Website alows the public full access to the 1940 Census images, census maps and descriptions.

Abstract

The Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Complete Count Data include more than 650 million individual-level and 7.5 million household-level records. The microdata are the result of collaboration between IPUMS and the nation’s two largest genealogical organizations—Ancestry.com and FamilySearch—and provides the largest and richest source of individual level and household data.

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Documentation

Historic data are scarce and often only exists in aggregate tables. The key advantage of historic US census data is the availability of individual and household level characteristics that researchers can tabulate in ways that benefits their specific research questions. The data contain demographic variables, economic variables, migration variables and family variables. Within households, it is possible to create relational data as all relations between household members are known. For example, having data on the mother and her children in a household enables researchers to calculate the mother’s age at birth. Another advantage of the Complete Count data is the possibility to follow individuals over time using a historical identifier.

In sum: the historic US census data are a unique source for research on social and economic change and can provide population health researchers with information about social and economic determinants.

The historic US 1920 census data was collected in January 1920. Enumerators collected data traveling to households and counting the residents who regularly slept at the household. Individuals lacking permanent housing were counted as residents of the place where they were when the data was collected. Household members absent on the day of data collected were either listed to the household with the help of other household members or were scheduled for the last census subdivision.

Notes

• We provide household and person data separately so that it is convenient to explore the descriptive statistics on each level. In order to obtain a full dataset, merge the household and person on the variables SERIAL and SERIALP. In order to create a longitudinal dataset, merge datasets on the variable HISTID.

• Households with more than 60 people in the original data were broken up for processing purposes. Every person in the large households are considered to be in their own household. The original large households can be identified using the variable SPLIT, reconstructed using the variable SPLITHID, and the original count is found in the variable SPLITNUM.

• Coded variables derived from string variables are still in progress. These variables include: occupation and industry.

• Missing observations have been allocated and some inconsistencies have been edited for the following variables: SPEAKENG, YRIMMIG, CITIZEN, AGE, BPL, MBPL, FBPL, LIT, SCHOOL, OWNERSHP, MORTGAGE, FARM, CLASSWKR, OCC1950, IND1950, MARST, RACE, SEX, RELATE, MTONGUE. The flag variables indicating an allocated observation for the associated variables can be included in your extract by clicking the ‘Select data quality flags’ box on the extract summary page.

• Most inconsistent information was not edited for this release, thus there are observations outside of the universe for some variables. In particular, the variables GQ, and GQTYPE have known inconsistencies and will be improved with the next release.

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Section 2

This dataset was created on 2020-01-10 18:46:34.647 by merging multiple datasets together. The source datasets for this version were:

IPUMS 1920 households: This dataset includes all households from the 1920 US census.

IPUMS 1920 persons: This dataset includes all individuals from the 1920 US census.

IPUMS 1920 Lookup: This dataset includes variable names, variable labels, variable values, and corresponding variable value labels for the IPUMS 1920 datasets.

