Natural gas prices are the highest in the residential sector. In 2023, U.S. households paid an all time high average of 15.2 U.S. dollars per 1,000 cubic feet. Commercial natural gas costs were second-highest, while prices in the electric power sector were the lowest, at around four U.S. dollars on average. Prices for the industrial and electric power customers tend to be close to the wholesale electricity price. All sectors saw a year-on-year increase in natural gas prices in 2022 due to the decline in U.S. natural gas production in the first quarter of 2022, which resulted in high withdrawals of natural gas from storage and an increase in average natural gas prices. The growing natural gas market In recent years, the average natural gas prices for all sectors have been increasing in the United States. In 2022, the residential sector witnessed an increase in natural gas prices higher than 2008, while natural gas prices for other sectors were still lower despite increases in average natural gas prices for those sectors. Meanwhile, consumption of natural gas has increased more than any other fuel type following the 2008 Recession. Petroleum consumption has been more variable, and use of coal has significantly decreased. The price of coal and crude oil had already been increasing since the early 2000s, and was further exacerbated by the financial crisis. Around the same time, the cost of natural gas dropped significantly, making it a more viable economic alternative compared to other fossil fuels. This decrease was in part the result of drastically increased production of shale gas as a result of hydraulic fracturing and other techniques.

Energy crisis such as the one unfolding in 2021, have the chance of increasing household energy bills by some 25 percent. Assuming governments continue decarbonizing the energy sector in line with already stated policies, unexpected price hikes of fossil fuel commodities such as natural gas and coal could see the average household bill in developed countries increase to close to 4,000 U.S. dollars by 2030. This compared to an average bill of some 3,200 U.S. dollars between 2016 and 2020. A net zero scenario would see energy bills less affected by disturbances of commodity prices, as the reliance on fossil fuels will have been further reduced.

Explore the rising European gas prices driven by reduced Russian supply and its impact on the economy and energy strategies.

TTF Gas rose to 33.89 EUR/MWh on July 2, 2025, up 2.52% from the previous day. Over the past month, TTF Gas's price has fallen 6.05%, but it is still 3.40% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. EU Natural Gas TTF - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

This study investigates the relationship between consumer sentiment (CONS), inflation expectations (INEX) and international energy prices, drawing on principles from behavioral. We focus on Brent crude oil price and Henry Hub natural gas prices as key indicators of energy market dynamics. Based on the monthly data from January 2003 to March 2023, three wavelet methods are applied to examine the time-frequency linkage, while the nonlinear distributed lag model (NARDL) is used to verify the asymmetric impact of two factors on energy prices. The results highlight a substantial connection between consumer sentiment, inflation expectations and international energy prices, with the former in the short term and the latter in the medium to long term. Especially, these correlations are particularly pronounced during the financial crisis and global health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 epidemic. Furthermore, we detect short-term asymmetric effects of consumer sentiment and inflation expectations on Brent crude oil price, with the negative shocks dominating. The positive effects of these factors on oil prices contribute to observed long-term asymmetry. In contrast, inflation expectations have short-term and long-run asymmetric effects on natural gas price, and both are dominated by reverse shocks, while the impact of consumer sentiment on natural gas prices appears to be less asymmetric. This study could enrich current theories on the interaction between the international energy market and serve as a supplement to current literature.

The prices of fossil fuels increased considerably in 2022 as a result of supply disruptions and rising energy demand. While the crude oil price in 2022 did not reach the levels of the 1979 or 2008 price shocks, natural gas prices rose to record highs.

The household price of natural gas in Italy reached the unprecedented level of 14 euro cents per kilowatt-hour in the second semester of 2022. This price was caused by the cut-off of energy exports from Russia and the consequent energy crisis. Prices had decreased to 10.44 by June 2023. Italy’s dependence on gas imports The domestic production of natural gas in Italy in 2022 was just above three billion cubic meters. Natural gas consumption in Italy was over 20 times larger. This leaves Italy heavily dependent on foreign gas imports. Besides Russia, whose imports to Europe decreased sensibly in 2022 and 2023, the main natural gas importers to Italy in were Algeria and Azerbaijan. Natural gas taxation among the highest in Europe Italy had some of the highest natural gas prices in Europe. This was due to the heavy dependence on natural gas imports and on the high taxation applied to fuel consumption in this country. The value-added tax on natural gas in Italy accounted for 22 percent of the household gas price in Italy in the first semester of 2022. In Italy, consumers also pay an additional regional tax and a second tax based on the energy consumed. In 2022 and 2023, the value-added tax was decreased by the Italian government to five percent, to help the consumers face the natural gas cost increase.

