Among European Union countries in March 2025, Spain had the highest unemployment rate at 10.9 percent, followed by Finland at 9.4 percent. By contrast, Czechia has the lowest unemployment rate in Europe, at 2.6 percent. The overall rate of unemployment in the European Union was 5.8 percent in the same month - a historical low-point for unemployment in the EU, which had been at over 10 percent for much of the 2010s.

In April 2025, the agriculture and related private wage and salary workers industry had the highest unemployment rate in the United States, at eight percent. In comparison, government workers had the lowest unemployment rate, at 1.8 percent. The average for all industries was 3.9 percent. U.S. unemployment There are several factors that impact unemployment, as it fluctuates with the state of the economy. Unfortunately, the forecasted unemployment rate in the United States is expected to increase as we head into the latter half of the decade. Those with a bachelor’s degree or higher saw the lowest unemployment rate from 1992 to 2022 in the United States, which is attributed to the fact that higher levels of education are seen as more desirable in the workforce. Nevada unemployment Nevada is one of the states with the highest unemployment rates in the country and Vermont typically has one of the lowest unemployment rates. These are seasonally adjusted rates, which means that seasonal factors such as holiday periods and weather events that influence employment periods are removed. Nevada's economy consists of industries that are currently suffering high unemployment rates such as tourism. As of May 2023, about 5.4 percent of Nevada's population was unemployed, possibly due to the lingering impact of the coronavirus pandemic.

At a rate of 11.27 percent in the second quarter of 2024, Spain was one of the countries with the highest unemployment rates in the European Union. As of the third quarter of 2005, the unemployment rate in Spain was at roughly 8.4 percent, the lowest recorded in the period under consideration. However, a few years later, by the third quarter of 2009, it had more than doubled. It was not until 2016 that Spain witnessed a downward trend in its unemployment rate. Unemployment in Spain The age group with the highest distribution of unemployment is that of teenagers (16 to 19 years). Recent quarterly unemployment figures in Spain show that unemployment peaked in the first quarter of 2013, whereby there were approximately 6.28 million inhabitants unemployed, by the same quarter in 2024, unemployment had decreased by over 3 million. This trend is also reflected in the number of people in employment in Spain. The situation in the European Union Spain was the European country with the highest unemployment rate in August 2023, with nearly 12 percent of the labor force out of work. This figure is considerably higher than that of the rest of the European Union, which had an average unemployment rate of six percent as of the same period. In terms of youth unemployment, figures in the European Union reached 14 percent in August 2023, although the numbers varies greatly across the countries. While Greece and Spain topped the list at a youth unemployment rate of 23.5 and 26.8 percent, Germany was at the bottom of the list with just 5.7 percent of its youth out of a job.

The statistic shows the unemployment rate in Japan from 1999 to 2024. In 2024, the unemployment rate in Japan was at about 2.56 percent. Employment and the economy in Japan Japan is one of the leading countries when it comes to economic key factors; its unemployment rate, for example, is lower than that of other major industrial and emerging countries. The Japanese work ethic is well-known worldwide, it is synonymous with a strong devotion to the company and to the task at hand; competition among co-workers and loyalty to the company are common and encouraged, working hours and over-time work are said to be excessive. The Japanese language even has its own term for sudden death from being overworked – “Karoshi”. After the devastating effects of World War II, Japan managed to recover economically and even earn a prominent role among other leading economic powers – a fact which is probably partly due to this attitude towards work and employment. Today, Japan is among the leading import countries worldwide, as well as the leading export countries worldwide. Additionally, Japan is one of the 20 countries with the largest proportion of the global domestic product, and also among the 20 countries with the largest gross domestic product per capita, even though it is also ranked tenth among the leading countries with the largest population.