The Bureau of the Census has released Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF1) 100-Percent data. The file includes the following population items: sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, household relationship, and household and family characteristics. Housing items include occupancy status and tenure (whether the unit is owner or renter occupied). SF1 does not include information on incomes, poverty status, overcrowded housing or age of housing. These topics will be covered in Summary File 3. Data are available for states, counties, county subdivisions, places, census tracts, block groups, and, where applicable, American Indian and Alaskan Native Areas and Hawaiian Home Lands. The SF1 data are available on the Bureau's web site and may be retrieved from American FactFinder as tables, lists, or maps. Users may also download a set of compressed ASCII files for each state via the Bureau's FTP server. There are over 8000 data items available for each geographic area. The full listing of these data items is available here as a downloadable compressed data base file named TABLES.ZIP. The uncompressed is in FoxPro data base file (dbf) format and may be imported to ACCESS, EXCEL, and other software formats. While all of this information is useful, the Office of Community Planning and Development has downloaded selected information for all states and areas and is making this information available on the CPD web pages. The tables and data items selected are those items used in the CDBG and HOME allocation formulas plus topics most pertinent to the Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS), the Consolidated Plan, and similar overall economic and community development plans. The information is contained in five compressed (zipped) dbf tables for each state. When uncompressed the tables are ready for use with FoxPro and they can be imported into ACCESS, EXCEL, and other spreadsheet, GIS and database software. The data are at the block group summary level. The first two characters of the file name are the state abbreviation. The next two letters are BG for block group. Each record is labeled with the code and name of the city and county in which it is located so that the data can be summarized to higher-level geography. The last part of the file name describes the contents . The GEO file contains standard Census Bureau geographic identifiers for each block group, such as the metropolitan area code and congressional district code. The only data included in this table is total population and total housing units. POP1 and POP2 contain selected population variables and selected housing items are in the HU file. The MA05 table data is only for use by State CDBG grantees for the reporting of the racial composition of beneficiaries of Area Benefit activities. The complete package for a state consists of the dictionary file named TABLES, and the five data files for the state. The logical record number (LOGRECNO) links the records across tables.

This dataset includes all individuals from the 1920 US census.

Analysis unit

Persons, households, and dwellings

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: yes - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A separate inhabited tenement, containing one or more families under one roof. Where several tenements are in one block, with walls either of brick or wood to divide them, having separate entrances, they are each to be numbered as separate houses; but where not so divided, they are to be numbered as one house. - Households: One person living separately in a house, or a part of a house, and providing for him or herself, or several persons living together in a house, or in part of a house, upon one common means of support, and separately from others in similar circumstances - Group quarters: Yes

Universe

All persons living in the United States including temporarily absent residents and sailors at sea, no matter how long they may have been absent, if they were believed to be still alive. "Indians not taxed", which refers to Native Americans living on reservations or under tribal rule. Native Americans who had renounced tribal rule and "exercise the rights of citizens" were to be enumerated.

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Department of the Interior

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 273596.

SAMPLE DESIGN: 1-in-100 national random sample of the free population. African-American slaves are not included in this dataset. Individual-level data on the 1860 slave population is available at the

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The census operation involved six forms. Form 1 was used to enumerate free persons and collected information on individual characteristics. Form 2 was used to enumerate slaves. Other forms were used to record information about agriculture and industry.

This dataset includes variable names, variable labels, variable values, and corresponding variable value labels for the IPUMS 1920 datasets.

Comprehensive dataset showing the availability of computer and digitized book indexes for birth, marriage, and death records in Massachusetts from 1931 to 2025, maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics.

The 1950 Census population schedules were created by the Bureau of the Census in an attempt to enumerate every person living in the United States on April 1, 1950, although some persons were missed. The 1950 census population schedules were digitized by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and released publicly on April 1, 2022. The 1950 Census enumeration district maps contain maps of counties, cities, and other minor civil divisions that show enumeration districts, census tracts, and related boundaries and numbers used for each census. The coverage is nation wide and includes territorial areas. The 1950 Census enumeration district descriptions contain written descriptions of census districts, subdivisions, and enumeration districts.

Archive of 1981 census aggregate data for England, Wales and Scotland, as made available originally on the Casweb (https://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk) platform.

This dataset includes all households from the 1920 US census.

Archive of 1971 census aggregate data for England, Wales and Scotland, as made available originally on the Casweb (https://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk) platform.

1828 Census: Alphabetical return
This is the first census ever to be taken in Australia and the most complete one extant. It records both convicts and free persons but does not include serving military personnel and their families. (1)

The 1828 Census was compiled in six volumes [SZ978-983]. In all but the first volume the title is given as ‘New South Wales Census, taken in the Month of November 1828’.

It is a list in alphabetical order by surname compiled from the census returns for individual householders and government establishments. Each individual has been allocated a running number within his or her letter of the alphabet. Family groups living at the same household are listed together.

Beside running number and name the list records age, free or bond, ship, year, sentence, religion, employment, residence, district, total number of acres, acres cleared, acres cultivated, horses, horned cattle, sheep, remarks.

