Astrazeneca was the leading pharmaceutical company in the United Kingdom as of March 7, 2024, with a market capitalization amounting to approximately ***** billion U.S. dollars. GlaxoSmithKline followed as the second largest pharma company in the country, with market capitalization of nearly **** billion U.S. dollars. Examining the development of the FTSE 100 Index, which was launched in January 1984 with a base level of 1,000, increased by more than sevenfold to date. What is the FTSE 100 index? The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, commonly known as the "Footsie", is the most widely recognized stock market index in the United Kingdom. It is made up of the 100 largest blue-chip companies on the London Stock Exchange. Companies from various sectors, such as healthcare, consumer goods, and energy, are included in the index, as are leading banks of the United Kingdom, such as HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, and Barclays. Moreover, it can be seen as a reflection of the investment climate in the United Kingdom. What is not included in the FTSE 100 Index? Most notably, the FTSE 100 Index, like most indices, is not adjusted for inflation. While inflation in the United Kingdom has gone down dramatically since 2023, it might be useful to adjust the historic figures on the index when comparing historic data to current levels. This is especially important when the index seems to have increased by a few percentage points because inflation may have increased at a faster rate than stock prices.

As of May 2025, the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca was the leading company listed on the London Exchange (LSE), with a market capitalization of 159 billion British pounds. This made them the largest of all companies listed on the LSE. Seen as the heart of the global financial community, the London Stock Exchange is the second-largest stock market in Europe and ranks eighth globally. Key information The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is among the largest stock market operators globally and ranks 11th in terms of the oldest stock exchanges in existence, with 224 years of operation as of 2025. Performance after Covid The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound effect on the global economy, causing considerable volatility on the stock market. The London Stock Exchange (LSE) saw a notable decline in the market capitalization value of its listed companies, reaching its lowest value in March 2020 at approximately three trillion British pounds in correlation with a surge in the average daily number of trades, which peaked at over two billion. Following this initial reaction, the LSE observed a decrease in the average daily active traders, alongside a gradual recovery in the market capitalization of the listed companies.

The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 index (FTSE 100) is a share index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalization. The index, which began in January 1984 with the base level of 1,000, reached ******** at the end of 2024. LSE Overview Established in 1571, the London Stock Exchange (LSE) has grown to become the ninth-largest globally. Companies listed on the LSE had a companies primarily hail from the energy and pharmaceutical sectors, with Shell and AstraZeneca leading the pack. In the realm of

Context

This dataset provides a comprehensive and clean historical view of the Italian stock market, specifically focusing on the companies within the FTSE MIB and FTSE Italia Mid Cap indices. It was created as the foundational asset for a quantitative finance project aimed at developing and backtesting factor-based investment strategies. The data has undergone a rigorous quality assurance process to remove outliers and logical inconsistencies.

Content

The dataset is composed of three separate CSV files, linked by security_id and date:

1. securities_master.csv The master file containing the list of all securities in the investment universe. * id: Unique integer identifier for each security (Primary Key). * ticker: The unique stock ticker (e.g., ENI.MI). * company_name: The full name of the company. * sector: The business sector of the company. * index_name: The index the stock belongs to (FTSE MIB or FTSE Mid Cap).

2. daily_prices.csv Contains the full daily price history for each security since 2002-01-01. * id: Unique integer identifier for the price record. * security_id: Foreign Key linking to the id in securities_master. * price_date: The trading date in YYYY-MM-DD format. * open, high, low, close: Standard OHLC prices, adjusted for dividends and splits. * volume: The number of shares traded.

3. macro_data.csv Provides the macroeconomic context with daily frequency (using forward-fill for lower frequency data). * data_date: The date in YYYY-MM-DD format. * [Other columns]: Contains various indicators like vix_close, btp_10y_yield, btp_bund_spread, eu_gdp_growth, it_inflation_rate, etc.

Methodology

The data was collected programmatically using Python libraries (yfinance, pandas-datareader) from trusted sources (Yahoo Finance, FRED). A multi-step data cleaning and validation process was applied to ensure quality and consistency.

