In March 2022, Canadians' projections for the next six months regarding inflation, interest rates, and gas prices were rather pessimistic. Two-thirds of them believed that gas prices would rise significantly, and half thought inflation would as well. At the end of 2021, the cost of living and inflation were the first things Canadians mentioned when asked what the next government's priority should be.

The Average Interest Rates on U.S. Treasury Securities dataset provides average interest rates on U.S. Treasury securities on a monthly basis. Its primary purpose is to show the average interest rate on a variety of marketable and non-marketable Treasury securities. Marketable securities consist of Treasury Bills, Notes, Bonds, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), Floating Rate Notes (FRNs), and Federal Financing Bank (FFB) securities. Non-marketable securities consist of Domestic Series, Foreign Series, State and Local Government Series (SLGS), U.S. Savings Securities, and Government Account Series (GAS) securities. Marketable securities are negotiable and transferable and may be sold on the secondary market. Non-marketable securities are not negotiable or transferrable and are not sold on the secondary market. This is a useful dataset for investors and bond holders to compare how interest rates on Treasury securities have changed over time.

This data is the month-end data of the time series from January 2009 to March 2023 for four commodities such as gold soybean crude oil and natural gas. These time series data can be used to estimate the market's short-term interest rate along with the Vasicek model and joint radiation term structure model., , , # Short-term interest rate estimates based on futures markets

Abstract: This data is the month-end data of the time series from January 2009 to March 2023 for four commodities such as gold soybean crude oil and natural gas. These time series data can be used to estimate the market short-term interest rate together with the Vasicek model and the joint radiation term structure model

Usage: The data in Table 1 and Table 2 can be read into the established interest rate estimation model code using python to estimate the short-term interest rate

Data structure: month-end time series data; The xlsx tables mainly include Table 1 and Table 2

Source: Bloomberg Data Terminal

Specific variable definition:

• The gold futures price is the futures price data from the end of January 2009 to the end of March 2023, in ounces per dollar
• Soybean futures prices are futures price data from the end of January 2009 to the end of March 2023, in tons per dollar
• Natural gas futures price...

Terra network fees in March 2022 were several dollar cents lower than they were in the beginning of January 2022. These transaction fees - commonly denoted as gas - changed especially in February, when the price of the Terra (LUNA) coin was changing. This coincided with a growing interest in crypto lending, a specific part of Decentralized Finance or DeFi that attracted much attention in 2022 due to the interest rates offered by Terra-built platform Anchor Protocol.

Indonesia Comm Bank: CIR: FC: Electricity, Gas, and Water data was reported at 5.224 % in May 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.231 % for Apr 2019. Indonesia Comm Bank: CIR: FC: Electricity, Gas, and Water data is updated monthly, averaging 4.895 % from Jan 2011 (Median) to May 2019, with 101 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.445 % in Apr 2017 and a record low of 3.831 % in Jun 2011. Indonesia Comm Bank: CIR: FC: Electricity, Gas, and Water data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Indonesia Financial Services Authority. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.KAD034: Commercial Banks: Credit Interest Rate.

View weekly updates and historical trends for NYMEX Natural Gas Futures Open Interest. Source: US Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Track economic dat…

As more countries commit to a net-zero GHG emission target, we need a whole energy and industrial system approach to decarbonization rather than focus on individual emitters. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of monoethanolamine-based post-combustion capture to explore opportunities over a diverse range of power and industrial applications. The following ranges were investigated: feed gas flow rate between 1–1000 kg ·s–1, gas CO2 concentrations of 2–42%mol, capture rates of 70–99%, and interest rates of 2–20%. The economies of scale are evident when the flue gas flow rate is

The United States reported some **** trillion cubic meters in natural gas reserves in 2023. This was an increase of **** percent compared to the previous year. Increasing amounts of proved natural gas reserves in the United States correspond with a global trend as production techniques develop and further appraisals and discoveries are made. The U.S. natural gas industry expands As oil prices rose after the 2008 Recession, natural gas consumption increased as markets turned to a more affordable source of fuel. Low-interest rates and a temporarily destabilized oil market gave investors greater incentive to develop unconventional methods of gas extraction, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. These developments made it more cost-effective to extract from natural gas reserves deep underground that were previously hard to reach. The rise of shale gas Implementation of hydraulic fracturing, also called “fracking,” has led to an unprecedented increase in the production of shale gas in the United States. Heightened interest in natural gas and expanded extraction capabilities have contributed to greater exploration of previously unattainable source rocks in the United States and abroad.