The increased demand for bio based products worldwide provides an opportunity for Eastern European countries to increase their production in agriculture and forestry. At the same time, such economic development must be congruent with the European Union’s long-term climate and biodiversity objectives. As a country that is rich in bioresources, the Latvian case study is highly relevant to many other countries—especially those in Central and Eastern Europe—and faces a choice of transition pathways to meet both economic and environmental objectives. In order to assess the trade-offs between investments in the bioeconomy and the achievement of climate and biodiversity objectives, we used the Functional Land Management (FLM) framework for the quantification of the supply and demand for the primary productivity, carbon regulation and biodiversity functions. We related the supply of these three soil functions to combinations of land use and soil characteristics. The demand for the same functions were derived from European, national and regional policy objectives. Our results showed different spatial scales at which variation in demand and supply is manifested. High demand for biodiversity was associated with areas dominated by agricultural land at the local scale, while regional differences of unemployment rates and the target for GDP increases framed the demand for primary productivity. National demand for carbon regulation focused on areas dominated by forests on organic soils. We subsequently identified mismatches between the supply and demand for soil functions, and we selected spatial locations for specific land use changes and improvements in management practices to promote sustainable development of the bio-economy. Our results offer guidance to policy makers that will help them to form a national policy that will underpin management practices that are effective and tailored toward local climate conditions and national implementation pathways.

The seasonally-adjusted national unemployment rate is measured on a monthly basis in the United States. In February 2025, the national unemployment rate was at 4.1 percent. Seasonal adjustment is a statistical method of removing the seasonal component of a time series that is used when analyzing non-seasonal trends. U.S. monthly unemployment rate According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics - the principle fact-finding agency for the U.S. Federal Government in labor economics and statistics - unemployment decreased dramatically between 2010 and 2019. This trend of decreasing unemployment followed after a high in 2010 resulting from the 2008 financial crisis. However, after a smaller financial crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment reached 8.1 percent in 2020. As the economy recovered, the unemployment rate fell to 5.3 in 2021, and fell even further in 2022. Additional statistics from the BLS paint an interesting picture of unemployment in the United States. In November 2023, the states with the highest (seasonally adjusted) unemployment rate were the Nevada and the District of Columbia. Unemployment was the lowest in Maryland, at 1.8 percent. Workers in the agricultural and related industries suffered the highest unemployment rate of any industry at seven percent in December 2023.

The ninth of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys within New Zealand, by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Attitudes towards social inequality. Social background and good relations as most important prerequisites for success in the society; most important criteria for social mobility (scale: personal effort, intelligence or corruption); reasons for and acceptance of social inequality; self-assessment of payment suitable for performance; estimation of actual and adequate monthly income for occupational groups; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; attitude to a progressive tax rate; assessment of the economic differences between poor and rich countries; attitude towards compensation by additional taxes in the wealthy countries (redistribution).Justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; assumption of conflicts between social groups in the country; self-assessment on a top-bottom-scale and expectation of the individual level in 10 years; social mobility; criteria for the classification of payment for work (scale: responsibility, education, supervisor function, needed support for family and children or quality of job performance); feeling of a just payment; characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams; Self-assessment of the respondent as well as classification of an unskilled factory worker and a chairman of a large corporation on a top-bottom-scale; number of books in the parental home in the respondent’s youth.Demography: Age; sex; living together with a partner; marital status; school education; denomination; occupation status; profession (ISCO code); occupation in the public sector; autonomy; working hours per week; net income of the respondent; supervisor function; occupation status, profession and supervisor function of the partner; household structure; family income; size of household; city size; region; own unemployment within the last few years and duration of this unemployment; religiousness; frequency of going to church; forms of the faith in God; Self-assessment of the social class; union membership; party preference; participation in elections; Living situation and living status; in some countries: ethnic membership of the respondent.

