According to latest figures, the Chinese population decreased by 1.39 million to around 1.408 billion people in 2024. After decades of rapid growth, China arrived at the turning point of its demographic development in 2022, which was earlier than expected. The annual population decrease is estimated to remain at moderate levels until around 2030 but to accelerate thereafter. Population development in China China had for a long time been the country with the largest population worldwide, but according to UN estimates, it has been overtaken by India in 2023. As the population in India is still growing, the country is very likely to remain being home of the largest population on earth in the near future. Due to several mechanisms put into place by the Chinese government as well as changing circumstances in the working and social environment of the Chinese people, population growth has subsided over the past decades, displaying an annual population growth rate of -0.1 percent in 2024. Nevertheless, compared to the world population in total, China held a share of about 17 percent of the overall global population in 2024. China's aging population In terms of demographic developments, the birth control efforts of the Chinese government had considerable effects on the demographic pyramid in China. Upon closer examination of the age distribution, a clear trend of an aging population becomes visible. In order to curb the negative effects of an aging population, the Chinese government abolished the one-child policy in 2015, which had been in effect since 1979, and introduced a three-child policy in May 2021. However, many Chinese parents nowadays are reluctant to have a second or third child, as is the case in most of the developed countries in the world. The number of births in China varied in the years following the abolishment of the one-child policy, but did not increase considerably. Among the reasons most prominent for parents not having more children are the rising living costs and costs for child care, growing work pressure, a growing trend towards self-realization and individualism, and changing social behaviors.

The graph shows the population growth in China from 2000 to 2024. In 2024, the Chinese population decreased by about 0.1 percent or 1.39 million to around 1.408 billion people. Declining population growth in China Due to strict birth control measures by the Chinese government as well as changing family and work situations of the Chinese people, population growth has subsided over the past decades. Although the gradual abolition of the one-child policy from 2014 on led to temporarily higher birth figures, growth rates further decreased in recent years. As of 2024, leading countries in population growth could almost exclusively be found on the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula. Nevertheless, as of mid 2024, Asia ranked first by a wide margin among the continents in terms of absolute population. Future development of Chinese population The Chinese population reached a maximum of 1,412.6 million people in 2021 but decreased by 850,000 in 2022 and another 2.08 million in 2023. Until 2022, China had still ranked the world’s most populous country, but it was overtaken by India in 2023. Apart from the population decrease, a clear growth trend in Chinese cities is visible. By 2024, around 67 percent of Chinese people lived in urban areas, compared to merely 36 percent in 2000.

Since 1970, the median age of China’s population has continued to increase from around ** years to around **** years in 2020. According to estimates from the United Nations, the increasing trend will slow down when the median age will reach ** years in the middle of the 21st century and will remain at around ** years up to 2100. China’s aging population Although the median age of China’s population is still lower than in many developed countries, for example in Japan, the consequences of a rapidly aging population have already become a concern for the country’s future. As the most populated country in the world, the large labor force in China contributed to the country’s astonishing economic growth in the last decades. Nowadays however, the aging population is going to become a burden for China’s social welfare system and could change China’s economic situation. Reasons for the aging population Like in many other countries, increasing life expectancy is regarded as the main reason for the aging of the population. As healthcare and living standards have improved, life expectancy in China has also increased. In addition, the one-child policy led to a decreasing fertility rate in China, which further increased the share of older people in the society. Even though the one-child policy has been abolished in 2016, many young people are refraining from having children, largely due to the high costs of raising a child, career pressure and the pursuit of freedom.

Explore population projections for China on this dataset webpage. Get valuable insights into the future demographic trends of one of the world's most populous countries.

Population, China, projections ChinaFollow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research..Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimatesSource: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision. (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.

In 2024, about 60.9 percent of the Chinese population was between 16 and 59 years old. Apart from the information given on broad age groups in this statistic, some more information is provided by a timeline for the age distribution and a population breakdown by smaller age groups. Demographic development in China China ranked as the second most populous country in the world with a population of nearly 1.41 billion as of mid 2024, surpassed only by India. As the world population reached more than eight billion in mid 2024, China represented almost one fifth of the global population. China's population increased exponentially between the 1950s and the early 1980s due to Mao Zedong's population policy. To tackle the problem of overpopulation, a one-child policy was implemented in 1979. Since then, China's population growth has slowed from more than two percent per annum in the 1970s to around 0.5 percent per annum in the 2000s, and finally turned negative in 2022. China's aging population One outcome of the strict population policy is the acceleration of demographic aging trends. According to the United Nations, China's population median age has more than doubled over the last five decades, from 18 years in 1970 to 37.5 years in 2020. Few countries have aged faster than China. The dramatic aging of the population is matched by slower growth. The total fertility rate, measuring the number of children a woman can expect to have in her life, stood at just around 1.2 children. This incremental decline in labor force could lead to future challenges for the Chinese government, causing instability in current health care and social insurance mechanisms. To learn more about demographic development of the rural and urban population in China, please take a look at our reports on population in China and aging population in China.