Inside the cover of the first volume [SZ978] there is a typescript note dated 13 July 1932 and signed by F.M. O’Donohue, Acting Registrar General:

‘These books were handed to Mr Hayce-Williams [sic] by Mr Fosbery, when the latter was retiring from the position of Inspector General of Police. Mr Hayes-Williams told me that they were given over to him on his promise to use the utmost care to see that their contents were not divulged.

‘It will be noticed that entries 1 to 91 are missing. Mr H.J. Rumsey a few weeks ago gave me the loose sheets herein and stated that he had obtained them from the Home Office in London where a copy of the 1828 Census is filed.’

Herbert John Rumsey was the first President of the Society of Australian Genealogists, founded in 1932. (2) He had obtained copies from London from the copy despatched to the Home Office of the 1828 Census now held at The National Archives of the United Kingdom as HO 10/21 to 10/27. (3)

Abbreviations and later inclusions
Abbreviations used in the column ‘Free or Bond’ were specified in the printed ‘Instructions for filling up the Returns for the Census of the Year 1828’ dated 1 September 1828:

B.C. for Born in the Colony.
C.F. for Came Free.
F.S. for Free by Servitude.
A.P. for Holding an Absolute Pardon.
C.P. for Holding a Ticket of Leave.
C. for Convict.
C.S. for Colonial Sentence.
G.S. for Government (or Assigned) Servant. (4)

A list of abbreviations dated 16 April 1931 is also included inside the cover of the first volume.

At the end of the first volume [SZ978] a ‘Report on European Archives, by Mr F.M. Bladen, Barrister-at-Law, printed 26 August 1903 for the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia is included. A newscutting from the Sydney Morning Herald, 16 July 1932 relating to Thomas Kendall is pasted into the third volume [SZ980] near his entry.

Background
On 30 June 1828 the New South Wales Legislative Council passed ‘An Act for ascertaining the Number Names and Condition of the Inhabitants of the Colony of New South Wales and also the Number of Cattle and the Quantity of located cleared and cultivated Land within the said Colony’, known as the Census Act of 1828 (9 Geo. IV No.5). Magistrates were to affix notices in conspicuous places in their districts ‘requiring every householder employer of servants owner or possessor of cattle proprietor or occupier of land’ to answer questions relating to the population and land and stock of the Colony. (5)

The Act also provided that in the case of refusal or neglect to answer these questions or the giving of false or untrue answers the Magistrates were able to impose a fine not exceeding Ten Pounds. (6)

Printed ‘Instructions for filling up the Returns for the Census of the Year 1828’ dated 1 September 1828 were issued by the Colonial Secretary, Alexander McLeay, to the Magistrates together with a circular dated 18 September 1828 specifying the use of printed forms in the taking of the ‘General Census of the Colony’. (7)

Previously Government and General Orders had required convicts to attend a muster to be counted at a specified place on a specific day. (8) For the taking of the census the approach was for constables or other suitable census takers to visit the householders’ properties with the printed forms provided. No date was specified in the Act for the taking of the census but the Magistrates and others were urged to complete their districts as soon as practicable.

The earliest returns were received by the Colonial Secretary on 8 November 1828 from Wallis Plains, followed on 20 November by those for Newcastle. (9) In most areas the returns were completed in November 1828, though some areas took longer to submit them to the Colonial Secretary. Amended returns were received as late as November 1829. (10) A circular to Magistrates dated 29 September 1829 required the Magistrates to confirm the correctness of the Census for their area with the last confirmation received on 17 December 1829. (11)

The householders’ forms (NRS 1273) were returned by the Magistrates to the Colonial Secretary. The clerks in the Colonial Secretary’s Office then compiled a district abstract (NRS 1274) for each district and statistics for government establishments. Summary statistics were compiled of population and land and stock for each district. An Abstract of the population of the Colony of New South Wales, and of the Land and Livestock held therein was also prepared. These statistics were first published in the Sydney Gazette on 26 September 1829. (12)

