France FR: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: General University Funds data was reported at 6.739 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.254 USD bn for 2021. France FR: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: General University Funds data is updated yearly, averaging 4.046 USD bn from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.739 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 950.943 USD mn in 1983. France FR: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: General University Funds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

France FR: General University Funds: % Of Civil GBARD data was reported at 27.832 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 27.188 % for 2021. France FR: General University Funds: % Of Civil GBARD data is updated yearly, averaging 26.478 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 39.909 % in 2007 and a record low of 16.086 % in 1983. France FR: General University Funds: % Of Civil GBARD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

Cette statistique présente l'évolution du déficit public en France de 1978 à 2023, en part du PIB. Après un pic à presque 9% en 2020, année de la pandémie de Covid-19, durant laquelle l'Etat a eu des dépenses élevées en raison des diverses aides accordées aux Français et aux entreprises, le déficit est redescendu les années suivantes, avant de repartir à la hausse en 2023, représentant cette année-là 5,5 % du PIB français, d'après l'INSEE.

民间研发的政府预算拨款：当前 PPP：普通大学基金在12-01-2022达6,739.181百万美元，相较于12-01-2021的6,254.144百万美元有所增长。民间研发的政府预算拨款：当前 PPP：普通大学基金数据按年更新，12-01-1983至12-01-2022期间平均值为4,046.122百万美元，共40份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2022，达6,739.181百万美元，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1983，为950.943百万美元。CEIC提供的民间研发的政府预算拨款：当前 PPP：普通大学基金数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development，数据归类于全球数据库的法国 – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual。