Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for France from the Period following the Peak through the Trough (FRARECD) from 1960-02-01 to 2022-09-30 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and France.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in France contracted 0.10 percent in the fourth quarter of 2024 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - France GDP Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2010, unemployment rate in France reached a record level of 10.4 percent. Unemployment remains a rampant issue for French economy, being stagnant year-over-year since the financial and economical crisis in 2008. During the first quarter of 2018, more than 1.4 million people aged between 25 and 49 years were unemployed in France.

Change in unemployment since 2008

In 2008, year of the financial crisis, unemployment rate in France reached its lowest level since 2004. That year, France had an unemployment rate of 7.4 percent while, one year before it had reached 8 eight percent. Unemployment is an important economic factor for a country and a measure of a region’s economic health. Despite its low level in 2008, unemployment rate in France increased steadily between 2009 and 2016. In 2015, it even reached its highest level since the mid-2000s with a percentage of unemployed people among the French population which was of 10.4 percent. That year, unemployed people represented 11.5 percent of the urban population in France. However, French unemployment rate seemed to be experiencing improvements in recent years. In 2017, long-term employment rate decreased after several years of constant growth.

Unemployment in France and the EU

European markets were particularly affected by the 2008 global financial crisis and the recession which followed. Nevertheless, Unemployment rate in the EU reached 6.5 percent in January 2019, compared to 7.2 percent one year before and the number of unemployed persons in the European Union and the Euro area is declining since 2018. This improvement seems to be affecting France to a lesser extent. France was one of the EU members with the highest unemployment rate in 2019, and youth unemployment still reaches a record number in the country.

This statistic shows the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of France between the first quarter of 2014 and the fourth quarter of 2021. The French GDP gradually rose almost each quarter and eventually reached 637.29 billion euros during the 4th quarter of 2021.

From the onset of the Global Financial Crisis in the Summer of 2007, the world economy experienced an almost unprecedented period of turmoil in which millions of people were made unemployed, businesses declared bankruptcy en masse, and structurally critical financial institutions failed. The crisis was triggered by the collapse of the U.S. housing market and subsequent losses by investment banks such as Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers, and Merrill Lynch. These institutions, which had become over-leveraged with complex financial securities known as derivatives, were tied to each other through a web of financial contracts, meaning that the collapse of one investment bank could trigger the collapse of several others. As Lehman Brothers failed on September 15. 2008, becoming the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, shockwaves were felt throughout the global financial system. The sudden stop of flows of credit worldwide caused a financial panic and sent most of the world's largest economies into a deep recession, later known as the Great Recession. The World Economy in recession
More than any other period in history, the world economy had become highly interconnected and interdependent over the period from the 1970s to 2007. As governments liberalized financial flows, banks and other financial institutions could take money in one country and invest it in another part of the globe. Financial institutions and other non-financial companies became multinational, meaning that they had subsidiaries and partners in many regions. All this meant that when Wall Street, the center of global finance in New York City, was shaken by bankruptcies and credit freezes in late 2007, other advanced economies did not need to wait long to feel the tremors. All of the G7 countries, the seven most economically advanced western-aligned countries, entered recession in 2008, before experiencing an even deeper trough in 2009. While all returned to growth by 2010, this was less stable in the countries of the Eurozone (Germany, France, Italy) over the following years due to the Eurozone crisis, as well as in Japan, which has had issues with low growth since the mid-1990s.