It is not known when the compilation of the six volumes was completed. In October 1828 the Colonial Secretary Alexander McLeay wrote that ‘it is hoped that when the Returns are abstracted, and the names classed alphabetically, the danger of double entries and omisions will be equally obviated’. (13)

Subsequent history
The volumes of the 1828 Census passed into the possession of the Inspector General of Police. In 1901 the Inspector General made a submission to the Chief Secretary that these records should be placed in the care of the Registrar General. The matter was considered by a committee appointed by the Premier and Chief Secretary. This committee consisted of the Principal Under Secretary of the Premier’s Department (Mr R.C. Critchet Walker), the Inspector General of Police (Mr Edmund Fosbery) and the Registrar General (Mr William Gordon Hayes Williams). It recommended that the records of the 1828 Census be placed in the care of the Registrar General to be kept under lock and key, the Registrar General himself retaining the key. (14) The volumes, along with the case which housed them and its key, were transferred as State archives on 25 March 1965. (15)

UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register
The records of the 1828 Census were inscribed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register on 27 February 2019.

Endnotes
1. Census of New South Wales – November 1828, Edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson. Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1980 and subsequently published, with additional information, on CD-ROM 2001 and Revised Edition 2008, Introduction (PDF) ‘Census of New South Wales November 1828, available from Biographical Database of Australia website, https://www.bda-online.org.au/sources/musters-census/ (accessed 22 February 2019), p.13; NRS 905, Main series of letters received [Colonial Secretary], 1828 [4/2007.2].
2. K. A. Johnson, 'Rumsey, Herbert John (1866–1956)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rumsey-herbert-john-8297/text14543, published first in hardcopy 1988, accessed online 22 February 2019. This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11, (MUP), 1988.
3. TNA (UK): HO Home Office: Settlers and Convicts, New South Wales and Tasmania: Records., HO 10/21 to HO 10/27, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C1905858 (accessed 22 February 2019). The Home Office volumes, while including most of the same details, are not identical to the 1828 Census: Alphabetical registers.
4. Instructions of 1 September 1828 in NRS 906, Special bundles [Colonial Secretary], 1826: Census of 1828 – instructions, circulars, and samples of forms to be used [4/1097].
5. Census of 1828 (9 Geo. IV No.5).
6. Ibid.
7. Instructions of 1 September 1828 and Circular, 18 September 1828 in NRS 906, Special bundles [Colonial Secretary], 1826: Census of 1828 – instructions, circulars, and samples of forms to be used [4/1097].
8. For example see Historical Records of Australia Series I, Vol. I, p.678.
9. Colonial Secretary; NRS 922, Registers of letters received, 1828 [5/2342] Reel 2929, q.v. Nos. 28/8991 and 28/9341.
10. Ibid., q.v. Nos. 29/6673 and 29/8653.
11. Ibid., q.v. Nos. 29/8147; NRS 905, Main series of letters received, 1828 Letter No.29/9898 in [4/2056].
12. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 26 September 1829, p.1, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2193488 (accessed 21 February 2019).
13. NRS 989, Copies of letters to Magistrates, Police etc, 17 October 1828, Out Letter 38/741 [4/3826] pp.493-494, Reel 2807.
14. Archives Authority of New South Wales,

