The seasonally-adjusted national unemployment rate is measured on a monthly basis in the United States. In February 2025, the national unemployment rate was at 4.1 percent. Seasonal adjustment is a statistical method of removing the seasonal component of a time series that is used when analyzing non-seasonal trends. U.S. monthly unemployment rate According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics - the principle fact-finding agency for the U.S. Federal Government in labor economics and statistics - unemployment decreased dramatically between 2010 and 2019. This trend of decreasing unemployment followed after a high in 2010 resulting from the 2008 financial crisis. However, after a smaller financial crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment reached 8.1 percent in 2020. As the economy recovered, the unemployment rate fell to 5.3 in 2021, and fell even further in 2022. Additional statistics from the BLS paint an interesting picture of unemployment in the United States. In November 2023, the states with the highest (seasonally adjusted) unemployment rate were the Nevada and the District of Columbia. Unemployment was the lowest in Maryland, at 1.8 percent. Workers in the agricultural and related industries suffered the highest unemployment rate of any industry at seven percent in December 2023.

Chile CG: Expenditure: SS: Unemployment data was reported at 319,125.839 CLP mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 340,018.223 CLP mn for 2022. Chile CG: Expenditure: SS: Unemployment data is updated yearly, averaging 58,222.000 CLP mn from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2023, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 340,018.223 CLP mn in 2022 and a record low of 2,504.000 CLP mn in 1990. Chile CG: Expenditure: SS: Unemployment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Chilean Budget Estimation Directory. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.F012: Central Government: Expenditure: by Functional Classification.

In April 2025, the agriculture and related private wage and salary workers industry had the highest unemployment rate in the United States, at eight percent. In comparison, government workers had the lowest unemployment rate, at 1.8 percent. The average for all industries was 3.9 percent. U.S. unemployment There are several factors that impact unemployment, as it fluctuates with the state of the economy. Unfortunately, the forecasted unemployment rate in the United States is expected to increase as we head into the latter half of the decade. Those with a bachelor’s degree or higher saw the lowest unemployment rate from 1992 to 2022 in the United States, which is attributed to the fact that higher levels of education are seen as more desirable in the workforce. Nevada unemployment Nevada is one of the states with the highest unemployment rates in the country and Vermont typically has one of the lowest unemployment rates. These are seasonally adjusted rates, which means that seasonal factors such as holiday periods and weather events that influence employment periods are removed. Nevada's economy consists of industries that are currently suffering high unemployment rates such as tourism. As of May 2023, about 5.4 percent of Nevada's population was unemployed, possibly due to the lingering impact of the coronavirus pandemic.

The data on expenditure under the various social protection schemes are drawn up according to the ESSPROS (European System of integrated Social Protection Statistics) Manual issued by Eurostat. Generally, the objectives of ESSPROS are to provide a comprehensive, realistic and coherent description of social protection which: (i) covers social benefits and their financing; (ii) is geared towards international comparability; and (iii) is completely harmonised with other statistics, particularly the National Accounts, in its main concepts. The Unemployment function consists of the following benefits: Special Unemployment Benefit, Unemployment Benefit, Social Assistance Board, Subsidiary Unemployment Assistance, Unemployment Assistance and Unemployment Assistance Tapering. Spatial ESSPROS data is represented per 1000 population. The data source used to compile the beneficiaries data is the System for the Administration of Social Benefits (SABS) database held by the Department of Social Security. Beneficiaries are grouped according to their ID card number. If a person received a particular benefit more than once in a calendar year, the records show one beneficiary. Beneficiaries obtaining more than one benefit under the same function are counted once. Beneficiaries living abroad are not included in the data.

Unemployment Rate in Argentina increased to 7.90 percent in the first quarter of 2025 from 6.40 percent in the fourth quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - Argentina Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Contrary to standard search models predictions, past studies have not found a positive effect of unemployment insurance (UI) on reemployment wages. We estimate a positive UI wage effect exploiting an age-based regression discontinuity design in Austria. A search model incorporating duration dependence predicts two countervailing forces: UI induces workers to seek higher-wage jobs, but reduces wages by lengthening unemployment. Matching-function heterogeneity plausibly generates a negative relationship between the UI unemployment-duration and wage effects, which holds empirically in our sample and across studies, reconciling disparate wage-effect estimates. Empirically, UI raises wages by improving reemployment firm quality and attenuating wage drops.

Apart from a few individual studies the labor market and it’s segregation, the relation between supply and demand, employment structure, and unemployment is until today not analyzed in its historical dimension. The same applies to the history of labor market policy. The present study’s aim is to fill this gap by describing the most important elements of the labor market policy: the employment service, the job creation, and the unemployment benefit. The researcher addresses one of the most important problems of the modern, on the intense division of labor based economy: the labor market coverage with highly skilled workers. The reason for the complexity of this task lies in the strong segmentation of the labor market (numerous sub-markets and sectors with different requirements on qualifications) and – since the industrialization – the fact, that the labor market is in a process of constant, sometimes short term changes. To manage this situation, market transparency to the largest possible extent is necessary, which is a central field of the employment service’s responsibility. To this basic function (the supply of the labor market with adequate skilled workers, called by Anselm Faust ‘market function’) further important functions are attached, for example the prevention of unemployment. The not commercially labor service was expanded in Germany to an inherent part of modern labor market policy in a period between 30 and 40 years. The labor service was in the end of the 19th century insignificant and both institutionally and in terms of a policy of interests fragmented. But in 1927 it was integrated by the law about labor service and unemployment insurance into a system of coordinated public institutions and public policies. The purpose of this new implemented law is to balance and to influence the labor market, the employment policy, and to ensure a basic social care of the unemployed. The goals of the labor market policy, developed in a long historical process til today, can be summarized as follows: - to influence quantity, composition and qualification of possible and actual labor force in direction to an optimal structure and development; - to induce the best possible adaption between available labor force and working places; - to use the labor force productively, fully and continuously to enable the individual and public increase in welfare or benefit; - to protect the economically active population from the consequences of unemployment. The preset study addresses the most important elements in historical view and in policy terms, i.e. the labor service, job creation, and unemployment compensation. The labor market is the place to meet demand and supply. Therefore, labor service is the organized market process and the contact point, where supply and demand for labor does coincide. The history of labor service, job creation, and unemployment compensation in Germany between 1890 and 1918 is analyzed in terms of: - its social and economical preconditions: the structure of the labor market, the development and social meaning of employment and unemployment; - the theoretical and ideological subsumption as well as the social interests derived from the social and economic conditions. - the function of labor market policy within the German ‘Kaiserreich’s’ (German Royal empire’s) conflicts of interests and the political importance of labor market policy, resulting from the conflicts of interests; - the strategies for solving the labor market conflicts, the actions and investments and their organizational arrangement; - the government’s part by solving conflicts and organizing the labor market; - the relevance of labor market instruments to organize labor market processes and to protect the unemployed. (see: Faust, A., 1986: Arbeitsmarktpolitik im Deutschen Kaiserreich. Arbeitsvermittlung, Arbeitsbeschaffung und Arbeitslosenunter¬stützung 1890-1918. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, S. 2f, S. 10).

Datatables in the search- and downloadsystem HISTAT (Topic: Erwerbstätigkeit (=employment) ) Annotation: HISTAT is offered in German.

A. Arbeitslosigkeit (=Unemployment)

A.01 Arbeitsgesuche auf 100 offene Stellen (1907-1918) (number of applications to 100 vacancies) A.02 Die Arbeitslosenquote in den Gewerkschaften (1904-1918) (unemployment rate in lobor unions) A.03 Die Arbeitslosenquoten in den Gewerkschaftsverbänden (1904-1918) (unemployment rates in trade union associations) A.04 die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitslosenqu...

This article considers an endogenous kink threshold regression model with an unknown threshold value in a time series as well as a panel data framework, where both the threshold variable and regressors are allowed to be endogenous. We construct our estimators from a nonparametric control function approach and derive the consistency and asymptotic distribution of our proposed estimators. Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess the finite sample performance of our proposed estimators. Finally, we apply our model to analyze the impact of COVID-19 cases on labor markets in the United States and Canada.

Among European Union countries in March 2025, Spain had the highest unemployment rate at 10.9 percent, followed by Finland at 9.4 percent. By contrast, Czechia has the lowest unemployment rate in Europe, at 2.6 percent. The overall rate of unemployment in the European Union was 5.8 percent in the same month - a historical low-point for unemployment in the EU, which had been at over 10 percent for much of the 2010s.