Follow-up survey at an interval of five years with the same major topics: 1. The social and occupational situation of the respondent and his relatives, 2. The attitudes to social inequality, 3. The financial situation and attitudes to income questions and 4. Political attitudes and concepts of justice. Topics: 1. Social and occupational situation: housing conditions; number of persons in the household; sex, age and family relation of all persons living in the household; number of persons employed in the household; employment and employer of respondent; occupation; exact description of occupational activity; type and size of company; supervisor status and span of control; duration of employment in this company; unemployment in the last 10 years; type and year of highest school degree; occupational training; marital status; partnership; type and year of school degree of partner; occupational training of partner; employment of partner; type of company of partner; occupational position of partner; exact description of occupational activity of partner; time of start of possible unemployment; employment of father in youth of respondent or reason for non-employment and occupational position of father as well as exact description of the occupation (social origins); earlier employer; length of earlier employment and type of company; occupational position in this earlier employment and exact description of this activity; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance; solidarity with the religious community; union membership of respondent and persons in the household; solidarity with trade unions; In Germany: place of residence before 1989, place of birth, length of residence and previous place of residence, each differentiated according to East and West. 2. Attitudes to social inequality: self-assessment on a class scale as well as a top-bottom scale (in Germany: also before 1989); assessment of the proportion of poor and rich people in one's country (in Germany: assessment of the proportion for East and West respectively); expected development of the relationship and perceived reasons for the presence of poor and rich in the country (scale); estimated reasons for injustices personally experienced (scale; in Eastern Germany: differentiated before the turning point 1989 and after the turning point 1989); attitude to achievement-based income differences (scale); preferred criteria for establishing salary payments (scale); current actual criteria for payment in effect (scale); attitude to the role of the state and to privatization. 3. Financial situation and attitudes to income questions: current and future satisfaction with income, employment, the standard of living, the political system of the country and with life in general (scale; in Germany: satisfaction before 1989); sources of income of household; number of persons contributing to household income; monthly household income; comparison of the financial situation of the household with the time year ago, before 1989 and in three years; assessment, whether current monthly household income is suitable for personal needs; assessment of monthly household income necessary; personal monthly income from employment; assessment whether the payment of one's own work is appropriate; level of a fair personal income; comparison of personal income with the country average, with persons with the same training and with persons with similar occupation (in Germany: with training and occupation each comparison with personal part of the country, East or West); estimate of monthly income of a board chairman of a large business and an unskilled worker, judgement on these incomes (scales) and recommendation for an appropriate monthly income for a board chairman and for an unskilled worker; judgement on the extent of income differences between occupations in the country (in Germany: separate questions for East and West). 4. Political attitudes and concepts of justice: behavior at the polls in the last political election; party preference (Sunday question); party inclination; interest in politics (scale); participation in political protest actions and political participation; functioning of democracy in the country and effectiveness of politics; trust in the government; assessment whether the activity of the government serves the public good; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; assessment of the opportunities actually available and achievement orientation in the country; attitude to ...

Sampling Procedure Comment: Various sampling procedures (quota sample and multi-stage random sample) according to country.

The main survey focus of this Eurobarometer is:

1. The personal situation in life of the respondent;

2. Attitudes to the EC and political questions;

3. Regionally different: further main survey focus areas.

Topics: 1. Personal situation in life of the respondent: recorded in election register; general contentment with life and satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in the country; personal opinion leadership; postmaterialism; frequency of political discussions with friends; satisfaction in selected areas of life; inclination to save or consume; development of job situation in the last year; personal participation in demonstrations; most important fears for the future; effects of European unification on situation in life of today´s children; peace movement and national security; assessment of the effectiveness of ecological ideas.

1. Attitude to the EC and political questions: self-classification on a left-right continuum; attitude to social change; party allegiance; noticing media information about the European Parliament; memory of news content; general attitude to unification of Western Europe; preferred name for the EC; areas on which EC work should concentrate; countries that should not join the EC; balance of advantages and disadvantages of EC membership for the country; attitudes to a European passport, European currency, a European Olympics team, a European court system, European Embassies in foreign countries, freedom to move within the European job market, uniform social services in the EC and unlimited freedom of trade; actual and desired influence of the European Parliament; reasons for and against participation in the next European Election; preference for national or European practices by the European parliamentarians; willingness to elect selected political and ideological directions; religiousness.

2. The following questions were posed only in the Federal Republic, France, Italy and Great Britain: evaluation of general and personal economic development in the last year; development of the cost of living; fear of loss of job; development of unemployment in residential surroundings; development of financial conditions of comparable persons; evaluation of influence of government policies on the economic situation, the employment situation, prices and financial situation of personal household; general judgement on the economic policy of the government; most able party to deal with economic problems.

The following questions were posed only in the Federal Republic, France, Italy, Great Britain and Netherlands: willingness to accept foreign products and services; national pride; work orientation; inclination to consumption and pleasure in buying (scale); reasons for foregoing a purchase.