Inspiration

The primary challenge for this dataset is to build a portfolio selection model that can consistently outperform the FTSE MIB index on a risk-adjusted basis. What factors (Momentum, Volatility, Macro) are most predictive for the Italian market?

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world, with an equity market capitalization of almost ** trillion U.S. dollars as of November 2025. The following largest three exchanges were the NASDAQ, PINK Exchange, and the Frankfurt Exchange. What is a stock exchange? A stock exchange is a marketplace where stockbrokers, traders, buyers, and sellers can trade in equities products. The largest exchanges have thousands of listed companies. These companies sell shares of their business, giving the general public the opportunity to invest in them. The oldest stock exchange worldwide is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, founded in the late sixteenth century. Other functions of a stock exchange Since these are publicly traded companies, every firm listed on a stock exchange has had an initial public offering (IPO). The largest IPOs can raise billions of dollars in equity for the firm involved. Related to stock exchanges are derivatives exchanges, where stock options, futures contracts, and other derivatives can be traded.

As of January 29, 2025, the FTSE index stood at ******** points - well above its average value of around ***** points in the past few years.On the 12th of March 2020, amid the escalating crisis surrounding the coronavirus and fears of a global recession, the FTSE 100 suffered the second largest one day crash in its history and the biggest since the 1987 market crash. On the 23rd of March, the FTSE index saw its lowest value this year to date at ******** but has since began a tentative recovery. With the continuation of the pandemic, the FTSE 100 index was making a tentative recovery between late March 2020 and early June 2020. Since then the FSTE 100 index had plateaued towards the end of July, before starting a tentative upward trend in November. FTSE 100 The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, otherwise known as the FTSE 100 Index is a share index of the 100 largest companies trading on the London Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalization. At the end of March 2024, the largest company trading on the LSE was Shell. The largest ever initial public offering (IPO) on the LSE was Glencore International plc. European stock exchanges While nearly every country in Europe has a stock exchange, only five are considered major, and have a market capital of over one trillion U.S dollars. European stock exchanges make up two of the top ten major stock markets in the world. Europe’s biggest stock exchange is the Euronext which combines seven markets based in Belgium, France, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.

Italy's main stock market index, the IT40, rose to 43652 points on December 2, 2025, gaining 0.91% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.99% and is up 29.04% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Italy. Italy Stock Market Index (IT40) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The statistic shows the highs and lows of the FTSE 100 Index between 2000 and 2024. The FTSE 100 Index is a share index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalization. It remains one of the most widely used stock indices and is regarded as a gauge of business prosperity in the United Kingdom. In 2024, the FTSE reached a yearly high of ******* and a low of ********. London Stock Exchange As of May 2024, the number of companies trading on the London Stock Exchange stood at *****. These companies had a combined market capitalization of approximately *** trillion British pounds and ******* daily average trades. Largest companies on the LSE As of March 2023, Shell Plc was the leading company listed on the London Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalization. This made them the largest of all companies trading shares on the LSE in 2023 from more than ** countries globally. Seen as the heart of the global financial community, the London Stock Exchange is the second largest stock market in Europe and ranks seventh globally.

Index Time Series for Vanguard Funds Public Limited Company - Vanguard FTSE Developed Europe UCITS ETF. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. NA

Index Time Series for Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets Index Fund ETF Shares. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. The index measures the investment return of stocks issued by companies located in emerging market countries. The fund employs an indexing investment approach designed to track the performance of the FTSE Emerging Markets All Cap China A Inclusion Index. It invests by sampling the index, meaning that it holds a broadly diversified collection of securities that, in the aggregate, approximates the index in terms of key characteristics.

Index Time Series for Invesco FTSE RAFI Developed Markets ex-U.S. Small-Mid ETF. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. The fund generally will invest at least 90% of its total assets in the securities that comprise the index. The index provider compiles, maintains and calculates the new underlying index, which is comprised of approximately 1,500 common stocks and is designed to track the performance of small and mid-sized developed market companies, excluding U.S. companies, based on the following four fundamental measures of company size: book value plus intangibles, adjusted cash flow, adjusted sales, dividend plus buybacks.