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

Will the Natural Gas Futures x3 Short Leveraged Index Ignite a Price Drop?

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data

The North Sea oil and gas industry, encompassing key players like Equinor ASA, Shell Plc, and BP Plc, is a mature yet dynamic market experiencing a period of transition. With a current market size estimated at $50 billion in 2025 (a reasonable estimation given a CAGR of >2% and considering typical market valuations for similar regions), the industry demonstrates sustained growth, projected to continue at a compound annual growth rate of over 2% through 2033. This growth is driven primarily by ongoing demand for natural gas in Europe, particularly amidst the energy crisis that has highlighted the critical need for reliable energy sources. Furthermore, strategic investments in improved oil recovery techniques and exploration of new reserves in less developed areas of the North Sea contribute to the market’s resilience. However, the industry faces significant headwinds, including stringent environmental regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions and the increasing pressure to transition towards renewable energy sources. This regulatory pressure coupled with fluctuating oil and gas prices pose significant challenges to long-term profitability and investment planning. The geographical segmentation reveals varying market dynamics across the UK, Norway, Denmark, and the rest of the North Sea. Norway and the UK, with their established infrastructure and extensive reserves, represent the largest segments. Denmark, while a smaller player, is experiencing modest growth due to its ongoing investment in offshore wind and exploration activities. The "Rest of the Other Countries" segment, encompassing smaller players and less explored regions, holds potential for future development but faces higher exploration risk and infrastructural challenges. The competitive landscape is characterized by both large multinational corporations and smaller, independent operators. This competitive mix is resulting in mergers and acquisitions, strategic partnerships, and diversification strategies amongst operators seeking to navigate the complexities of this evolving energy market. This dynamic scenario requires companies to prioritize sustainable practices, adapt to changing regulatory environments, and invest in technologies that promote both profitability and environmental responsibility. Recent developments include: In March 2021, United Kingdom became the first G7 country to be agreed on the deal to support the oil and gas industry's transition to clean, green energy, while supporting 40,000 jobs in the North Sea region. The deal between the government of the United Kingdom and the oil and gas sector industry is expected to support workers, businesses, and the supply chain through this transition by harnessing the industry's existing capabilities, infrastructure, and private investment potential to exploit new and emerging technologies such as hydrogen production, Carbon Capture Usage and Storage, offshore wind and decommissioning., In January 2021, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate announced that the authorities in Norway offered 30 companies with ownership interests in a total of 61 production licenses on the Norwegian Shelf in the Awards in Predefined Areas (APA ) 2020.. Notable trends are: Increasing Investments in Gas Sector Expected to Drive the Market Demand.

The Middle East crisis intensifies as Israel attacks Iran's energy infrastructure, targeting a major gas field. This escalation threatens global energy markets and highlights the region's volatility.

While fossil fuel prices soar during the 2022 global energy crisis, the European Union activates all available fossil-fuel levers and Greece still plans to use natural gas as a transition fuel for delignitisation, with strong concerns over potential exacerbation of energy poverty and hurdles to progress in climate action. This study assesses the trajectory of the Greek electricity mix and its reliance on natural gas under the current policy framework on the one hand, and an ambitious scenario aiming for complete decarbonisation by 2035 on the other. We model these scenarios using an energy system modelling framework, comprising LEAP and OSeMOSYS model implementations for Greece, and use a stakeholder-informed fuzzy cognitive mapping exercise to uncover transition uncertainties. While power generation from natural gas is projected to increase by almost 50% until 2030 under existing policies, the proposed decarbonisation scenario has the potential to achieve complete independence from Russian gas by 2026 while also leading to a cleaner and considerably cheaper power sector. This ‘higher climate ambition’ scenario is found feasible and more robust in case high fossil fuel prices persist post-2022, even if bottlenecks stressed by stakeholders such as community acceptance or technological constraints emerge and potentially constrain the expansion of certain renewable energy technologies. Apart from the added value of stakeholder input in modelling science, as reflected in the impact of barriers Greek stakeholders critically highlighted, our results emphasise that a diversified energy-supply mix alongside bold energy efficiency strategies are key to rapid and feasible decarbonisation in the country.

Natural gas prices for non-residential customers peaked in France during the global energy crisis in 2022. For an annual consumption of less than 100,000 gigajoules, the price stood at 6.84 euro cents per kilowatt-hour that year. Meanwhile, natural gas price for non-household users with an annual consumption between 100,000 and one million gigajoules stood at 6.65 euro cents per kilowatt-hour.

