Between May 2018 and September 2024, France saw eight incidents of significant data breaches. The first recorded case was the May 2018 data breach at Apollo.io. The marketing company based in San Francisco lost approximately 10.93 million data records from French users. The latest reported data breach incident occurred at the France-based security company Thales. As a result of this incident, 9.5 GB of archive files were leaked.

As of 2024, the average cost of a data breach in France was 4.17 U.S. dollars, up from 4.08 million U.S. dollars in the previous year. The global average cost per data breach was 4.88 million U.S. dollars as of 2024, up from 4.45 million U.S. dollars recorded as of 2023.

According to a 2022 survey of internet users in France, more than six in ten respondents who were convinced that their data was exposed stated they were conscious about their online privacy. Additionally, 33 percent of respondents said that they sometimes took action toward online privacy, suggesting that they were somewhat cautious. In comparison, among those who believed it was impossible for their data to have been exposed, nearly six in ten stated that they were cautious about privacy.

In a March 2022 survey, 40 percent of French respondents who had been hacked at least once considered the risks of cyber attacks and data breaches very high. Additionally, nearly six in 10 respondents who had been hacked within the previous 12 months perceived the threat of cyber attacks and data breaches as significant. In contrast, only around 27 percent of those who had never been hacked saw a high risk in cyber incidents.

In a study by Ipsos, which was carried out in 2019, French respondents had stated their opinion on the possible leakage of their personal data on the Internet. That year, more than half of them said that their personal data was likely to be disseminated online (54 percent). On the other hand, 30 percent were confiant that the Internet was secure enough for their personal data not to be leaked or hacked.

As of September 2024, the primary reason behind cyberattacks detected by companies in France was to steal customer information, accounting for 23 percent of cases. Ransomware attacks aimed at extorting money were the second-most common reason for cyberattacks targeting French companies. Additionally, 15 percent of cyberattacks were intended to spy on company activities.

The France access control market, valued at €300 million in 2025, is poised for robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.3% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by increasing security concerns across commercial, residential, and governmental sectors, coupled with the rising adoption of smart technologies and advanced security solutions. The market is segmented by technology (card readers, biometric readers, electronic locks, software, and others) and end-user verticals (commercial, residential, government, industrial, transport & logistics, healthcare, military & defense, and others). The strong presence of major players like Suprema Inc., Thales Group, and Bosch Security Systems fuels innovation and competition, leading to the development of more sophisticated and integrated access control systems. Government initiatives promoting smart city development and enhanced security infrastructure further contribute to market growth. The integration of biometric authentication, alongside contactless card readers, is a significant trend, enhancing security and user convenience. However, the market faces certain restraints, such as high initial investment costs for advanced systems and the potential for data breaches, requiring robust cybersecurity measures. The projected market size for 2033, based on the provided CAGR, exceeds €550 million. This substantial growth will be primarily fueled by the adoption of integrated access control systems across various sectors. The commercial sector is expected to maintain the largest market share, owing to the high concentration of businesses and organizations requiring robust security measures. However, the residential and government sectors are also anticipated to show substantial growth, driven by increased awareness of security risks and the availability of more affordable and user-friendly access control solutions. The consistent technological advancements within biometric authentication and cloud-based access control management will shape the market's future, demanding robust cybersecurity and data protection protocols. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the France access control market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. With a focus on the base year 2025 and an estimated market size in the millions, this report is an essential resource for businesses, investors, and policymakers seeking to understand this dynamic sector. We examine key market trends, segment performance, leading players, and future growth projections within the context of the French market. The report leverages extensive primary and secondary research, providing actionable insights for strategic decision-making. Recent developments include: March 2024: Le Bourget Sports Park, the Paris Olympic Games climbing event venue, underwent a comprehensive renovation. To ensure security during and post-Olympics, the city selects Pollux, a French company specializing in electronic locks. Pollux highlights its technology, emphasizing simplified access management with electronic locks and the Iwa mobile access control solution. This approach addresses key management challenges for municipalities, offering secure and convenient access for stakeholders while reducing the risk of lost keys., January 2024: Thales finalized the acquisition of Imperva. Thales aims to fortify organizations' data protection and access management capabilities in the European and French markets. The acquisition marks the company's ninth investment in digital security within the past nine years. Imperva's incorporation strengthens Thales to advance cybersecurity solutions on a global scale.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Adoption of Access Control Systems Owing to Rising Crime Rates and Threats, Technological Advancements. Potential restraints include: Growing Adoption of Access Control Systems Owing to Rising Crime Rates and Threats, Technological Advancements. Notable trends are: The Commercial Segment Holds one of the Highest Market Share.