Indonesia Comm Bank: CIR: RP: Electricity, Gas, & Water data was reported at 9.002 % in May 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.056 % for Apr 2019. Indonesia Comm Bank: CIR: RP: Electricity, Gas, & Water data is updated monthly, averaging 9.406 % from Jan 2011 (Median) to May 2019, with 101 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.644 % in Nov 2014 and a record low of 7.610 % in May 2012. Indonesia Comm Bank: CIR: RP: Electricity, Gas, & Water data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Indonesia Financial Services Authority. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.KAD034: Commercial Banks: Credit Interest Rate.

The representative annual percentage rate (APR) of loans provided by ING for the purchase of fossil fuels and hybrid cars in the Netherlands could range between **** and *** percent as of August 2025. The cost of borrowing money for a car depended a lot on the size of the loan as well as on other factors linked to the risk of the borrower.

View weekly updates and historical trends for ICE Energy Division Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures Open Interest WoW. Source: US Commodity Futures Trading Co…

In 2024, the United States imported 3,145 billion cubic feet of natural gas. U.S. imports of natural gas strongly increased from the 1990s to the early 2000s and peaked around the mid-2000s. As the U.S. has increased its domestic production of natural gas, the need for imports has steadily declined, despite an overall growing demand for the energy source. Natural gas exports exceed imports While imports of natural gas have fallen since 2005, U.S. natural gas exports have risen dramatically, especially from 2015 onward. Around this time, demand for natural gas increased in part because of greater means of exporting gas in the form of LNG. Fracking since the financial crisis The expansion of LNG export terminals and decrease in imports were driven in large part by changes in the natural gas industry following the 2008 recession. As a peak in the OPEC crude oil price made purchasing oil more and more expensive, domestic oil and natural gas production took off. The U.S. Henry Hub natural gas price dropped as investors seized on low interest rates to develop alternative extraction methods, mainly through hydraulic fracturing (or fracking). This method is used to access natural gas and oil in formations that were previously difficult to reach, as well as to extend production in older oil and gas fields.

Perusahaan Gas reported $18.36M in Interest Income for its fiscal quarter ending in March of 2025. Data for Perusahaan Gas | PGAS - Interest Income including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last December in 2025.

■Objectives and Overview The development of oil and natural gas and the installation of production facilities require large amounts of funds in the order of tens of billions of JPY. However, due to the considerable risks involved, such as fluctuations in resource prices and the review of reserves, it is difficult to obtain long-term loans at low interest rates from financial institutions. For this reason, the government will provide interest subsidies to interest rates borrowed from financial institutions to ease the borrowing conditions of development companies from financial institutions and promote domestic oil and natural gas development projects.

■ Underlying Laws and Regulations Law Concerning the Regulation of Enforcement by budget for grants in Relation to grant, etc. (Law No. 179 of 1955)

■ Eligibility Financial institutions must meet all of the following conditions from (1) to (5). (1) The applicant has the ability, etc. necessary for conducting the Interest Subsidy Business. (2) The Interest Subsidy Business shall have the necessary business infrastructure to conduct the Interest Subsidy Business smoothly. (3) Plans for new financing of eligible equipment in FY 2024 based on Grant Guidelines. ( 4) has a system in place to appropriately carry out measures necessary to promote the Interest Subsidy Project. (5) Interest on such subsidy Not designated as a subsidy eligible financial institution. * Financial institutions designated as "Interest subsidy for loans for domestic oil and natural gas development (interest subsidy for domestic oil and natural gas development)" by FY 2023 are not required to apply again.

■ Geographic conditions None

■ Remarks (1) Subsidies are granted in accordance with grant Appropriateness Act and the grant guidelines, which stipulate various forms of application forms, procedures during the project period and after the completion of the project. In addition, the "Manual for Administrative Processing of Subsidy Projects" describes the basic matters to be prepared when conducting the specific accounting and final inspection related to the Subsidy Project after the decision of grant is made. Therefore, please confirm the details in advance when starting the Subsidy Project after the decision of grant is made. (2) At times, the General Accounting Office may conduct a physical audit after a project closes. (3) Application documents such as project proposals and performance reports are subject to information disclosure, with the exception of non-disclosure information (Personal information and rights of corporations, etc. or individuals, competitive position, Others, things that may harm legitimate interests, etc.), pursuant to the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 42 of May 14, 1999). If a disclosure request is made, the scope of information to be non-disclosed shall be determined through coordination with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (4) Please observe all applicable laws and regulations when conducting business.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Resource Development Division, Resources and Fuel Department, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Contact: Kawai, Nagano, Mori E-mail: bzl-kokunairishihokyukin@meti.go.jp

Please e-mail. We cannot accept inquiries by phone. When making an inquiry, please make sure to set the subject line as "[Inquiry] Interest Subsidy for Domestic Oil and Gas Development in FY 2025." We may not be able to respond to your inquiry with a different subject.