In 2023, it was estimated that over 161 million Americans were in some form of employment, while 3.64 percent of the total workforce was unemployed. This was the lowest unemployment rate since the 1950s, although these figures are expected to rise in 2023 and beyond. 1980s-2010s Since the 1980s, the total United States labor force has generally risen as the population has grown, however, the annual average unemployment rate has fluctuated significantly, usually increasing in times of crisis, before falling more slowly during periods of recovery and economic stability. For example, unemployment peaked at 9.7 percent during the early 1980s recession, which was largely caused by the ripple effects of the Iranian Revolution on global oil prices and inflation. Other notable spikes came during the early 1990s; again, largely due to inflation caused by another oil shock, and during the early 2000s recession. The Great Recession then saw the U.S. unemployment rate soar to 9.6 percent, following the collapse of the U.S. housing market and its impact on the banking sector, and it was not until 2016 that unemployment returned to pre-recession levels. 2020s 2019 had marked a decade-long low in unemployment, before the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic saw the sharpest year-on-year increase in unemployment since the Great Depression, and the total number of workers fell by almost 10 million people. Despite the continuation of the pandemic in the years that followed, alongside the associated supply-chain issues and onset of the inflation crisis, unemployment reached just 3.67 percent in 2022 - current projections are for this figure to rise in 2023 and the years that follow, although these forecasts are subject to change if recent years are anything to go by.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a challenging and disabling condition, predominantly affecting individuals in early adulthood. MS affects the physical, cognitive, and mental health of persons suffering from the disease as well as having a great impact on their financial status and quality of life. However, there is a lack of systematic approach toward assessing the socioeconomic consequences of MS. Our objective was to systematically review analytical observational studies investigating the socioeconomic consequences in persons with MS with different levels of physical disability and cognitive function. We conducted a systematic review on socioeconomic consequences of MS with a focus on employment-, income-, work ability-, and relationship-related outcomes in persons with MS with special focus on disability and cognition. Additionally, the educational characteristics were examined. From 4,957 studies identified, 214 were assessed for eligibility and a total of 19 studies were included in this qualitative assessment; 21 different outcomes were identified. All identified studies reported higher unemployment, higher early retirement, and higher risk of unemployment in relation to higher physical disability. Also, cognitive function was found to be a predictor of employment (unemployment). The studies pointed out significant correlations between greater disability and lower earnings and higher income from benefits. A study found the same correlation in relation to cognitive function. The studies reported higher work disability in relation to higher physical disability and lower cognitive function. In conclusion, this systematic review summarizes the pronounced differences in various socioeconomic outcomes between patients with MS with regards to their physical disability and cognitive function. In addition, we identified a lack of studies with longitudinal design in this field that can provide more robust estimates with covariate adjustments, such as disease modifying treatments.

1. Social Protection Expenditure (SPE) refers to the governments efforts to alleviate the risks or burdens of old age, physical and mental disabilities, survivors, illness and health, maternity, family and children, unemployment, occupational injuries, housing, and other risks or burdens that families or individuals bear. , to provide expenditures for all people to enjoy health and minimum living security. Expenditure items are divided into social benefits, administrative fees and others, among which "social benefits" are divided into 10 items according to functional categories. 2. In order to present the general situation of social security in our country, the Accountant General Office of the Executive Yuan compiled the Social Security Inquiry (Social Security Inquiry) manual specifications of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the latest domestic source materials. Security expenditure statistics cover social security plans regulated by the government or implemented in accordance with the law to present the scale and resource allocation of social security expenditures in China. 3. Based on the final accounts and final accounts approval reports of government services and special funds at all levels, annual accounting information systems, public service statistical statements, annual reports and other information, and conduct self-investigations of central ministries and county and city government in-kind and cash payments, operating funds, etc. Calculated according to function category and project category.

Social benefits consist of transfers, in cash or in kind, by social protection schemes to households and individuals to relieve them of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs. The functions (or risks) are: sickness/healthcare, disability, old age, survivors, family/children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion not elsewhere classified (n.e.c).

Social benefits consist of transfers, in cash or in kind, by social protection schemes to households and individuals to relieve them of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs. The functions (or risks) are: sickness/healthcare, disability, old age, survivors, family/children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion not elsewhere classified (n.e.c).

The role of the employment adviser. Topics: position in office; frequency of conducting selectedemployment adviser activities; importance of selected sub-duties forproviding individual occupational advice and providing training;description of the professional image of employment adviser; mostimportant principles of providing employment advice; job satisfaction;judgement on selected areas of focus at work regarding time expendedand personal leeway; personal attitude to talking with those needingadvice and personal effort for them; self-classification of knowledgeabout relevant regulations; frequency of contact with institutionsoutside of the employment office; knowledge about expectations ofselected groups of persons and their satisfaction with activity ofemployment adviser; frequency of requests for advice on the part ofthose seeking advice, companies, teachers, students, colleagues andsuperiors; influence of expectations on one´s own daily work;professional or bureaucratic orientation of occupation of adviser;assessment of success of advice on external factors; unemployment ratein district of one´s own employment office; difficulties in arrangingtraining positions; rate of applicants not receiving a trainingposition; overview of occupational interconnections and environmentalconditions; adequate number of employment advisers in employment officedistrict and average wait for personal consultation; evaluation oforganizational conditions in employment office; sources of informationon occupations used; participation in further education measures andsupervisions. The majority of the topics were asked in the form of scales.