The following questions were posed only in Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain: expected economic situation after one´s own retirement; ideas about the level of pension payments; expected securing of purchasing power through public pension and additional personal insurance.

The following questions were posed only in Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands and Great Britain: attitudes to violence, co-determination, family, science and research, willingness to make sacrifices for one´s own country, book censorship, work reluctance, students, trade unions, judiciary, nuclear power plants, solar energy, unemployment, influence of the government, homosexuality, defense expenditures, energy crisis, income distribution, television station, abortion, peace and freedom, danger of war, existence of God, proportion of emigrants, peace movement and substition of electricity for coal, gas and oil in households (scale).

The following questions were posed only in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands and Great Britain: willingness to support and to participate in selected citizen initiatives.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education and age at conclusion of school; occupation; employment; company size; household income; household size; household composition; respondent is head of household; characteristics of head of household; party preference; degree of urbanization.

The nineteenth of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys in New Zealand by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Attitudes towards social inequality. Social background and good relations as most important prerequisites for success in society; most important criteria for social mobility (scale: personal effort, intelligence or corruption); reasons for and acceptance of social inequality; Self-assessment of payment suitable for performance; estimation of actual and adequate monthly income for occupational groups; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; attitude to a progressive tax rate.Assessment of the economic differences between poor and rich countries; attitude towards compensation by additional taxes in the wealthy countries (Redistribution); justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; assumption of conflicts between social groups in the country; self-assessment on a top-bottom-scale and expectation of the individual level in 10 years; social mobility; criteria for the classification of payment for work (scale: responsibility, education, supervisor function, needed support for family and children or quality of job performance); feeling of a just payment.Characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams; Self-assessment of the respondent as well as classification of an unskilled factory worker and a chairman of a large corporation on a top-bottom-scale; number of books in the parental home in the respondent’s youth.Demography: age; sex; living together with a partner; marital status; school education; denomination; occupation status; profession (ISCO code); occupation in the public sector; autonomy; working hours per week; net income of the respondent; supervisor function; occupation status, profession and supervisor function of the partner; household structure; family income; size of household; city size; region; own unemployment within the last few years and duration of this unemployment; religiousness; frequency of going to church; forms of the faith in God; Self-assessment of the social class; union membership; party preference; participation in elections; living situation and living status; in some countries: ethnic membership of the respondent.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about social inequality.
Social background and good relations as most important prerequisites for success in the society; most important criteria for social mobility (scale: personal effort, intelligence or corruption); reasons for and acceptance of social inequality; Self-assessment of payment suitable for performance; estimation of actual and adequate monthly income for occupational groups; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; attitude to a progressive tax rate; assessment of the economic differences between poor and rich countries; attitude towards compensation by additional taxes in the wealthy countries (Redistribution); justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; assumption of conflicts between social groups in the country; self-assessment on a top-bottom-scale and expectation of the individual level in 10 years; social mobility; criteria for the classification of payment for work (scale: responsibility, education, supervisor function, needed support for family and children or quality of job performance); feeling of a just payment; characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams; Self-assessment of the respondent as well as classification of an unskilled factory worker and a chairman of a large corporation on a top-bottom-scale; number of books in the parental home in the respondent’s youth.

Demography: Age; gender; living together with a partner; marital status; school education; denomination; occupation status; profession (ISCO code); occupation in the public sector; autonomy; working hours per week; net income of the respondent; supervisor function; occupation status as well as profession and supervisor function of the partner; household structure; family income; size of household; city size; region; unemployment within the last few years and duration of unemployment; religiousness; frequency of church attendance; forms of the faith in God; Self-assessment of the social class; union membership; party preference; participation in elections; living situation and living status; in some countries: ethnic membership of the respondent.

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. Standard indicators on living conditions and expectations, 2. European Social Fund (ESF), 3. Civil justice and commercial legal proceedings in the member states and the EU, 4. Attitudes towards development aid, 5. Africa: problems, image and relation to the EU, 6. Risk issues regarding food.
Topics: 1. Standard indicators on living conditions and expectations: life satisfaction; assessment of the current situation in different areas (personal living area, national health care, retirement benefits, unemployment benefits, cost of living, relations between people of different culture, religion or nationality, dealing with inequality and poverty, affordable energy, affordable housing functioning public administration, national economic conditions, personal job situation and financial situation and national employment situation); expected development of the personal life situation in general and in the areas mentioned above and compared to the period five years ago.