As of March 2022, approximately 46 percent of executives and those in higher intellectual professions in France perceived the risks of cyber attacks and data breaches as very high. Additionally, 37 percent of employees stated that they saw the threats of cyber attacks as significant. In contrast, only 31 percent of workers believed the risks of cyber attacks to be high.

Hearing loss can seriously impact children’s daily life. This study aims to translate and validate the French versions of the hearing performance questionnaires, SSQ-Parent (for 5–18 years old children), and SSQ-Children (for 11–18 years old children). This controlled prospective trial was conducted between April and October 2020. The forward-backward translation method was used, and a test-retest procedure was carried out on a case and a control population. Cases had at least 30 dBHL hearing loss. 54 cases (mean age 10.4 years old) and 32 controls (mean age 12.5 years old) answered the SSQ-Parent. 35 cases (mean age 13.1 years old) and 35 controls (mean age 14.3 years old) answered the SSQ-Children. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between global scores of the test and re-test were 0.91 (p 

This dataset contains forest floor and mineral soil chemical properties down to 40 cm depth for two soil sampling campaigns carried out at around 15-year time interval (campaign 1 from 1993 to 1995, campaign 2 from 2007 to 2012) within the 102 permanent plots of the French Network for the Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems (RENECOFOR). Data are reported for soil organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Ntot), C/N ratio (CNratio), exchangeable calcium (Caexch), exchangeable magnesium (Mgexch), exchangeable potassium (Kexch), exchangeable aluminium (Alexch), effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), extractable phosphorus (P), pH CaCl₂ and pH H₂O.

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As of March 2022, ** percent of French respondents between ** and ** believed the risk of cyber attacks and data breaches was very high. Additionally, ** percent of respondents between 35 and 49 years reported the same. In comparison, only ** percent of respondents aged 18 to 24 saw high risk of a cyber crime.

Chronic otitis media (COM) can seriously impact quality of life (QOL). Disease-specific questionnaires are essential for an accurate assessment of this impact. There is no questionnaire available for French-speaking patients with COM. This study aims to adapt and validate the French version of the COMQ-12 questionnaire. This is a controlled, prospective study, conducted between May 2020 and December 2021. Translation was performed using a forward-backward technique, and statistical validation was performed with a COM patients and a controls adult cohorts. 100 patients (mean age 48 ± 16), and 50 controls (mean age 41 ± 16; p = 0.02) completed the test. Internal consistency, assessed by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.870 for the cases group. The mean COMQ-12 total score was 23.92 ± 11.3 for cases versus 3.70 ± 6.15 for controls (p 

As of December 2023, data theft was the most common consequence of cyberattacks detected by companies in France, with ** percent of respondents experiencing it. Following closely, denial of service was the second most common result of an attack, reported by ** percent of respondents. Additionally, ** percent of companies experienced data exposure.

The stations were sampled along the French Mediterranean coast in spring (March-April) 2012 onboard the RV Europe. Bottom sediment at 36 stations (10 to 71 m water depth) was sampled using a Reineck box-corer. Three replicates (“a”, “b”, “c”; different box-corer launches) were done at each station for meiofauna analysis. The surface sediment (0-1 cm) of the first box-corer launches (i.e., “a”) was used for grain size analysis. If the sediment appears visually very different in the second and third launches (i.e., “b” and “c”) another sample was taken. Sediment was sampled from the three replicates box-corer and gathered to measure grain sizes thanks to sieves. Sediment samples were first dry weighted, then wet sieved on 63, 125, 150, 250, and 500 µm meshes and finally residues were dry weighted. Then, the percentage from the total dry weight was calculated for each size fraction. Sediment from a Van Veen grab launch, deployed at each station, was used to measure organic matter content. The organic matter percentage was determined with the loss on ignition method, 4h30 at 450 °C. Missing values means not available. These data were acquired thanks to Pierre Boissery and the funding from the Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse. The sampling survey was possible thanks to the Ifremer, especially Bruno Andral, and the RV Europe crew members.