Compared with the other major European powers of the 19th and 20th century, France's industrialization was comparatively slow. In global history, the period between 1815 and 1914 is often referred to as the Pax Britannica; a time where Britain emerged as the leading superpower and relations between the Great Powers was very peaceful, allowing many Western European countries to undergo industrial revolutions. In France, however, the term "industrial revolution" was less applicable, as it remained a fairly agricultural society; transportation infrastructure was poor, and large urban centers made their money through banking, shipping, and artisanal production. It was only during the 1840s, where France's railway network developed, that urbanization and industrialization began to take off, but it still lagged behind Britain, Germany, and Belgium for the remainder of the century. The loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1871 significantly hindered France's industrialization, as it was one of the country's richest mining regions. Interwar period France then reclaimed Alsace-Lorraine after the First World War, and occupied two of Germany's most industrious areas during the 1920s; the Rhineland was occupied through the Treaty of Versailles until 1930, and the Ruhr region from 1923 to 1925, when Germany defaulted on its reparation payments. Because of this, industrial output was higher in the 1920s than in the 1930s, where it declined due to the Great Depression, withdrawal from Germany, and then the Second World War. Figures are missing from some years due to German occupation, but in 1944, the year of France's liberation, output was almost a third of its pre-war level. Post-war recovery Within three to four years, French industrial output had returned to a similar level as the 1930s, and this marked the beginning of Les Trente Glorieuses (the glorious thirty). These three decades saw uninterrupted economic growth, and industrial output soared. Using 1963 as a benchmark, industrial output doubled from 1951 to 1963, and tripled from 1951 to 1971. France, along with West Germany, played a key role in European integration in this period, which laid the groundwork for the European Union's formation. Industrial growth then came to a halt in the mid-1970s, due to the 1973-75 Recession, at which point the government put safeguards in place to prevent uncontrolled growth in the future.

Abstract of associated article: In this paper, we shed light on the relative contribution of the separation and job finding rates to French unemployment at business cycle frequencies by using administrative data on registered unemployment and labor force surveys. We first investigate the fluctuations in steady state unemployment, and then in current unemployment in order to take into account the unemployment deviations from equilibrium. Both data sets lead to quite similar results. Both rates contributed to unemployment fluctuations during the nineties (50:50 split), while in the last decade the job finding rate was more significant and explained around 65% of the French unemployment fluctuations. In particular, the last business cycle episode, including the last recession, exacerbated the role of the job finding rate. We then show that the predominant role of the job finding rate in the last decade holds when the economy is hit by aggregate business cycle shocks, moving unemployment and vacancies along the Beveridge curve.

With a Gross Domestic Product of over 4.18 trillion Euros, the German economy was by far the largest in Europe in 2023. The similar-sized economies of the United Kingdom and France were the second and third largest economies in Europe during this year, followed by Italy and Spain. The smallest economy in this statistic is that of the small Balkan nation of Montenegro, which had a GDP of 5.7 billion Euros. In this year, the combined GDP of the 27 member states that compose the European Union amounted to approximately 17.1 trillion Euros. The big five Germany’s economy has consistently had the largest economy in Europe since 1980, even before the reunification of West and East Germany. The United Kingdom, by contrast, has had mixed fortunes during the same time period and had a smaller economy than Italy in the late 1980s. The UK also suffered more than the other major economies during the recession of the late 2000s, meaning the French economy was the second largest on the continent for some time afterward. The Spanish economy was continually the fifth-largest in Europe in this 38-year period, and from 2004 onwards, has been worth more than one trillion Euros. The smallest GDP, the highest economic growth in Europe Despite having the smallerst GDP of Europe, Montenegro emerged as the fastest growing economy in the continent, achieving an impressive annual growth rate of 4.5 percent, surpassing Turkey's growth rate of 4 percent. Overall,this Balkan nation has shown a remarkable economic recovery since the 2010 financial crisis, with its GDP projected to grow by 28.71 percent between 2024 and 2029. Contributing to this positive trend are successful tourism seasons in recent years, along with increased private consumption and rising imports. Europe's economic stagnation Malta, Albania, Iceland, and Croatia were among the countries reporting some of the highest growth rates this year. However, Europe's overall performance reflected a general slowdown in growth compared to the trend seen in 2021, during the post-pandemic recovery. Estonia experienced the sharpest negative growth in 2023, with its economy shrinking by 2.3% compared to 2022, primarily due to the negative impact of sanctions placed on its large neighbor, Russia. Other nations, including Sweden, Germany, and Finland, also recorded slight negative growth.