1. European Social Fund (ESF): most important general issues and based on social policy and employment policy, which the European Union should address as a priority; preference for the solution of social issues for the whole EU or focus on the poorest regions and countries of the EU; awareness of the European Social Fund (ESF).

2. Civil justice and commercial legal proceedings in the member states and the EU: own involvement in civil or commercial legal proceedings with a person or a company from an EU Member State and from a non EU country; difficulty to access civil justice in another EU Member State; need for additional measures to support citizens in obtaining their rights; type of personal experience in civil or commercial legal proceedings abroad (based on marriage, children or contractual disputes); non-EU country in which the respondent had personal experience in civil or commercial proceeding; most important obstacles to start legal proceedings in another EU member State; perceived difficulties in the enforcement of a positive judgment for the respondent in another EU country; perceived encouragement by a judicial declaration (exequatur) to institute legal proceedings against a person in another EU country; importance of EU measures to simplify the procedures for enforcing court decisions in another country; knowledge of the procedure introduced by the EU to recover cross-border small claims; source of information about this process; knowledge of the European order for payment procedure (European Payment Order); source of information about this process; knowledge of common standards in the EU to qualify for legal aid (Cross-Border Civil Case); source of information on this standard; preferred EU measures for cross-border family law areas (international distinctions, control of financial matters in connection with a marriage, control of financial matters for unmarried but officially recognized couple); attitude towards the automaticall validity of an agreement on the distribution of the belongings of a divorcing couple in all other EU member states; personal experience with the presentation of documents such as birth certificate, marriage certificate or death certificate in another EU country; need to submit a translation or legalization of this document; attitude towards a universal recognition of civil status documents in the EU; preference for an automatic recognition of documents or the issuance of standard formats or improvement of mechanism for translating these documents; attitude towards general system for the recognition of adoptions.

3. Attitudes towards development aid: biggest challenges facing developing countries; attitude towards development aid; personal involvement in development aid (donations or volunteer activities); preference for international organizations or individual countries as best actors for development aid; attitude towards changes in the scope of official development aid and towards a cooperation of the EU Member States in development aid; preferred political guidelines for the alignment of development aid.

4. Africa / problems, image and relation to the EU: expected increase in the importance of Africa as a partner for the EU; most important areas of cooperation between the EU and Africa; most important problems for African countries to...

Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union situated in Luxembourg. Its mission is to provide high quality statistics for Europe. While fulfilling its mission, Eurostat promotes the following values: respect and trust, fostering excellence, promoting innovation, service orientation, professional independence. Providing the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions is a key task. Democratic societies do not function properly without a solid basis of reliable and objective statistics. On one hand, decision-makers at EU level, in Member States, in local government and in business need statistics to make those decisions. On the other hand, the public and media need statistics for an accurate picture of contemporary society and to evaluate the performance of politicians and others. Of course, national statistics are still important for national purposes in Member States whereas EU statistics are essential for decisions and evaluation at European level. Statistics can answer many questions. Is society heading in the direction promised by politicians? Is unemployment up or down? Are there more CO2 emissions compared to ten years ago? How many women go to work? How is your country's economy performing compared to other EU Member States? International statistics are a way of getting to know your neighbours in Member States and countries outside the EU. They are an important, objective and down-to-earth way of measuring how we all live.

Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

The main survey focus areas of this Eurobarometer are:

1. Personal and economic situation of the respondent,

2. His attitude to foreign aid and

3. Attitude to the EC.

Topics: 1. Evaluation of general and personal economic situation; development of cost of living; expected personal development in the coming year and expected strikes as well as international conflicts; probability of a world war; assessment of the degree of self-determination (scale); fear of loss of job; development of unemployment in residential surroundings; evaluation of influence of government policies on the economic situation, employment situation, prices and the financial situation of personal household; judgement on the economic policy of the government; most able party to deal with economic problems; general contentment with life; satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in the country; personal opinion leadership; postmaterialism; intent to participate in the election; assessment of personal as well as national prosperity; most important social-political problems; assessment of future political problems; judgement on economic, cultural and historical relations with selected countries of the world.