The demographic indicators of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan were compiled from (1) the World Bank United Nations (UN) Population Division, World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision. (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) UN Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Program. The dataset consists of descriptive demographic statistics of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan and includes the following indicators: (1) total population, (2) population by broad age groups, (3) annual rate of population change, (4) crude birth rate and crude death rate, (5) annual number of births and deaths, (6) total fertility, (7) mortality under age 5, (8) life expectancy at birth by sex, (9) life expectancy at birth (both sexes combined), (10) annual natural change and net migration, (11) population by age and sex: 2101, (12) annual number of deaths per 1,000 population, and (13) annual number of deaths.

Tuberculosis (TB) incidence has been in steady decline in China over the last few decades. However, ongoing demographic transition, fueled by aging, and massive internal migration could have important implications for TB control in the future. We collated data on TB notification, demography, and drug resistance between 2004 and 2017 across seven cities in Shandong, the second most populous province in China. Using these data, and age-period-cohort models, we (i) quantified heterogeneities in TB incidence across cities, by age, sex, resident status, and occupation and (ii) projected future trends in TB incidence, including drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). Between 2006 and 2017, we observed (i) substantial variability in the rates of annual change in TB incidence across cities, from -4.84 to 1.52%; (ii) heterogeneities in the increments in the proportion of patients over 60 among reported TB cases differs from 2 to 13%, and from 0 to 17% for women; (iii) huge differences across cities in the annual growths in TB notification rates among migrant population between 2007 and 2017, from 2.81 cases per 100K migrants per year in Jinan to 22.11 cases per 100K migrants per year in Liaocheng, with drastically increasing burden of TB cases from farmers; and (iv) moderate and stable increase in the notification rates of DR-TB in the province. All of these trends were projected to continue over the next decade, increasing heterogeneities in TB incidence across cities and between populations. To sustain declines in TB incidence and to prevent an increase in Multiple DR-TB (MDR-TB) in the future in China, future TB control strategies may (i) need to be tailored to local demography, (ii) prioritize key populations, such as elderly and internal migrants, and (iii) enhance DR-TB surveillance.

This dataset incorporated specific demographic information, accounting for sex and age, and considered five fertility and three migration scenarios from 2010 to 2100, reflecting the latest population migration policy developments and fertility change trend. By considering a broad spectrum of 362 cities in China, including prefecture-level and vice prefecture-level cities, we present a comprehensive set of future population projections at the city, provincial, and national levels under these fifteen scenarios. Researchers can select the desired level and scenario based on their specific research requirements and assumptions regarding future socioeconomic drivers.

Objectives: To simulate the growth trend of diabetes mellitus in Chinese population.Methods: The system dynamic modeling methodology was used to establish a population prediction model of diabetes with or without cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle therapy and the use of metformin, acarbose, and voglibose were assumed to be intervention strategy. The outcomes will be examined at 5, 15, and 30 years after 2020.Results: The projected number of diabetic population in China would increase rapidly from 141.65 million in 2020 to 202.84 million in 2050. Diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease would rapidly increase from 65.58 million in 2020 to 122.88 million by 2050. The annual cost for the entire population with diabetes mellitus in China would reach 182.55 billion by 2050. When the treatment of cardiovascular disease was considered, expenditure was 1.5–2.5-fold higher. Lifestyle therapy and the use of metformin, acarbose and voglibose could effectively slow the growth of the diabetic population.Conclusion: The diabetic population in China is expected to increase rapidly, and diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease will increase greatly. Interventions could delay it.

Mainland China SSP Population Grids ~100m (Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau are nodata regions). To reduce the size, the original population estimates have been formatted in integer type. The 2015 base-year population map has been adjusted using the national statistics of total population.

Please cite the following paper if using this dataset: Chen, Y., Li, X., Huang, K., Luo, M., & Gao, M. (2020). High‐resolution gridded population projections for China under the shared socioeconomic pathways. Earth's Future, 8(6), e2020EF001491.

