement in June 2023 that BlackRock filed for a Bitcoin ETF. This iShares Bitcoin Trust was to use Coinbase Custody as its custodian. Regulators in the United States had not yet approved any applications for spot ETFs on Bitcoin. Changes in Ethereum staking in 2023 Ethereum's trade volume changed in 2023 due to the rollout of the Shapella (Shanghai and Cappella) upgrade. The update allowed investors to withdraw (unstake) Ethereum deposited into the network. Staking can be somewhat compared to depositing money at a bank, where one would submit money to be held and gains interest as time goes by. Lido has the highest staking pool (a platform that allows for staking) in Ethereum, higher than major crypto exchanges Coinbase and Kraken. As of October 1, 2025, the 24h trading volume stands at ******.

Indonesia Money Market: Forex: Sharia Interbank (In USD Currency): Transaction Volume Daily Average: All Tenor data was reported at 2,550.000 USD th in Feb 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,631.579 USD th for Jan 2025. Indonesia Money Market: Forex: Sharia Interbank (In USD Currency): Transaction Volume Daily Average: All Tenor data is updated monthly, averaging 1,800.000 USD th from Jan 2013 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 93 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24,000.000 USD th in Mar 2015 and a record low of 23.810 USD th in Mar 2018. Indonesia Money Market: Forex: Sharia Interbank (In USD Currency): Transaction Volume Daily Average: All Tenor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank Indonesia. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Monetary – Table ID.KAI019: Financial System Statistics: Money Market Sector.

If you reach this DATASET, please UPVOTE this dataset to show your appreciation Litecoin is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant, near-zero cost payments to anyone in the world. Litecoin is an open source, global payment network that is fully decentralized without any central authorities. Mathematics secures the network and empowers individuals to control their own finances. Litecoin features faster transaction confirmation times and improved storage efficiency than the leading math-based currency. With substantial industry support, trade volume and liquidity, Litecoin is a proven medium of commerce complementary to Bitcoin.

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Previous Close 41.585 Open 41.585 Day's Range 41.426 - 42.321 52 Week Range 25.57 - 146.43 Start Date 2013-04-28 Market Cap 2.737B Volume 5,353,684,480 Volume (24hr) 5.35B Volume (24hr) All Currencies 5.35B

HISTORICAL OHLC PRICE DATA INCLUDES VOLUME AND TRADE COUNTS

The Poloniex API offers timeframes that are slightly non-standard after the daily interval. We track and produce files for Daily and Thirty Minute (30min) time series pricing data for the spot/physical market. Each file is easily downloadable in CSV format and can be consumed automatically by Python scripts or other automated processes. In each file, you will find the below/following fields. This OHLC (Open/High/Low/Close) pricing data is updated each day and is taken directly from the exchange(s). Please reach out if you find discrepancies or errors in the data that need to be addressed

Unix Timestamp - This is the unix timestamp or also known as "Epoch Time". Use this to convert to your local timezone Date - This timestamp is converted to NY EST Standard Time Symbol- The symbol for which the timeseries data refers Open - This is the opening price of the time period High - This is the highest price of the time period Low - This is the lowest price of the time period Close - This is the closing price of the time period Volume (Crypto) - This is the volume in the transacted Ccy. Ie. For BTC/USD, this is in BTC amount Volume Base Ccy - This is the volume in the base/converted ccy. Ie. For BTC/USD, this is in USDT amount

Hong Kong HKEX: USD/CNH Futures: Volume data was reported at 6,746.000 Contract in 06 Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9,904.000 Contract for 05 Sep 2018. Hong Kong HKEX: USD/CNH Futures: Volume data is updated daily, averaging 9,436.000 Contract from Aug 2018 (Median) to 06 Sep 2018, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22,105.000 Contract in 06 Aug 2018 and a record low of 6,542.000 Contract in 20 Aug 2018. Hong Kong HKEX: USD/CNH Futures: Volume data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. The data is categorized under Daily Database’s Financial and Futures Market – Table HK.DI016: Hong Kong Exchange (HKEX): RMB Currency Futures - USD/CNH Futures.