1. Interest in the problems of the third world; evaluation of extent of information about developing countries in the media; objectivity of media information; attitude to foreign aid and causes for the problems of the third world (scale); preferred forms of foreign aid; personal experience in the third world; proportion of persons from developing countries in one´s country; judgement on government aid for these people; assumed significance of development of foreign aid countries for one´s own country; knowledge about foreign aid providers and assessment of the most effective foreign aid organization; countries who soonest should be given foreign aid; readiness for personal involvement in foreign aid; attitude to an increase of foreign aid, even with decreasing standard of living; knowledge and willingness to support selected foreign aid organizations.

2. Attitude to the unification of Western Europe; attitude to membership of the country in the EC; development of agreement between EC partners; noticing media information about the European Parliament; memory of the news content; intent to participate in the next European Election; the significance of the European Election; actual and desired influence of the European Parliament; ideas about the tasks and objectives of the European Parliament as well as judgement on the populism of the European parliamentarians; frequency of political discussions with friends; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; attitude to social change; party allegiance; religiousness; feeling of being happy.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; age at conclusion of school; employment; company size; household income; household size; household composition; respondent is head of household; characteristics of head of household; respondent is person managing household; voting behavior at the last federal parliament election; degree of urbanization.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about political attitudes and the role of government.
Attitude to compliance with law; attitudes to various forms of protest against the government; views regarding freedom of speech for extremists; attitude to justice error; attitudes towards state intervention in the economy; attitude to increased government spending for environmental protection, public health system, the police, education system, defense, pensions, unemployment benefits, culture and arts; attitude to welfare state and responsibility for jobs, price control, health care, decent standard of living, economic growth, reduction of income differences, support for students, housing supply and protection of environment; political interest; rating the government performance in providing health care and living standards as well as dealing with country`s security threats, controlling crime, fighting unemployment and protecting environment; attitude towards surveillance measures of the authorities in case of security challenges; political efficacy; trust in politicians and civil servants; assessment of tax equity with various income groups; trust in people; being treated fairly by public officials; treatment by public officials depends on personal contact; perceived amount of politicians and public officials involved in corruption; how often asked for bribe by public officials; number of persons respondent is in contact with per week.

Demography: sex; age; marital status; steady life partner; years of schooling; highest education level; country specific education and degree; current employment status (respondent and partner); hours worked weekly; occupation (ISCO 1988) (respondent and partner); supervising function at work; working for private or public sector or self-employed (respondent and partner); if self-employed: number of employees; trade union membership; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); size of household; household composition; party affiliation (left-right); country specific party affiliation; participation in last election; religious denomination; religious main groups; attendance of religious services; self-placement on a top-bottom scale; region (country specific); size of community (country specific); type of community: urban-rural area; country of origin or ethnic group affiliation.

Additionally coded: administrative mode of data-collection; weight.

In 2023, the majority of the labor force in Algeria was working in the services sector. Since 2010, the services sector has employed around 60 percent of the employees in the country. Employment rates by sector remained relatively stable in the period under review, with the industrial segment attracting approximately 30 percent of the workforce. Economic contribution versus employment Interestingly, the employment distribution across sectors does not directly correlate with their contribution to Algeria's GDP. While services employ the majority of workers, the sector's economic output is proportionally smaller. In 2023, services accounted for 45.62 percent of GDP, followed closely by industry at 37.76 percent. Agriculture, despite employing the smallest share of workers, contributed a significant 13.09 percent to the GDP. This disparity highlights the varying productivity levels across sectors and the outsized economic impact of Algeria's resource-intensive industries. A challenging labor market The labor force in Algeria faces widespread unemployment. Specifically, finding a job is difficult for youth and women. In 2023, the youth unemployment rate was nearly 31 percent, while 20 percent of the female labor force was not employed. The highly educated population also represented the largest share of unemployed. Furthermore, high levels of informal employment in the country are a relevant concern for the labor market. Informality does not provide job security and even threatens the functioning of the formal sector. In recent times, secure employment has been more important than ever. According to government sources, at least 500,000 jobs have been lost in the country in 2020 due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