According to the age distribution of China's population in 2024, approximately 68.6 percent of the population were in their working age between 15 and 64 years of age. Retirees aged 65 years and above made up about 15.6 percent of the total population. Age distribution in China As can be seen from this statistic, the age pyramid in China has been gradually shifting towards older demographics during the past decade. Mainly due to low birth rates in China, the age group of 0 to 14 year-olds has remained at around 16 to 17 percent since 2010, whereas the age groups 65 years and over have seen growth of nearly seven percentage points. Thus, the median age of the Chinese population has been constantly rising since 1970 and is forecast to reach 52 years by 2050. Accompanied by a slightly growing mortality rate of more than 7 per thousand, China is showing strong signs of an aging population. China's aging society The impact of this severe change in demographics is the subject of an ongoing scientific discussion. Rising standards of living in China contain the demand for better health care and pension insurance for retirees, which will be hard to meet with the social insurance system in China still being in its infancy. Per capita expenditure on medical care and services of urban households has grown more than ninefold since 2000 with a clear and distinctive upward trend for the near future. As for social security spending, public pension expenditure is forecast to take up approximately nine percent of China's GDP by 2050.

As the global population ages, China faces unique challenges due to its rapid economic development and societal changes. The older adult population in China, especially females, is growing rapidly, with women outnumbering men in older age groups. Gender disparities in aging manifest in physiological, psychological, and social aspects, including higher risks of cardiovascular diseases in older adultmen and osteoporosis in older adult women. China’s rapidly aging population faces profound gender disparities in health outcomes, shaped by biological, social, and cultural determinants. Synthesizing data from the Global Burden of Disease study and national surveys, this perspective highlights elevated cardiovascular risks among older adult men, osteoporosis prevalence in women, and systemic inequities in healthcare access. We propose gender-sensitive strategies spanning research, policy, and societal awareness to advance equitable healthy aging.

This is a hybrid gridded dataset of demographic data for China from 1979 to 2100, given as 21 five-year age groups of population divided by gender every year at a 0.5-degree grid resolution.

The historical period (1979-2020) part of this dataset combines the NASA SEDAC Gridded Population of the World version 4 (GPWv4, UN WPP-Adjusted Population Count) with gridded population from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, Histsoc gridded population data).

The projection (2010-2100) part of this dataset is resampled directly from Chen et al.’s data published in Scientific Data.

This dataset includes 31 provincial administrative districts of China, including 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 4 municipalities directly under the control of the central government (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao were excluded due to missing data).

Method - demographic fractions by age and gender in 1979-2020

Age- and gender-specific demographic data by grid cell for each province in China are derived by combining historical demographic data in 1979-2020 with the national population census data provided by the National Statistics Bureau of China.

To combine the national population census data with the historical demographics, we constructed the provincial fractions of demographic in each age groups and each gender according to the fourth, fifth and sixth national population census, which cover the year of 1979-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2020, respectively. The provincial fractions can be computed as:

\(\begin{align*} \begin{split} f_{year,province,age,gender}= \left \{ \begin{array}{lr} POP_{1990,province,age,gender}^{4^{th}census}/POP_{1990,province}^{4^{th}census} & 1979\le\mathrm{year}\le1990\\ POP_{2000,province,age,gender}^{5^{th}census}/POP_{2000,province}^{5^{th}census} & 1991\le\mathrm{year}\le2000\\ POP_{2010,province,age,gender}^{6^{th}census}/POP_{2010,province}^{6^{th}census}, & 2001\le\mathrm{year}\le2020 \end{array} \right. \end{split} \end{align*}\)

Where:

- \( f_{\mathrm{year,province,age,gender}}\)is the fraction of population for a given age, a given gender in each province from the national census from 1979-2020.

- \(\mathrm{PO}\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{year,province,age,gender}}^{X^{\mathrm{th}}\mathrm{census} }\) is the total population for a given age, a given gender in each province from the X^th national census.

- \(\mathrm{PO}\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{year,province}}^{X^{\mathrm{th}}\mathrm{census} }\) is the total population for all ages and both genders in each province from the X^th national census.

Method - demographic totals by age and gender in 1979-2020

The yearly grid population for 1979-1999 are from ISIMIP Histsoc gridded population data, and for 2000-2020 are from the GPWv4 demographic data adjusted by the UN WPP (UN WPP-Adjusted Population Count, v4.11, https://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-count-adjusted-to-2015-unwpp-country-totals-rev11), which combines the spatial distribution of demographics from GPWv4 with the temporal trends from the UN WPP to improve accuracy. These two gridded time series are simply joined at the cut-over date to give a single dataset - historical demographic data covering 1979-2020.