The activity rate expresses the ratio to the working-age population (15-64) of people who actually enter the labour market, whether they are employed or unemployed. That rate therefore reflects behaviour in relation to the labour market, which is itself a function of a considerable number of variables relating as much to the individual, his family and his culture as to the economic and institutional context in which he operates. See also: - on our website 'Labour Market Statistics', The Employment Accounts and the IWEPS Working Paper No 13. Note: From 2011, the indicators are calculated on the basis of Steunpunt Werk estimates, which showed a break in series in 2017: the methodology for estimating non-taxable students is changed and employees of international organisations have been included in the employed assets. In 2019, the source used by Steunpunt Werk for the number of outgoing cross-border commuters changes, which leads to a drop in employment, and therefore also in activity, and an increase in the unemployment rate, which can be significant in some border municipalities. As a result of this problem and the delay in Steunpunt Werk’s estimates due to the increasing difficulty of obtaining sufficiently detailed data on employed workers, from 2019 the indicators are calculated on the basis of provisional estimates from IWEPS. More information on the IWEPS website: - the "\2" - the "\2" - labour market statistics

In this paper we apply the Indirect Inference method to estimate the parameters of a semi-Markov transition model when the data are subject to a complex form of censoring. There is no explicit expression for the likelihood function, and therefore Maximum Likelihood estimation is computationally burdensome. The econometric methodology of Indirect Inference is first tested on simulated data under various assumptions about the distribution of spell durations and transitions. Then, it is applied to labour market transitions between self-employment, wage-work, and unemployment using the 1986-1988 French labour force survey. Although the analysis is basically a reduced-form analysis, we motivate our transition model in terms of a structural search model.

Social benefits consist of transfers, in cash or in kind, by social protection schemes to households and individuals to relieve them of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs. The functions (or risks) are: sickness/healthcare, disability, old age, survivors, family/children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion not elsewhere classified (n.e.c). Net social protection benefits (restricted approach) means social benefits after the deduction of taxes and social contributions paid on cash social benefits by their recipient.

The activity rate expresses the ratio to the working-age population (15-64) of people who actually enter the labour market, whether they are employed or unemployed. That rate therefore reflects behaviour in relation to the labour market, which is itself a function of a considerable number of variables relating as much to the individual, his family and his culture as to the economic and institutional context in which he operates. See also: - on our website 'Labour Market Statistics', The Employment Accounts and the IWEPS Working Paper No 13. Note: From 2011, the indicators are calculated on the basis of Steunpunt Werk estimates, which showed a break in series in 2017: the methodology for estimating non-taxable students is changed and employees of international organisations have been included in the employed assets. In 2019, the source used by Steunpunt Werk for the number of outgoing cross-border commuters changes, which leads to a drop in employment, and therefore also in activity, and an increase in the unemployment rate, which can be significant in some border municipalities. As a result of this problem and the delay in Steunpunt Werk’s estimates due to the increasing difficulty of obtaining sufficiently detailed data on employed workers, from 2019 the indicators are calculated on the basis of provisional estimates from IWEPS. More information on the IWEPS website: - the "\2" - the "\2" - labour market statistics

At a rate of 11.27 percent in the second quarter of 2024, Spain was one of the countries with the highest unemployment rates in the European Union. As of the third quarter of 2005, the unemployment rate in Spain was at roughly 8.4 percent, the lowest recorded in the period under consideration. However, a few years later, by the third quarter of 2009, it had more than doubled. It was not until 2016 that Spain witnessed a downward trend in its unemployment rate. Unemployment in Spain The age group with the highest distribution of unemployment is that of teenagers (16 to 19 years). Recent quarterly unemployment figures in Spain show that unemployment peaked in the first quarter of 2013, whereby there were approximately 6.28 million inhabitants unemployed, by the same quarter in 2024, unemployment had decreased by over 3 million. This trend is also reflected in the number of people in employment in Spain. The situation in the European Union Spain was the European country with the highest unemployment rate in August 2023, with nearly 12 percent of the labor force out of work. This figure is considerably higher than that of the rest of the European Union, which had an average unemployment rate of six percent as of the same period. In terms of youth unemployment, figures in the European Union reached 14 percent in August 2023, although the numbers varies greatly across the countries. While Greece and Spain topped the list at a youth unemployment rate of 23.5 and 26.8 percent, Germany was at the bottom of the list with just 5.7 percent of its youth out of a job.