The sixteenth of 20 years of successful surveys for the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) in New Zealand, run by Professor Philip Gendall in the Department of Marketing at Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Attitudes to compliance with the law; attitudes to various forms of protest against the government; views on freedom of speech for extremists; attitudes to justice error; views on state intervention in economy; views on government spending for environmental protection, public health system, the police, education system, defence, pensions, unemployment benefits, culture and arts.Attitudes to welfare state and responsibility for jobs, price control, health care, decent standard of living, economic growth, reduction of income differences, support for students, housing supply and protection of environment; political interest; rating the government performance in providing health care and living standards as well as dealing with country’s security threats, controlling crime, fighting unemployment and protecting environment; attitude towards surveillance measures of the authorities in case of security challenges; political efficacy; trust in politicians and civil servants; assessment of tax equity with various income groups; trust in people; being treated fairly by public officials; treatment by public officials depends on personal contact; perceived amount of politicians and public officials involved in corruption; how often asked for bribe by public officials; number of persons in contact with per week.Demography: sex; age; marital status; steady life partner; years of schooling; highest education level; country specific education and degree; current employment status (respondent and partner); hours worked weekly; occupation (ISCO 1988) (respondent and partner); supervising function at work; working for private or public sector or self-employed (respondent and partner); if self-employed: number of employees; trade union membership; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); size of household; household composition; party affiliation (left-right); country specific party affiliation; participation in last election; religious denomination; religious main groups; attendance of religious services; self-placement on a top-bottom scale; region (country specific); size of community (country specific); type of community: urban-rural area; country of origin or ethnic group affiliation. Additionally coded: Administrative mode of data-collection; weight.

Abstract

The Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) is a household-based sample survey conducted by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA). It collects data on the labour market activity of individuals aged 15 years or older who live in South Africa.

The objective of the QLFS is to collect quarterly information about persons in the labour market , i.e., those who are employed by sector(formal,informal,agriculture and Private households); those who are unemployed and those who are not economically active

Geographic coverage

the QLFS has national coverage

Analysis unit

individuals

Universe

Households in the nine provinces of South Africa

Kind of data

Données échantillonées [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) frame has been developed as a general-purpose household survey frame that can be used by all other household surveys irrespective of the sample size requirement of the survey. The sample size for the QLFS is roughly 30 000 dwellings per quarter.

The sample is based on information collected during the 2001 Population Census conducted by Stats SA. In preparation for the 2001 Census, the country was divided into 80 787 enumeration areas (EAs). Stats SA's household-based surveys use a master sample of primary sampling units (PSUs) which comprises EAs that are drawn from across the country.

The sample is designed to be representative at provincial level and within provinces at metro/nonmetro level. Within the metros, the sample is further distributed by geography type. The four geography types are: urban formal, urban informal, farms and tribal. This implies, for example, that within a metropolitan area the sample is representative at the different geography types that may exist within that metro.

The current sample size is 3 080 PSUs. It is divided equally into four subgroups or panels called rotation groups. The rotation groups are designed in such a way that each of these groups has the same distribution pattern as that which is observed in the whole sample. They are numbered from one to four and these numbers also correspond to the quarters of the year in which the sample will be rotated for the particular group.

The sample for the redesigned Labour Force Survey (i.e. the QLFS) is based on a stratified twostage design with probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling of primary sampling units (PSUs) in the first stage, and sampling of dwelling units (DUs) with systematic sampling in the second stage.

Sample rotation Each quarter, a ¼ of the sampled dwellings rotate out of the sample and are replaced by new dwellings from the same PSU or the next PSU on the list. Thus, sampled dwellings will remain in the sample for four consecutive quarters. It should be noted that the sampling unit is the dwelling, and the unit of observation is the household. Therefore, if a household moves out of a dwelling after being in the sample for, say two quarters and a new household moves in then the new household will be enumerated for the next two quarters. If no household moves into the sampled dwelling, the dwelling will be classified as vacant (unoccupied).