Next, historical demographic data are mapped onto the grid scale to obtain provincial data by using gridded provincial code lookup data and name lookup table. The age- and gender-specific fraction were multiplied by the historical demographic data at the provincial level to obtain the total population by age and gender for per grid cell for china in 1979-2020.

Method - demographic totals and fractions by age and gender in 2010-2100

The grid population count data in 2010-2100 under different shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios are drawn from Chen et al. published in Scientific Data with a resolution of 1km (~ 0.008333 degree). We resampled the data to 0.5 degree by aggregating the population count together to obtain the future population data per cell.

This previously published dataset also provided age- and gender-specific population of each provinces, so we calculated the fraction of each age and gender group at provincial level. Then, we multiply the fractions with grid population count to get the total population per age group per cell for each gender.

Note that the projected population data from Chen’s dataset covers 2010-2020, while the historical population in our dataset also covers 2010-2020. The two datasets of that same period may vary because the original population data come from different sources and are calculated based on different methods.

Disclaimer

This dataset is a hybrid of different datasets with independent methodologies. Spatial or temporal consistency across dataset boundaries cannot be guaranteed.

In 2023, about ***** million people in China were estimated by the UN to be at a working age between 15 and 64 years. After a steep increase in the second half of the 20th century, the size of the working-age population reached a turning point in 2015 and figures started to decrease thereafter. Changes in the working-age population China's demographic development is characterized by a rapid change from a high fertility rate to a low one. This has caused the development of an arc shaped graph of the working age population: quickly increasing numbers before 2010, a gradual turn with a minor second peak until around 2027, and a steep decline thereafter. The expected second maximum of the graph results from the abolishment of birth control measures after 2010, which proved less successful in increasing birth figures than expected. The same turn can be seen in the number of people eligible for work, with an accelerated downturn in the years of the coronavirus pandemic, where many people left the labor force. It is very likely that the size of the labor force will rebound slightly in the upcoming years, but the extent of the rebound, which parallels the second maximum of the working age population, might be limited. China's labor market China's labor market was once defined by its abundant and cheap labor force, but competition for talent has been getting increasingly tense in recent years. This development is very likely to further intensify and extend itself into the less skilled ranks of the labor market. As the number of people who fall within the retirement age group is increasing and adding to the burden on the economy, steps to keep labor participation high are necessary. Raising the retirement age and providing incentives to stay in the labor force, are measures being implemented by Chinese government. Strategies to increase labor productivity would be ideal to mitigate the pressure on the Chinese economy, however, realizing such strategies is challenging.

This study investigates the future changes in dangerous precipitation extremes with multiyear return periods and the population exposure across China at the 1.5–4°C warming levels via the latest simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The results show that the simulations project more frequent dangerous precipitation extremes across China under the warmer climate regardless of the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP), with more substantial occurrence increases at the high warming levels. Consequently, the population exposure to dangerous precipitation extremes is anticipated to increase persistently in most regions of China except for some parts of northwestern China and the Tibetan Plateau. For the events estimated to occur once every 10 years, the 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0°C warming relative to the current state will result in approximately 29.9, 47.8, 72.9, and 84.3% increases in the aggregated population exposure over China under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, respectively. However, the exposure change is somewhat subject to the emission scenarios, with larger proportional increases under the regional-rivalry scenario of SSP3-7.0 compared to the fossil-fueled development scenario of SSP5-8.5. The increased exposure under all the scenarios is primarily attributed to the climate change factor, and the population change and their interaction component make a minor contribution. Furthermore, compared to the 2.0°C warmer climate, the 0.5°C less warming under the 1.5°C climate can trigger remarkable decreases of 16.5–20.8% for exposure to once-in-decade events over China. Additionally, the changes in the occurrence and exposure are much larger for the rarer events. Hence, our analyses indicate that limiting warming to 1.5°C is beneficial to reducing the impacts associated with precipitation extremes across China, particularly for the more extreme events.