Graph and download economic data for Real Gross Domestic Product for France (CLVMNACSCAB1GQFR) from Q1 1980 to Q4 2024 about France, real, and GDP.

The gross domestic product of the United Kingdom was around 2.56 trillion British pounds, an increase when compared to the previous year, when UK GDP amounted to about 2.54 trillion pounds. The significant drop in GDP visible in 2020 was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the smaller declines in 2008 and 2009 because of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Low growth problem in the UK Despite growing by 0.9 percent in 2024, and 0.4 percent in 2023 the UK economy is not that much larger than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since recovering from a huge fall in GDP in the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy has alternated between periods of contraction and low growth, with the UK even in a recession at the end of 2023. While economic growth picked up somewhat in 2024, GDP per capita is lower than it was in 2022, following two years of negative growth. How big is the UK economy in relation to the rest of the world? As of 2024, the UK had the sixth-largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India. Among European nations, this meant that the UK currently has the second-largest economy in Europe, although the economy of France, Europe's third-largest economy, is of a similar size. The UK's global economic ranking will likely fall in the coming years, however, with the UK's share of global GDP expected to fall from 2.16 percent in 2025 to 2.02 percent by 2029.  

The economy of the European Union is set to grow by 1.5 percent in 2025, according to forecasts by the European Commission. This marks a significant slowdown compared to previous years, when the EU member states grew quickly in the aftermath of the COVID pandemic. Malta is the country which is forecasted to grow the most in 2025, with an annual growth rate of 4.3 percent. Many of Europe's largest economies, on the other hand, are set to experiencing slow growth or stagnation, with Germany, France, and Italy growing below two percent.

The U.S. dominates in global imports on the steel wire market, accounting for a 15% share (based on USD). It was followed by Germany (9%), France (4%), and Japan (4%). In 2015, U.S. steel wire imports totaled 2,503 million USD, which was 1% more than the year before. Imports experienced a drastic fall in 2009, when they dropped by nearly 41%. This was followed by rapid growth over the three years that followed, which lost its momentum in 2013, with imports growing at a weak pace through to 2015.

Snapshot img

Tank Trucking Market Size 2024-2028

The tank trucking market size is forecast to increase by USD 117.4 billion at a CAGR of 8.09% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for transporting oil and natural gas. This sector is witnessing technological advancements, including the adoption of smart tanks and real-time monitoring systems, which are enhancing safety and efficiency. However, leakage issues during transportation remain a major challenge, necessitating the use of advanced materials and technologies to mitigate risks. The market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, driven by the expanding energy sector and the need for reliable and cost-effective transportation solutions. Despite these opportunities, industry players must address regulatory compliance and safety concerns to ensure sustainable growth.

What will be the Size of the Tank Trucking Market During the Forecast Period?

Request Free SampleThe tank trucking industry plays a crucial role in cargo transportation, particularly for specialized equipment such as tankers. Motor vehicles, specifically tank trucks, are essential for long-distance transportation of various commodities, including hazardous materials, in industries like health care, oil and gas, and chemical production. Tank trucks are integral to the transportation of hazardous chemicals, petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil, from refineries to retail outlets. Inflation, recession, and crude oil prices significantly impact the market. Economic conditions influence freight demand, while oil prices affect the cost of fuel for tanker operations. Inaccessible areas and the need for specialized equipment expand the market's reach.Industries like the US construction industry and fast-moving consumer goods also rely on tank trucking for their logistical needs. The market continues to evolve, adapting to the changing demands of various sectors and the ongoing need for safe and efficient transportation of lightweight components.