This dataset contains historical price data for the top global cryptocurrencies, sourced from Yahoo Finance. The data spans the following time frames for each cryptocurrency:

BTC-USD (Bitcoin): From 2014 to December 2024 ETH-USD (Ethereum): From 2017 to December 2024 XRP-USD (Ripple): From 2017 to December 2024 USDT-USD (Tether): From 2017 to December 2024 SOL-USD (Solana): From 2020 to December 2024 BNB-USD (Binance Coin): From 2017 to December 2024 DOGE-USD (Dogecoin): From 2017 to December 2024 USDC-USD (USD Coin): From 2018 to December 2024 ADA-USD (Cardano): From 2017 to December 2024 STETH-USD (Staked Ethereum): From 2020 to December 2024

Key Features:

Date: The date of the record. Open: The opening price of the cryptocurrency on that day. High: The highest price during the day. Low: The lowest price during the day. Close: The closing price of the cryptocurrency on that day. Adj Close: The adjusted closing price, factoring in stock splits or dividends (for stablecoins like USDT and USDC, this value should be the same as the closing price). Volume: The trading volume for that day.

Data Source:

The dataset is sourced from Yahoo Finance and spans daily data from 2014 to December 2024, offering a rich set of data points for cryptocurrency analysis.

Use Cases:

Market Analysis: Analyze price trends and historical market behavior of leading cryptocurrencies. Price Prediction: Use the data to build predictive models, such as time-series forecasting for future price movements. Backtesting: Test trading strategies and financial models on historical data. Volatility Analysis: Assess the volatility of top cryptocurrencies to gauge market risk. Overview of the Cryptocurrencies in the Dataset: Bitcoin (BTC): The pioneer cryptocurrency, often referred to as digital gold and used as a store of value. Ethereum (ETH): A decentralized platform for building smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps). Ripple (XRP): A payment protocol focused on enabling fast and low-cost international transfers. Tether (USDT): A popular stablecoin pegged to the US Dollar, providing price stability for trading and transactions. Solana (SOL): A high-speed blockchain known for low transaction fees and scalability, often seen as a competitor to Ethereum. Binance Coin (BNB): The native token of Binance, the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, used for various purposes within the Binance ecosystem. Dogecoin (DOGE): Initially a meme-inspired coin, Dogecoin has gained a strong community and mainstream popularity. USD Coin (USDC): A fully-backed stablecoin pegged to the US Dollar, commonly used in decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. Cardano (ADA): A proof-of-stake blockchain focused on scalability, sustainability, and security. Staked Ethereum (STETH): A token representing Ethereum staked in the Ethereum 2.0 network, earning staking rewards.

This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of key cryptocurrencies that have shaped and continue to influence the digital asset market. Whether you're conducting research, building prediction models, or analyzing trends, this dataset is an essential resource for understanding the evolution of cryptocurrencies from 2014 to December 2024.

The USD/CNY exchange rate fell to 7.0696 on December 2, 2025, down 0.05% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Chinese Yuan has strengthened 0.81%, and is up by 3.15% over the last 12 months. Chinese Yuan - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The USD/RUB exchange rate fell to 77.1688 on December 2, 2025, down 0.72% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Russian Ruble has strengthened 4.39%, and is up by 26.50% over the last 12 months. Russian Ruble - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The euro and U.S. dollar made up more than ***** of 10 SWIFT payments worldwide in September 2025, outperforming many other currencies. This is according to a monthly report meant to track the market share of China's yuan renminbi within the international bank transfer system SWIFT. Although China holds the largest forex reserves in the world, the yuan ranked as the *****-used currency in international payments. The figures concern customer-initiated and institutional payments and exclude trade. Discussions on the potential weakening role of the U.S. dollar especially touch world trade and forex. For example, the share of the USD in forex reserves declined visibly against the euro and Japanese yen in 2024. What sparked this de-dollarization trend, and will it continue? Trade sanctions and de-dollarization De-dollarization in 2024 is mentioned mostly alongside trade and the BRICS countries - an informal name given to Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The combined GDP of BRICS is about ** percent of the world's economy. After the start of the Ukraine war and Russia received economic sanctions, the BRICS slowly evolved into a trading bloc. The group increasingly wanted its own currency to settle payments within the trade bloc, to avoid using the U.S. dollar. In August 2024, BRICS gathered in South Africa to discuss the creation of such a new joint currency. Additionally, ** countries - including Argentina, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Yemen - expressed interest in joining the BRICS group. CBDC, or projects into a digital payment settlement A factor of future uncertainty for the U.S. dollar is how central bank digital currencies (CBDC) develop in emerging countries. Several projects exist between individual countries that specifically target cross-border interbank payments. A cooperation between Thailand and Hong Kong, Inthanon-Lionrock, ranks as the most advanced of these projects. CBDC does not require the U.S. dollar to function. Tangible such as commodities or gold can back them. The value of transactions processed with CBDC is to grow by ******* percent between 2024 and 2030.

Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Caixa Economica Federal data was reported at 0.500 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.490 % per Month for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Caixa Economica Federal data is updated daily, averaging 0.380 % per Month from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1864 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.970 % per Month in 11 Apr 2014 and a record low of 0.000 % per Month in 29 May 2018. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Caixa Economica Federal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB026: Lending Rate: per Month: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Caixa Economica Federal data was reported at 6.210 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.050 % pa for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Caixa Economica Federal data is updated daily, averaging 4.705 % pa from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1864 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.590 % pa in 29 Nov 2017 and a record low of 0.000 % pa in 29 May 2018. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Caixa Economica Federal data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB051: Lending Rate: per Annum: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Money Market: Forex: Sharia Interbank (In USD Currency): Transaction Volume Daily Average: All Tenor在2025-02达2,550.000美元 千，相较于2025-01的4,631.579美元 千有所下降。Money Market: Forex: Sharia Interbank (In USD Currency): Transaction Volume Daily Average: All Tenor数据按月度更新，2013-01至2025-02期间平均值为1,800.000美元 千，共93份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2015-03，达24,000.000美元 千，而历史最低值则出现于2018-03，为23.810美元 千。CEIC提供的Money Market: Forex: Sharia Interbank (In USD Currency): Transaction Volume Daily Average: All Tenor数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Bank Indonesia，数据归类于Indonesia Premium Database的Monetary – Table ID.KAI019: Financial System Statistics: Money Market Sector。

Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco BNP Paribas Brasil S.A. data was reported at 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % per Month for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco BNP Paribas Brasil S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 0.310 % per Month from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1864 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.680 % per Month in 18 May 2018 and a record low of 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco BNP Paribas Brasil S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB026: Lending Rate: per Month: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da Amazonia S.A. data was reported at 0.610 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.610 % per Month for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da Amazonia S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 0.570 % per Month from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1865 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.720 % per Month in 29 Mar 2018 and a record low of 0.000 % per Month in 26 Jun 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da Amazonia S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB026: Lending Rate: per Month: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da Amazonia S.A. data was reported at 7.600 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 7.600 % pa for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da Amazonia S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 7.010 % pa from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1866 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.960 % pa in 29 Mar 2018 and a record low of 0.000 % pa in 26 Jun 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da Amazonia S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB051: Lending Rate: per Annum: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco Bradesco S.A. data was reported at 3.610 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.850 % pa for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco Bradesco S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 3.050 % pa from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1865 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.890 % pa in 06 Dec 2018 and a record low of 0.000 % pa in 04 Dec 2012. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco Bradesco S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB051: Lending Rate: per Annum: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data was reported at 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.350 % per Month for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % per Month from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1865 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.510 % per Month in 13 Sep 2018 and a record low of 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Month: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB026: Lending Rate: per Month: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco Credit Agricole Brasil S.A. data was reported at 0.000 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % pa for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco Credit Agricole Brasil S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 1.650 % pa from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1865 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.810 % pa in 01 Feb 2018 and a record low of 0.000 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts: Banco Credit Agricole Brasil S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB051: Lending Rate: per Annum: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Advances on Foreign Exchange Contracts. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

India Reserve Money: Currency in Circulation data was reported at 38,407,811.323 INR mn in 09 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 38,108,920.323 INR mn for 02 May 2025. India Reserve Money: Currency in Circulation data is updated daily, averaging 9,268,169.600 INR mn from Oct 1996 (Median) to 09 May 2025, with 1491 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38,407,811.323 INR mn in 09 May 2025 and a record low of 1,273,747.200 INR mn in 01 Nov 1996. India Reserve Money: Currency in Circulation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Monetary – Table IN.KAB001: Reserve Money.