BackgroundClimate change is likely to further worsen ozone pollution in already heavily polluted areas, leading to increased ozone-related health burdens. However, little evidence exists in China, the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter and most populated country. As China is embracing an aging population with changing population size and falling age-standardized mortality rates, the potential impact of population change on ozone-related health burdens is unclear. Moreover, little is known about the seasonal variation of ozone-related health burdens under climate change. We aimed to assess near-term (mid-21st century) future annual and seasonal excess mortality from short-term exposure to ambient ozone in 104 Chinese cities under 2 climate and emission change scenarios and 6 population change scenarios.Methods and findingsWe collected historical ambient ozone observations, population change projections, and baseline mortality rates in 104 cities across China during April 27, 2013, to October 31, 2015 (2013–2015), which included approximately 13% of the total population of mainland China. Using historical ozone monitoring data, we performed bias correction and spatially downscaled future ozone projections at a coarse spatial resolution (2.0° × 2.5°) for the period April 27, 2053, to October 31, 2055 (2053–2055), from a global chemistry–climate model to a fine spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) under 2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP4.5, a moderate global warming and emission scenario where global warming is between 1.5°C and 2.0°C, and RCP8.5, a high global warming and emission scenario where global warming exceeds 2.0°C. We then estimated the future annual and seasonal ozone-related acute excess mortality attributable to both climate and population changes using cause-specific, age-group-specific, and season-specific concentration–response functions (CRFs). We used Monte Carlo simulations to obtain empirical confidence intervals (eCIs), quantifying the uncertainty in CRFs and the variability across ensemble members (i.e., 3 predictions of future climate and air quality from slightly different starting conditions) of the global model. Estimates of future changes in annual ozone-related mortality are sensitive to the choice of global warming and emission scenario, decreasing under RCP4.5 (−24.0%) due to declining ozone precursor emissions but increasing under RCP8.5 (10.7%) due to warming climate in 2053–2055 relative to 2013–2015. Higher ambient ozone occurs under the high global warming and emission scenario (RCP8.5), leading to an excess 1,476 (95% eCI: 898 to 2,977) non-accidental deaths per year in 2053–2055 relative to 2013–2015. Future ozone-related acute excess mortality from cardiovascular diseases was 5–8 times greater than that from respiratory diseases. Ozone concentrations increase by 15.1 parts per billion (10−9) in colder months (November to April), contributing to a net yearly increase of 22.3% (95% eCI: 7.7% to 35.4%) in ozone-related mortality under RCP8.5. An aging population, with the proportion of the population aged 65 years and above increased from 8% in 2010 to 24%–33% in 2050, will substantially amplify future ozone-related mortality, leading to a net increase of 23,838 to 78,560 deaths (110% to 363%). Our analysis was mainly limited by using a single global chemistry–climate model and the statistical downscaling approach to project ozone changes under climate change.ConclusionsOur analysis shows increased future ozone-related acute excess mortality under the high global warming and emission scenario RCP8.5 for an aging population in China. Comparison with the lower global warming and emission scenario RCP4.5 suggests that climate change mitigation measures are needed to prevent a rising health burden from exposure to ambient ozone pollution in China.

In 2024, approximately 965.65 million people in China were of working age between 15 and 64 years. This was equal to a 68.3 percent share of the total population. Age groups between 30 and 59 years represented the largest age cohorts in the Chinese population pyramid. Age demographics in China The change in China’s age distribution over time displayed in the given statistic illustrates the unfolding of an aging population. As the fertility rate in China declined and life expectancy increased, the only age groups that have been growing over the last three decades were those of old people. In contrast, the number of children decreased gradually between 1995 and 2010 and remained comparatively low thereafter. According to the data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, which has not been revised for years before the 2020 census, the size of the working age population declined in 2014 for the first time and entered a downward trajectory thereafter. This development has extended itself into the total population, which has shrunk in 2022 for the first time in decades. Future age development As the fertility rate in China is expected to remain below the reproductive level, the Chinese society will very likely age rapidly. According to UN data, which is based on figures slightly different from the Chinese official numbers, the share of the population above 60 years of age is projected to reach nearly 40 percent in 2050, while the share of children is expected to remain stable. This will lead to an increased burden of the old-age population on the social security system, illustrated by an old-age dependency ratio peaking at nearly 106 percent in 2090. This means that by then, ten working-age adults would have to support nine elderly people.