How is this Tank Trucking Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The tank trucking industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments. OwnershipFor hirePrivateCapacityMedium dutyHeavy dutyLight dutyGeographyNorth AmericaUSEuropeUKFranceAPACChinaSingaporeSouth AmericaMiddle East and Africa

By Ownership Insights

The for hire segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Tank trucking is a crucial segment of cargo transportation, particularly for the transport of hazardous materials, petroleum products, and chemicals. The use of specialized tanker trucks, motor vehicles designed for long-distance transportation, is essential for industries such as oil and gas, health care, and the hazardous chemicals sector. Tank trucks, an integral part of the transportation industry, come in various fleet types, including for-hire, light duty, medium duty, and heavy duty. The for-hire segment is expected to witness significant growth due to the increasing demand for short-term transport operations. The integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, self-driving trucks, refrigerated tank trucks, platooning, satellite technology, and digital transparency systems is revolutionizing the market.The market's growth is influenced by factors such as inflation, recession, crude oil prices, and freight demand. Industries like food and beverages, fertilizers, and agriculture also rely on tank trucks for liquid transportation to meet their energy needs. The market caters to the demands of urban areas and inaccessible regions, making it an indispensable part of various industries.

Get a glance at the Tank Trucking Industry report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

The For hire segment was valued at USD 136.60 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 34% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio’s analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

For more insights on the market share of various regions, Request Free Sample

The North American the market is experiencing notable expansion due to substantial infrastructure development and construction activities In the region, particularly In the oil and gas sector. The US has made substantial investments in constructing oil and gas pipelines, creating an extensive transmission and distribution network that connects nearly all states. The surge in unconventional exploration and production (E&P) activiti

Many of Europe's largest economies have seen falling shares of their national wealth taken by the bottom 50 percent of the wealth distribution since the 1990s. Italy in particular stands out as a particularly stark case, as the bottom half owned around 10 percent of the wealth in the country in 1995, while in 2021 they owned only 2.5 percent. Russia is the other country which has seen a consistent decline in the wealth of its poorest 50 percent, with the economic crises of the 1990s causing the poor to rapidly lose their share of wealth, but without any recovery during the years of economic success in the run-up to the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom have seen more moderate decreases in the bottom 50 percent share, with Spain and the UK in fact showing increases in their shares during the early 2000s, as their respective housing booms inflated the wealth of the poorest, before retracting during the financial crisis and great recession. Turkey stands out as an outlier among the large European economies, as the share taken by its bottom half has more than tripled since the 1990s, now having a higher share than in Russia and Italy. This period in Turkey has been marked by rapid economic growth, modernization, and urbanization, some of which has benefitted the poorest by providing new economic opportunities.

Snapshot img

Bone Cement Market Size 2025-2029

The bone cement market size is forecast to increase by USD 574.9 million at a CAGR of 6% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to several key factors. The rising prevalence of orthopedic disorders, particularly those resulting from trauma cases, is driving market demand. Market growth is driven by various factors, including the increasing incidence of orthopedic disorders stemming from higher trauma rates. The market is also driven by the growing prevalence of orthopedic disorders and the increased number of ambulatory surgical centers. These factors collectively fuel market expansion, addressing the growing demand for orthopedic solutions amidst evolving healthcare needs. Additionally, there is a growing focus on the use of bioresorbable materials, which offers advantages such as reduced risk of complications and improved patient outcomes. However, the market also faces challenges, including the potential for complications associated with the use, such as allergic reactions and infection. These factors are shaping the growth trajectory of the market.

What will be the Size of the Bone Cement Market During the Forecast Period?

Request Free Sample

The market encompasses the production and supply of cement used in orthopedic procedures to affix synthetic (metal) implants to bones. This market experiences continuous growth due to the increasing prevalence of orthopedic conditions, such as hip injuries, fractures, sprains, strains, and contusions, which require surgical intervention. Minimally invasive surgeries and robotic assistance are gaining popularity, driving market expansion. However, economic downturns, including the global recession, can impact market size.
Moreover, the market caters to various stakeholders, including small firms and start-ups, and is subject to regulatory authorities' stringent clinical data requirements. The market's direction is influenced by factors like the rising number of skating incidents leading to bone fractures in hospital emergency rooms, the growing popularity of high-impact sports like pickleball, and the increasing incidence of bone contusions and concussions. Despite these trends, the market faces challenges from the high costs associated with orthopedic procedures and the development of alternative fixation methods, such as bone staples.