Stock Price Time Series for Temple Bar Investment Trust. Temple Bar Investment Trust PLC is a closed-ended equity mutual fund launched and managed by RWC Asset Management LLP. The fund invests in the public equity markets of the United Kingdom. It seeks to invests in stocks of companies operating across diversified sectors. The fund primarily invests in stocks of companies across all market capitalizations, which are constituents of the FTSE 350 Index. It benchmarks the performance of its portfolio against the FTSE All-Share Index. Temple Bar Investment Trust PLC was formed in 1926 and is domiciled in the United Kingdom.

Index Time Series for iShares Public Limited Company - iShares China Large Cap UCITS ETF. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. The fund is an exchange traded fund (ETF) that aims to track the performance of the FTSE China 50 Index.The FTSE China 50 Index is designed to represent the performance of the largest companies in the China equity market that are available to international investors. The Benchmark Index consists of 50 of the largest and most liquid Chinese companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, ranked by total market capitalisation. The Benchmark Index is free-float market capitalisation weighted and individual constituents are capped at a maximum of 9% of the Benchmark Index. All companies that have a weight greater than 4.5% are capped in aggregate at 38% of the Benchmark Index. The Benchmark Index rebalances on a quarterly basis.

As of February 2025, Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc was the leading company in the industrial goods and services sector on the London Stock Exchange (LSE), with a market capitalization of ** billion British pounds. Second on the list was CRH Plc, with a value of **** billion British pounds.

Index Time Series for Vanguard FTSE Canadian High Dividend Yield. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. Vanguard FTSE Canadian High Dividend Yield Index ETF seeks to track, to the extent reasonably possible and before fees and expenses, the performance of a broad Canadian equity index that measures the investment return of common stocks of Canadian companies that are characterized by high dividend yield. Currently, this Vanguard ETF seeks to track the FTSE Canada High Dividend Yield Index (or any successor thereto). It invests primarily in common stocks of Canadian companies that pay dividends.

As of February 2025, Unilever Plc was the leading company among consumer staples companies on the London Stock Exchange in terms of its market capitalization, with a total value of over *** billion British pounds. This was followed by British American Tobacco Plc and Diageo PLC, with values of over ** billion and ** billion British pounds, respectively.

Stock Price Time Series for PRS Reit PLC. The PRS REIT plc is a closed-ended real estate investment trust established to invest in the Private Rented Sector (PRS) and to provide shareholders with an attractive level of income together with the potential for capital and income growth. The Company has invested over £1bn in a portfolio of high-quality homes for private rental across the regions, having raised a total of £0.56bn (gross) through its Initial Public Offering, on 31 May 2017 and subsequent fundraisings in February 2018 and September 2021. The UK Government's Homes England has supported the Company with direct investments. The Company is listed on the Closed-ended investment funds category of the FCA's Official List and its Ordinary Shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange's Main Market. It is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. With 5,478 new rental homes as at 30 June 2025, the Company believes its portfolio is the largest build-to-rent single-family rental portfolio in the UK.

Malaysia's main stock market index, the FKLCI, rose to 1631 points on December 2, 2025, gaining 0.37% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.50% and is up 1.47% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Malaysia. Malaysia Stock Market (FBM KLCI) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

As of February 2025, AstraZeneca Plc was by far the leading healthcare company listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) with a total market capitalization of *** billion British pounds. This was followed by GSK Plc and Haleon Plc, with a value of over ** billion and ** billion British pounds, respectively.

Index Time Series for iShares International Developed Real Estate ETF. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. The fund generally will invest at least 80% of its assets in the component securities of its underlying index and in investments that have economic characteristics that are substantially identical to the component securities of its underlying index. The underlying index measures the performance of companies engaged in the ownership, trading and development of income-producing real estate in the developed real estate markets (except for the U.S.) as defined by FTSE EPRA Nareit.