■ Reference URL None

Major global events, like the pandemic and the Ukraine war, have greatly impacted machinery manufacturers by creating significant volatility in commodity prices. Major production and travel slowdowns harmed demand for oil and gas, resulting in fewer extraction projects and lowering the need for machinery. Still, Russia's invasion of Ukraine led to sanctions placed on Russia by various countries, which led to surging oil and gas prices. This uptick in prices led to strong US oil and gas production growth, boosting machinery sales in 2022 and 2023. Still, supply chain woes led to considerable increases in machinery production costs. Manufacturers passed these higher costs onto customers to retain profit but hindered revenue growth as customers increasingly sought cheaper imports. Overall, revenue has been falling at a CAGR of 3.4% over the past five years to total an estimated $14.0 billion through the end of 2024, including an estimated decrease of 1.8% in 2024. Manufacturers have also endured export declines. The increasing value of the US dollar has disincentivized foreign energy producers from purchasing US-made machinery despite its high quality. Interest rate hikes have also hindered manufacturers' performance. Since oil and gas producers typically purchase machinery on credit, higher interest rates reduce capital expenditures. Interest rate cuts and increases in oil and gas prices will benefit manufacturers in 2024. Falling oil and gas prices will negatively impact machinery manufacturers. These price drops will cause drilling projects to slow down, reducing the need for new machinery and maintenance services. While the dollar's falling value will reduce import penetration, exports will continue to drop alongside oil and gas prices. The Willow Project, one of the largest oil projects in the United States, is likely to boost domestic oil production, driving machinery sales. Domestic manufacturers will continue to focus on high-value-added products, protecting them from substitutes and enabling them to become more profitable. The Trump administration plans to ramp up oil drilling and gas extraction by rolling back previous regulations restricting carbon emissions, thereby creating greater energy independence for the nation and potentially boosting equipment sales. Overall, revenue is forecast to fall at a CAGR of 4.6% to total an estimated $11.0 billion through the end of 2029.

Although France is not a significant producer of petroleum and natural gas in Europe, support services in the country have experienced success. Since France imports most of its crude oil and natural gas, the number of support service companies is limited. Nonetheless, these companies have thrived amid economic fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. Over the five years through 2025, revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 5% to €341.6 billion, including an 11.3% uptick in 2025 alone. Adopting advanced enhanced oil recovery techniques has benefitted petroleum and natural gas support service providers as upstream companies increasingly seek assistance with new technologies. Because these techniques require precise execution, service providers have maintained high profitability despite significant challenges, as they possess the expertise to execute these specialised tasks. Employees have also benefitted, with wage growth surpassing revenue growth in the sector. Revenue is expected to creep downward at a compound annual rate of 0.9% over the five years through 2030 to €326.5 billion. Petroleum and natural gas support service companies will suffer as the country continues to phase out fossil fuel-related projects before eliminating them entirely by 2040. Even so, lower interest rates will allow oil and gas companies to continue their current operations, preventing a significant downturn.

Production of natural gas in the United States has been increasing for the past decade and peaked at nearly 1033 billion cubic meters in 2023 and 2024. An increase in production corresponded with rising demand for natural gas in the United States, particularly after the 2008 Recession.    Natural gas becomes competitive Since the early 2000s, the price of coal had been going up, and increased more rapidly following the 2008 Recession, which affected the cost of crude oil to an even greater degree. When the price of crude oil peaked shortly after the financial crisis, consumption of petroleum decreased in the next year. Simultaneously, the cost of natural gas dramatically decreased, making it a stronger competitor with coal and petroleum. The rise of fracking Low-interest rates during the Recession led to new investments in new techniques to obtain natural gas, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, that may be controversial due to health and environmental impacts. Often obtained through fracking, shale gas has become a common form of natural gas, and shale gas production in the United States has increased dramatically since the financial crisis.

■Objectives and Overview The development of oil and natural gas and the installation of production facilities require large amounts of funds in the order of tens of billions of JPY. However, due to the considerable risks involved in resource price fluctuations and the review of reserves, it is difficult to obtain long-term loans at low interest rates from financial institutions. For this reason, the government will provide interest subsidies to interest rates borrowed from financial institutions to ease the borrowing conditions of development companies from financial institutions and promote domestic oil and natural gas development projects.