How is this Bone Cement Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Antibiotic-loaded bone cement
  Non-antibiotic loaded bone cement


End-user

  Hospitals
  Clinics
  Ambulatory surgery centers


Type

  PMMA cement
  Calcium phosphate cement
  Glass polyalkenoate cement


Application

  Arthroplasty
  Kyphoplasty
  Vertebroplasty
  Others


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy


  Asia

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The antibiotic-loaded bone cement segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Bone cement plays a crucial role in orthopedic procedures by acting as a bonding agent between the implant and the bone. Its elution property, which allows antibiotic molecules to be released if included, enhances infection prevention and treatment in complex musculoskeletal infections during joint arthroplasties and orthopedic surgeries. The use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement is on the rise due to the increasing need to minimize infection-related complications. The US FDA has approved premixed bone cement containing 0.5 g-1 g of antibiotics per 40 g of PMMA for second-stage reimplantation. Economic conditions, healthcare budgets, and financial constraints drive the demand for cost-effective alternatives, making synthetic bone cement an attractive opportunity.

Additionally, assumptions regarding the recession's impact on the market and regulatory environments vary. While some studies suggest a positive impact on the market due to increased hospitalization costs and cost-saving goals, others predict potential challenges due to product-related complications and regulatory authorities' stringent approval processes. Small firms and start-ups are introducing advanced bone cements, bone staples, and orthopedic pins as cost-effective alternatives to traditional implants. Despite the high costs associated with synthetic implants and arthroplasty, the demand for bone cement remains strong due to the growing number of elective medical procedures, sports injuries, and traumatic brain injuries. The use of surgical robotics and minimally invasive surgeries further increases the demand for bone cement in va

Since 1997 the ARD-DeutschlandTREND is being conducted on behalf of the ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland - First German Public Broadcasting Association) as well as various print media by Infratest dimap. The monthly telephone survey with approx. 1,000 respondents (for party preferences approx. 1,500 respondents) per wave is based on representative samples and measures attitudes of the voting-age population in the Federal Republic of Germany toward parties, politicians, and current political issues. Some topics are asked repeatedly in an identical manner over time, while other topics are included in one or several surveys only. The DeutschlandTREND is available as an annual cumulation for the years from 1998 onwards.
Evaluation of the economic situation in Germany at present and in one year from now, as well as the personal economic situation in 10 years time; subjective perception of social justice in Germany; satisfaction with the work of the government (grand coalition); issue competence of the parties with regard to: securing of old-age provisions, protection and creation of jobs, policy on foreigners and integration policy, handling of the current financial and economic crisis, education policy, energy supply, family policy, social justice, household and financial policy, battle against climate change, crime and terror, solution of the most significant problems in Germany, concerns of the common people, stable prices, tax policy, economic policy, handling of tax money, fair system of taxes and duties; satisfaction with selected top politicians (Andrea Nahles, Andrea Ypsilanti, Brigitte Zypries, Cem Özdemir, Christian Wulff, Erwin Huber, Franz Josef Jung, Franz Müntefering, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Günther Beckstein, Gregor Gysi, Horst Seehofer, Jürgen Rüttgers, Jürgen Trittin, Kurt Beck, Horst Köhler, Angela Merkel, Michael Glos, Oskar Lafontaine, Olaf Scholz, Ole von Beust, Roland Koch, Renate Künast, Sigmar Gabriel, Peer Steinbrück, Ulla Schmidt, Ursula von der Leyen, Guido Westerwelle, Wolfgang Schäuble und Wolfgang Tiefensee); preference for Angela Merkel or Kurt Beck as German Chancellor (split: Merkel or Frank-Walter Steinmeier) in case of a direct vote; party preference regarding the parliamentary elections (opinion polls); evaluation of selected countries as trustworthy partners of Germany (China, France, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Great Britain and USA); concerns due to developments in Germany: poverty in Germany, misuse of data, personal financial situation, threat to peace and safety in Europe, climate change, corruption, price increase and national debt; evaluation of the financial crisis in Germany (scale: savings are safe in German financial institutions, worst part of the crisis is still to come, government guarantees for German car industry, state investment in major companies, victim role of Germany due to mistakes made by the U.S., combat on economic downturn more important than climate protection, determined action by the government, desire for an increased state intervention regarding economy, tax payer has to pay up, protection of German banks by means of public funds, redeployment of own savings in order to secure financial funds, bank enquiries concerning the safety of personal funds, concerns about job loss, own savings and personal economic future, expectation of bank failures in Germany); attitudes towards the Linkspartei regarding its understanding of democracy and its capability to govern (scale); preference of a general government alliance of the SPD with the Linkspartei or an analysis of each individual case; attitudes towards the introduction of a minimum wage; suspected loss of jobs due to the introduction of a minimum wage; assessment of the adequacy of measures to tighten juvenile law (scale: increase of maximum sentence from 10 to 15 years, faster and more immediate start of trial following the offence, warning-shot arrest in addition to the suspended sentence, harsher sentences within the scope of existing laws, more comprehensive support for children and juveniles, setup of boot camps for juvenile offenders, language training in primary schools, quicker deportation of foreign high-risk juvenile offenders; attitudes towards the demand of the Verdi trade union and the civil service union to increase wages by 8 percent within public services; evaluation of the parties SPD, Grünen, CDU/CSU, FDP and the Linkspartei with regard to coherence and incoherence; preference for Roland Koch or Andrea Ypsilanti as prime minister in Hesse; attitudes towards labour (scale: job search easier but worse payment than before, fair treatment of employees by the companies, worries concerning job loss, demand for higher salaries and wages); preference for an extension of the NATO mission of the Bundeswehr in Afghanistan or for a quick withdrawal; attitudes towards the takeover of combat missions by the Bundeswehr...