BackgroundHearing loss (HL) poses a serious threat to the health and quality of life of Chinese population. This study analyzes the burden of HL in China from 1990 to 2021 and projects future trends in next 15 years.MethodsData derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study were utilized. The join-point regression model was employed to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the prevalence and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) of HL. Age-period-cohort analysis was conducted to assess age, period and cohort effects. Decomposition analysis was performed to analyze the impacts of aging, population and epidemiological change. ARIMA model was utilized for forecasting the burden of HL from 2022 to 2036.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the number of prevalence and YLDs of HL in China rose by 125.06 and 135.13%, with an average annual percentage change of 0.19 and 0.28% for age-standardized rate (ASR) of prevalence and YLDs, respectively. Age-period-cohort analysis indicated that the risks associated with ASR of prevalence and YLDs for HL increased with age. The period effects on the ASRs of prevalence and YLDs were generally increasing (relative risk [RR] 0.98–1.06 and 0.96–1.05). Cohort effects on the risk also rising (RR 0.90–1.41 and 0.83–1.26). Aging growth accounted for the largest proportion of the increase of the number of prevalence and YLDs (68.62 and 66.39%, respectively). The prevalence and YLDs rates are expected to stabilize from 2022 to 2036, while the age-standardized prevalence rate remains above 20%. The number of people suffering from HL will reach 573.8 million, while the number of YLDs will reach 16 million.ConclusionThe prevalent cases of HL have risen dramatically in China over the past 32 years, which expected to continue to grow by 2036, additional interventions such as enhancing primary hearing care services and boosting screening rates for HL are essential to alleviate the burden of HL, especially in the older adult population.

The China monosodium glutamate (MSG) market exhibits robust growth, projected to reach a significant market size. While the exact 2025 market size ("XX") is unavailable, considering a CAGR of 4.60% from a base year of 2025 and a study period spanning 2019-2033, we can infer substantial market expansion. The market's consistent growth is fueled by several key drivers. The increasing demand for processed foods and ready-to-eat meals in China's rapidly expanding food service industry significantly boosts MSG consumption. Furthermore, the rising disposable incomes and changing dietary habits within the Chinese population contribute to heightened demand for convenient and flavorful food products that utilize MSG as a key ingredient. The market is segmented by various factors, including production methods, application, and geographical distribution, with major players like Cargill Incorporated, Ningxia Eppen Biotech, and COFCO holding significant market shares. However, the market also faces challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and growing health concerns surrounding MSG consumption, requiring manufacturers to focus on transparency and quality control to maintain consumer trust. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook for the China MSG market remains positive. Continued economic growth and urbanization in China will likely drive future demand. Emerging trends, such as the increasing use of MSG in functional foods and the development of innovative MSG-based products, will further fuel market expansion. Companies are investing in research and development to create higher-quality, more sustainable, and consumer-friendly MSG products, which will ultimately shape the market landscape in the coming years. The forecasted period of 2025-2033 promises substantial growth opportunities for established players and new entrants alike. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Demand for Protein-Rich Food, Increasing Demand for Plant-Based and Organic Ingredients. Potential restraints include: Presence of Alternative Proteins. Notable trends are: Growing Demand of Processed Foods in the Country.

This was an observational study of low-risk singleton pregnancies in an ethnic Chinese population. Foetal biometric variables which included biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) were measured repeatedly. The standard views for measurement were obtained according to INTERGROWTH‐21st criteria. A linear mixed model with fractional polynomial regression was used to describe the longitudinal design. The study included 1289 foetuses and a total of 5125 ultrasound scans, of which each foetus was scanned at least three times, the intervals between scans being at least two weeks. The parameters of the linear mixed models were estimated by Stata v.16 (College Station, TX). Using these parameters, the equations of the mean and variance for BPD, HC, AC and FL were constructed. The conditional percentiles or Z scores could be calculated based on the above equations and previous measurements of the same foetus. A spreadsheet was provided for implementation.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Longitudinal data derived from serial measurements are therefore appropriate for assessing both foetal size and foetal growth. At present, most reference charts of ethnic Chinese foetal biometry are derived from cross-sectional data, which can only assess foetal size.Whatdothe results of this study add? In this study, we have constructed conditional standards for foetal biometry in an ethnic Chinese population and provided a spreadsheet for querying.Whatarethe implicationsof these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The conditional standards can be used to assess foetal growth in clinical practice. In the future, we hope that these foetal growth standards can be applied to determine whether abnormal growth increases the risk of adverse outcomes. What is already known on this subject? Longitudinal data derived from serial measurements are therefore appropriate for assessing both foetal size and foetal growth. At present, most reference charts of ethnic Chinese foetal biometry are derived from cross-sectional data, which can only assess foetal size. Whatdothe results of this study add? In this study, we have constructed conditional standards for foetal biometry in an ethnic Chinese population and provided a spreadsheet for querying. Whatarethe implicationsof these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The conditional standards can be used to assess foetal growth in clinical practice. In the future, we hope that these foetal growth standards can be applied to determine whether abnormal growth increases the risk of adverse outcomes.