This statistic shows the share of French people who suffered a loss or theft of data in the 24 months preceding the survey in 2020, depending on the type of device. Over this period, about ** percent reported having lost or stolen data on a computer.

In a study carried out in 2019, French respondents had stated their opinion on the possibility of a hack on one of their personal social media accounts. That year, about 32 percent of them said that their personal social media accounts were not likely to be hacked. On the other hand, 41 percent were aware that a breach could occur on their personal accounts such as e-mail, social media or banking.

As of March 2022, almost nine in 10 respondents in France stated that they were worried about the theft of their bank details in the event of hacking. Additionally, 87 percent of respondents reported being concerned about money theft. Worries over identity theft through a hacking incident were reported by 86 percent of respondents. A further 80 percent expressed concerns about data theft from their computers in the event of hacking incidents.

In 2024, there were approximately 664,700 theft offenses recorded by police forces in France; the majority of them were perpetrated without the use of violence, and only 8,600 were committed with the use of a weapon. The previous year, considerably more theft offenses were recorded by the police authorities, since around 706,200 theft offenses were counted in total. However, this number was lower in 2020, which could be possibly explained by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the eighteenth century, it is estimated that France's population grew by roughly fifty percent, from 19.7 million in 1700, to 29 million by 1800. In France itself, the 1700s are remembered for the end of King Louis XIV's reign in 1715, the Age of Enlightenment, and the French Revolution. During this century, the scientific and ideological advances made in France and across Europe challenged the leadership structures of the time, and questioned the relationship between monarchial, religious and political institutions and their subjects. France was arguably the most powerful nation in the world in these early years, with the second largest population in Europe (after Russia); however, this century was defined by a number of costly, large-scale conflicts across Europe and in the new North American theater, which saw the loss of most overseas territories (particularly in North America) and almost bankrupted the French crown. A combination of regressive taxation, food shortages and enlightenment ideologies ultimately culminated in the French Revolution in 1789, which brought an end to the Ancien Régime, and set in motion a period of self-actualization.

War and peace

After a volatile and tumultuous decade, in which tens of thousands were executed by the state (most infamously: guillotined), relative stability was restored within France as Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, and the policies of the revolution became enforced. Beyond France's borders, the country was involved in a series of large scale wars for two almost decades, and the First French Empire eventually covered half of Europe by 1812. In 1815, Napoleon was defeated outright, the empire was dissolved, and the monarchy was restored to France; nonetheless, a large number of revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms remained in effect afterwards, and the ideas had a long-term impact across the globe. France experienced a century of comparative peace in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars; there were some notable uprisings and conflicts, and the monarchy was abolished yet again, but nothing on the scale of what had preceded or what was to follow. A new overseas colonial empire was also established in the late 1800s, particularly across Africa and Southeast Asia. Through most of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, France had the second largest population in Europe (after Russia), however political instability and the economic prioritization of Paris meant that the entire country did not urbanize or industrialize at the same rate as the other European powers. Because of this, Germany and Britain entered the twentieth century with larger populations, and other regions, such as Austria or Belgium, had overtaken France in terms of industrialization; the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War was also a major contributor to this.

World Wars and contemporary France

Coming into the 1900s, France had a population of approximately forty million people (officially 38 million* due to to territorial changes), and there was relatively little growth in the first half of the century. France was comparatively unprepared for a large scale war, however it became one of the most active theaters of the First World War when Germany invaded via Belgium in 1914, with the ability to mobilize over eight million men. By the war's end in 1918, France had lost almost 1.4 million in the conflict, and approximately 300,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed. Germany invaded France again during the Second World War, and occupied the country from 1940, until the Allied counter-invasion liberated the country during the summer of 1944. France lost around 600,000 people in the course of the war, over half of which were civilians. Following the war's end, the country experienced a baby boom, and the population grew by approximately twenty million people in the next fifty years (compared to just one million in the previous fifty years). Since the 1950s, France's economy quickly grew to be one of the strongest in the world, despite losing the vast majority of its overseas colonial empire by the 1970s. A wave of migration, especially from these former colonies, has greatly contributed to the growth and diversity of France's population today, which stands at over 65 million people in 2020.