Several European Union member states have struggled with high levels of public debt in the period since the Global Financial Crisis. In particular, Greece's debt skyrocketed during the recession which followed the crisis, culminating in a period of intense political and social upheaval during the early 2010s in which the country came close to having to leave the Euro single currency zone. Along with Italy, Portugal, Spain and France, Greece is part of a group of EU members who have seen their debt soar to a value worth over one year's aggregate production in their economies (i.e. 100% of GDP) due to slow economic growth coupled with increasing public liabilities due to the need to provide emergency support to their domestic financial systems. Belgium, while also a part of this group of high-debt ratio countries has quite different circumstances, as its debt ratio has in fact fallen since the 1990s, remaining 20 percent below its 1995 level, even after a spike due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The U.S. ranks first in global imports of wood container and pallet, with a 15% share (based on USD), followed by Germany (13%), France (7%) and the UK (6%). A significant drop in 2008-2009 was followed by further growth over the next six years. In 2015, U.S. imports on the wood container and pallet market totaled 782 million USD, which was 19 million USD (2%) more than the year before. However, despite an increase, U.S. imports are still in the recovery phase of the economic cycle, and have to grow another 4% in order to reach the pre-recession level of 2007.

The U.S. takes third place in global imports on the plastic plumbing fixture market, with a 7% share (based on USD), following Germany (11%) and France (7.3%). In 2015, U.S. plastic plumbing fixture imports totaled 290 million USD, which was 26 million USD (10%) more than the year before. A noticeable drop over 2008-2009 was followed by slight growth over the next three years. The trend continued with a sharp acceleration through to 2015. In 2013, U.S. plastic plumbing fixture imports surpassed the pre-recession peak of 2008.

The U.S. takes an 11% share (based on USD) of exports on the toilet preparationt market, which put it in second place, following France (18%) and ahead of Germany (10%). In 2015, the U.S. exported 8,440 million USD, which was 1% over the previous year. With the exception of a slight decline in 2009, U.S. toilet preparation exports showed steady growth from 2007 to 2015, decelerating by the end of the period. Overall, there was an average annual increase of +5.3% throughout the analysed period. In 2010, U.S. toilet preparation exports surpassed the pre-recession level of 2008.