Initially taken in 1838 to demonstrate the stability and significance of the African American community and to forestall the abrogation of African American voting rights, the Quaker and Abolitionist census of African Americans was continued in 1847 and 1856 and present an invaluable view of the mid-nineteenth century African American population of Philadelphia. Although these censuses list only household heads, providing aggregate information for other household members, and exclude the substantial number of African Americans living in white households, they provide data not found in the federal population schedules. When combined with the information on African Americans taken from the four federal censuses, they offer researchers a richly detailed view of Philadelphia's African American community spanning some forty years. The three censuses are not of equal inclusiveness or quality, however. The 1838 and 1847 enumerations cover only the "old" City of Philadelphia (river-to-river and from Vine to South Streets) and the immediate surrounding districts (Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, Southwark, Moyamensing, Kensington--1838, West Philadelphia--1847); the 1856 survey includes African Americans living throughout the newly enlarged city which, as today, conforms to the boundaries of Philadelphia County. In spite of this deficiency in areal coverage, the earlier censuses are superior historical documents. The 1838 and 1847 censuses contain data on a wide range of social and demographic variables describing the household indicating address, household size, occupation, whether members were born in Pennsylvania, status-at-birth, debts, taxes, number of children attending school, names of beneficial societies and churches (1838), property brought to Philadelphia from other states (1838), sex composition (1847), age structure (1847), literacy (1847), size of rooms and number of people per room (1847), and miscellaneous remarks (1847). While the 1856 census includes the household address and reports literacy, occupation, status-at-birth, and occasional passing remarks about individual households and their occupants, it excludes the other informational categories. Moreover, unlike the other two surveys, it lists the occupations of only higher status African Americans, excluding unskilled and semiskilled designations, and records the status-at-birth of adults only. Indeed, it even fails to provide data permitting the calculation of the size and age and sex structure of households. Variables for each household head and his household include (differ slightly by census year): name, sex, status-at-birth, occupation, wages, real and personal property, literacy, education, religion, membership in beneficial societies and temperance societies, taxes, rents, dwelling size, address, slave or free birth.

Washington Unified School Boundary - School districts are geographic entities within which state, county, or local officials provide public educational services for the area's residents. The U.S. Census Bureau obtains the boundaries and names for school districts from state officials. The U.S. Census Bureau first provided data for school districts in the 1970 census. For Census 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau tabulated data for three types of school districts: elementary, secondary, and unified. Each school district is assigned a five-digit code that is unique within state. School district codes are assigned by the Department of Education and are not necessarily in alphabetical order by school district name.

This dataset contains counts of live births for California as a whole based on information entered on birth certificates. Final counts are derived from static data and include out of state births to California residents, whereas provisional counts are derived from incomplete and dynamic data. Provisional counts are based on the records available when the data was retrieved and may not represent all births that occurred during the time period.

The final data tables include both births that occurred in California regardless of the place of residence (by occurrence) and births to California residents (by residence), whereas the provisional data table only includes births that occurred in California regardless of the place of residence (by occurrence). The data are reported as totals, as well as stratified by parent giving birth's age, parent giving birth's race-ethnicity, and birth place type. See temporal coverage for more information on which strata are available for which years.

Overview of birth certificate records maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, showing computer index years, digitized book years, and access notes.

Abstract

For 156 years (1840 - 1996), the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census was responsible for collecting census of agriculture data. The 1997 Appropriations Act contained a provision that transferred the responsibility for the census of agriculture from the Bureau of the Census to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). The 2007 Census of Agriculture is the 27th Federal census of agriculture and the third conducted by NASS. The first agriculture census was taken in 1840 as part of the sixth decennial census of population. The agriculture census continued to be taken as part of the decennial census through 1950. A separate middecade census of agriculture was conducted in 1925, 1935, and 1945. From 1954 to 1974, the census was taken for the years ending in 4 and 9. In 1976, Congress authorized the census of agriculture to be taken for 1978 and 1982 to adjust the data reference year so that it coincided with other economic censuses. This adjustment in timing established the agriculture census on a 5-year cycle collecting data for years ending in 2 and 7. Agriculture census data are used to:

• Evaluate, change, promote, and formulate farm and rural policies and programs that help agricultural producers; • Study historical trends, assess current conditions, and plan for the future; • Formulate market strategies, provide more efficient production and distribution systems, and locate facilities for agricultural communities; • Make energy projections and forecast needs for agricultural producers and their communities; • Develop new and improved methods to increase agricultural production and profitability; • Allocate local and national funds for farm programs, e.g. extension service projects, agricultural research, soil conservation programs, and land-grant colleges and universities; • Plan for operations during drought and emergency outbreaks of diseases or infestations of pests. • Analyze and report on the current state of food, fuel, feed, and fiber production in the United States.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The statistical unit for the CA 2012 was the farm, an operating unit defined as any place from which USD 1 000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during the census year.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

i. Methodological modality for conducting the census The classical approach was used in the CA 2012.

ii. Frame NASS maintains a list of farmers and ranchers from which the CML is compiled.

iii. Complete and/or sample enumeration methods The CA 2012 was an enumeration of all known agricultural holdings meeting the USDA definition of a farm.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

Seven regionalized versions of the main report form (questionnaire) were used for the CA 2012. The report form versions were designed to facilitate reporting on the crops most commonly grown within each report form region. Additionally, an American Indian report form was developed to facilitate reporting for operations on reservations in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. All of the forms allowed respondents to write in specific commodities that were not listed on their form.

• Land owned
• Land use
• Irrigation
• Conservation programs and crop insurance
• Field crops
• Bananas, coffee, pineapples and plantain crops
• Hay and forage crops
• Nursery, Greenhouse, Floriculture, Sod and tree seedlings
• Vegetables and melons
• Hydroponic crops
• Fruit
• Root crops
• Cattle and calves
• Poultry
• Hogs and pigs
• Aquaculture
• Other animals and livestock products
• Value of sales
• Organic agriculture
• Federal and commonwealth agricultural program payments
• Income from farm-related sources
• Production expenses
• Farm labour
• Fertilizer and chemicals applied
• Market value of land and buildings
• Machinery, equipment and buildings
• Practices
• Type of organization
• Operator characteristics

The CA 2012 covered all 16 core items recommended to be collected in the WCA 2010. See questionnaire in external materials.

Cleaning operations

1. DATA PROCESSING AND ARCHIVING The completed forms were scanned and Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) was used to retrieve categorical responses and to identify the other answer zones in which some type of mark was present. The edit system determined the best value to impute for reported responses that were deemed unreasonable and for required responses that were absent. The complex edit ensured the full internal consistency of the record. After tabulation and review of the aggregates, a comprehensive disclosure review was conducted. Cell suppression was used to protect the cells that were determined to be sensitive to a disclosure of information.

2. CENSUS DATA QUALITY NASS conducted an extensive program to follow-up all non-response. NASS also used capture-recapture methodology to adjust for under-coverage, non-response, and misclassification. To implement capture-recapture methods, two independent surveys were required --the 2012 Census of Agriculture (based on the Census Mail List) and the 2012 June Agricultural Survey (based on the area frame). Historically, NASS has been careful to maintain the independence of these two surveys.

Data appraisal

The complete data series from the 2012 Census of Agriculture is available from the NASS website free of charge in multiple formats, including Quick Stats 2.0 - an online database to retrieve customized tables with Census data at the national, state and county levels. The 2012 Census of Agriculture provides information on a range of topics, including agricultural practices, conservation, organic production, as well as traditional and specialty crops.

In July 1832, seventeen fugitives from slavery and one free Black man stole a whaleboat and fled Northampton County, Virginia, with the goal of attaining freedom in New York City. The dataset contains the names of the eighteen freedom-seekers who stole the whaleboat, the names of their enslavers, and the locations of properties owned by the enslavers at which the freedom-seekers likely lived and worked. The place-names utilized in the transcribed census records illustrate the importance of water access on the cultural landscape of Virginia Eastern Shore’s and suggest that the freedom-seekers’ decision to run away using a small watercraft was influenced by their familiarity with maritime culture and material culture. This data set highlights a large coordinated water-based escape, sheds light on the names of several free Black residents of Northampton County, and illustrates a kinship network of free and enslaved Black individuals across the lower Delmarva (DE-MD-VA) peninsula. Although fourteen of the eighteen freedom-seekers were re-captured in New York and returned to Virginia, only four were formally tried at an Oyer and Terminer court.