Mode of data collection

Interview face à face [f2f]

Research instrument

the questionnaire is composed by 5 sections: - Section1, Biographical information (marital status, language, migration, education, training, literacy, etc.)
- Section2, Economic activities in the last week : The questions in this section determine those individuals, aged 15-64 years, who are employed and those who are not employed.
- Section 3, Unemployment and economic inactivity : This section determines which respondents are unemployed and which respondents are not economically active. - Section 4, Main work activities in the last week : This section contains questions about the work situation of respondents who are employed. It includes questions about the number of jobs at which the respondent works, the hours of work, the industry and occupation of the respondent as well as whether or not the person is employed in the formal or informal sector etc., - Section 5 covers earnings in the main job for employees and own-account workers aged 15 years and above.

Cleaning operations

Automated editing and imputation QLFS uses the editing and imputation module to ensure that output data is both clean and complete. There are three basic components, called functions, in the Edit and Imputation Module:

Function A: Record acceptance Function B: Edit and imputation Function C: Clean up, derived variables and preparation for weighting

Function A: Record acceptance This function is divided into three phases:

First phase: Pre-function A The first phase ensures that the records contain valid information in selected Cover Page questions required during edit and imputation and during the subsequent weighting and variance estimation. Any blanks or other errors that need to be corrected are done here before processing of the record can proceed.

Second phase: Function A record acceptance The second phase ensures that there is enough demographic and labour market activity information to ensure that editing and imputation can be successfully completed.

Third phase: Post Function A clean up This phase ensures that certain data are present where there is evidence that they should be. This for example, involves: · Ensuring that if there is written material in the job description questions then there are corresponding industry and occupation codes for them. · Ensuring that partial blanks or non-numeric characters that appear in questions where the Survey Officer is required to enter numbers are validated.
· Ensuring that where there is written material in the space provided for “Other - specify” that the corresponding option is marked.

Function B: Edit and imputation Having determined in Function A that the content of the record would support extensive editing and imputation, this function carries out those activities. Editing is the detection of errors in the captured questionnaire. Imputation is the correction of the detected errors.

Function C: Clean up, derived variables and preparation for weighting Function C includes all of the “post E&I clean up” functions such as “Off-path cleaning”, “Result Code validation”, verification of the presence of industry and occupation codes, and the generation of all derived variables.

Response rate

Response rates: first Quarter: 92.3 second quarter: 92.3 third quarter: 93.4 forth quarter: 93.3

Sampling error estimates

Because estimates are based on sample data, they differ from figures that would have been obtained from complete enumeration of the population using the same instrument. Results are subject to both sampling and non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors include biases from inaccurate reporting, processing, and tabulation etc., as well as errors from non-response and incomplete reporting. These types of errors cannot be measured readily. However, to the extent possible, non-sampling errors can be minimised through the procedures used for data collection, editing, quality control, and non-response adjustment. The variances of the survey estimates are used to measure sampling errors. The variance estimation methodology is discussed below.

(i) Variance estimation The most commonly used methods for estimating variances of survey estimates from complex surveys, such as the QLFS, are the Taylor-series Linearization, Jackknife Replication, Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR), and Bootstrap methods (Wolter, 2007). The Fay’s BRR method has been used for variance estimation in the QLFS because of its simplicity.

(ii) Coefficient of variation It is more useful in many situations to assess the size of the standard error relative to the magnitude of the characteristic being measured (the standard error is defined as the square root of the variance). The coefficient of variation(cv) provides such a measure. It is the ratio of the standard error of the survey estimate to the value of the estimate itself expressed as a percentage. It is very useful in comparing the precision of several different survey estimates, where their sizes or scale differ from one another.

(iii) P-value If p-value <0.01 then the difference is highly significant; if p-value is between 0.01 and 0.05 then the difference is significant; and if p-value >0.05 then the difference is not significant

Key information about Canada population

• The Canada population reached 41.3 million people in Jun 2024, compared with the previously reported figure of 40.1 million people in Jun 2023
• The data reached an all-time high of 41.3 million people in Jun 2024 and a record low of 14.0 million people in Jun 1950

• In the latest reports, Canada Unemployment Rate increased to 6.6 % in Aug 2024
• Monthly earnings of the Canada population was 3,656.6 USD in Jun 2024
• Canada Labour Force Participation Rate increased to 66.2 % in Aug 2024