■ Underlying Laws and Regulations Law Concerning the Regulation of Enforcement by budget for grants in Relation to grant, etc. (Law No. 179 of 1955)

■ Eligibility Financial institutions must meet all of the following conditions from (1) to (5). (1) The applicant has the ability, etc. necessary for conducting the Interest Subsidy Business. (2) The Interest Subsidy Business shall have the necessary business infrastructure to conduct the Interest Subsidy Business smoothly. (3) Plans for new financing of eligible equipment in FY 2023 based on Grant Guidelines. ( 4) has a system in place to appropriately carry out measures necessary to promote the Interest Subsidy Project. (5) Interest on such subsidy Not designated as a subsidy eligible financial institution. * Financial institutions designated as "Interest subsidy for loans for domestic oil and natural gas development (interest subsidy for domestic oil and natural gas development)" by FY 2022 are not required to apply again.

■ Geographic conditions None

■ Remarks (1) Subsidies are granted in accordance with grant Appropriateness Act and the grant guidelines, which stipulate various forms of application forms, procedures during the project period and after the completion of the project. In addition, the "Manual for Administrative Processing of Subsidy Projects" describes the basic matters to be prepared when conducting the specific accounting and final inspection related to the Subsidy Project after the decision of grant is made. Therefore, please confirm the details in advance when starting the Subsidy Project after the decision of grant is made. (2) At times, the General Accounting Office may conduct a physical audit after a project closes. (3) Application documents such as project proposals and performance reports are subject to information disclosure, with the exception of non-disclosure information (Personal information and rights of corporations, etc. or individuals, competitive position, Others, things that may harm legitimate interests, etc.), pursuant to the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 42 of May 14, 1999). If a disclosure request is made, the scope of information to be non-disclosed shall be determined through coordination with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (4) Please observe all applicable laws and regulations when conducting business.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Petroleum and Natural Gas Division, Natural Resources and Fuel Department, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Contact: Suzuki, Igata E-mail: bzl-kokunairishihokyukin@meti.go.jp

Please e-mail. We cannot accept inquiries by phone. When making an inquiry, please make sure to set the subject line as "[Inquiry] Interest Subsidy for Domestic Oil and Gas Development in FY 2023." We may not be able to respond to your inquiry with a different subject.

■ Reference URL None

These data accompany the publication "Trends, Reversion, and Critical Phenomena in Financial Markets".

They contain daily data from Jan 1992 to Dec 2019 on 24 financial markets, namely

• 6 equity indices: S&P 500, TSE 60, DAX 30, FTSE 100, Nikkei 225, Hang Seng
• 6 Interest rates for government bonds: US 10-year, Canada 10-year, Germany 10-year, UK 10-year, Japan 10-year, Australia 3-year
• 6 FX rates: CAD/USD, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, JPY/USD, AUD/USD, NZD/USD
• 6 Commodities: Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Gold, Copper, Soybeans, Live Cattle

The data are provided in 13 columns:

• Column 1: date
• Column 2: market
• Column 3: daily log return of futures on that market, normalized to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1 over the 28-year time period
• Columns 4-13: trend strengths in that market over 10 different time horizons of (2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024) business days.

The trend strengths are defined in the accompanying paper. They are cut off at plus/minus 2.5. The daily log returns were computed from daily futures prices, rolled 5 days prior to first notice, which were taken from Bloomberg. The following mean returns and volatilites were used to normalize the daily log returns in column 3:

Market Mean St. Dev.

S&P 500 2.217% 1.100% TSE 60 2.416% 1.067% DAX 30 1.199% 1.366% FTSE 100 1.053% 1.103% Nikkei 225 -0.483% 1.486% Hang Seng 0.768% 1.674% US 10-year 3.734% 0.366% Can. 10-year 3.637% 0.376% Ger. 10-year 4.141% 0.337% UK 10-year 2.983% 0.419% Jap. 10-year 4.453% 0.249% Aus. 3-year 3.029% 0.074% CAD/USD 0.048% 0.479% EUR/USD -0.222% 0.619% GBP/USD 0.316% 0.597% JPY/USD -0.761% 0.667% AUD/USD 0.851% 0.725% NZD/USD 1.563% 0.724% Crude Oil 0.093% 2.243% Natural Gas -2.649% 2.985% Gold 0.580% 0.987% Copper 0.936% 1.586% Soybeans 0.631% 1.360% Live Cattle 0.483% 0.894%

Naturgy Energy reported EUR118M in Interest Income for its fiscal semester ending in December of 2024. Data for Naturgy Energy | GAS - Interest Income including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last December in 2025.