The Gas Utilities industry in Europe has been anything but steady recently. The Russia-Ukraine war has rocked the whole supply chain, with Russia tightening its gas supply, Europe hustling to cut its reliance on Russian gas and gas prices shooting up following the initial invasion. Amid unprecedented price increases and threats to the supply of gas into Europe, European governments have been forced to step in to support customers and protect energy supplies. All that aside, the industry remains threatened by a long-term decline in gas consumption and accelerating efforts to transition to renewable sources of energy. Revenue is forecast to drop at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024, reaching €390.5 billion. This growth is almost solely attributable to a spike in revenue recorded during 2022, which followed a recovery from pandemic-induced lows during 2021 when prices and demand recovered as global economic activity rebounded. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine kicked off a period of significant disruption in energy markets, with a surge in gas prices leading to record revenue and profitability for gas manufacturers while causing substantial losses for gas suppliers. Wholesale prices have eased from record highs as European governments have reduced reliance on Russian gas. At the same time, a drop in demand for gas has also contributed to a revenue contraction since the height of the energy crisis. Revenue is set to decline by 5.4% in 2024. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 1% to €410.7 billion over the five years through 2029. European markets are set to pursue a green revolution in the coming years, with investment in renewable energy sources gathering pace as European governments strive towards emissions reduction targets. Investment in green alternatives to natural gas is likely to lead to a fall in demand, with plans set out by the European Commission to at least triple solar thermal capacity by 2030, displacing the consumption of nine billion cubic metres of gas annually. Gas prices are forecast to continue to rise until 2025, as Europe diversifies its gas supplies, before falling rapidly as renewable generation capacity rises.

The retail price for E85 fuel in the United States stood at 3.34 U.S. dollars per gasoline gallon equivalent on January 1, 2025. E85 fuel tends to sell for around 0.20 to 0.30 U.S. dollars more than regular gasoline, although the discrepancy was greater in 2022. The lowest fuel prices were recorded in April 2020 - at the height of the pandemic-induced oil crisis, when the E85 fuel price was 2.28 U.S. dollars per gasoline gallon equivalent. E85 fuel is an 85 percent ethanol fuel blended with gasoline. Biofuel share in transportation duel demand to increase The consumption of fuel ethanol in the United States has seen notable growth, reaching approximately 14.2 billion gallons in 2023. This increase aligns with the expanding role of biofuels in the transportation sector, which accounted for about seven percent of fuel demand in 2023. Projections suggest this share will rise to eight percent by 2030, even as overall fuel demand is expected to decrease. Economic impact of the ethanol industry Beyond its role in fuel markets, the ethanol industry has become a significant contributor to the U.S. economy. In 2023, it generated around 72,500 direct jobs and 322,000 indirect or induced jobs. The industry's economic footprint extended to a 54.2 billion U.S. dollar contribution to the country's GDP and 32.5 billion U.S. dollars in household income. This economic impact, coupled with the ongoing trade in biofuels - including exports of over 5.9 million barrels of biodiesel in 2023 - demonstrates the multifaceted significance of the biofuel sector in the United States.

The size of the Europe Oil and Gas Storage Tank Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 3.00% during the forecast period. The oil and gas storage tank market is vital to energy security and proper utilization of hydrocarbon resources in Europe. The market encompasses a large number of crude oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas storage facilities that ensure strategic reserves and operational demand throughout the region. Adequate storage infrastructure is indispensable in Europe, which relies heavily on imports of oil and gas. Stabilizing supply is necessary to manage price volatility. In very recent times, there has been a swing that has been very much towards the sophisticated end of storage technologies, more towards the ultra-modern, sophisticated kind of tank farms with advanced monitoring systems and safety features. Market pressure is mounting due to increasing regulatory pressures on minimizing environmental impact and raising safety standards, which then results in investments in environmentally friendly storage solutions. Geopolitical factors, notably tensions in Eastern Europe that are now tied to the energy crisis, have dramatically increased the strategic value of storage capacities. Nations are actively investing in SPR development as well as in the infrastructure to offer energy resiliency. However, while challenges are observed in the form of fluctuating demand, transition toward renewable energy, and an imperative to modernize, this European oil and gas storage tank market is poised for growth in a pretty relative manner. Investments in infrastructure, technological advancements, and a focus on sustainability will most likely determine the future of this most essential sector of the European energy landscape Recent developments include: September 2022: Germany's natural gas storage facilities reached more than 85%, displaying steady progress despite a drastic reduction in deliveries from Russia amid the war in Ukraine. The government's target to reach 85% storage capacity by October was achieved at the beginning of September., July 2022: Germany and Austria signed a deal to accelerate filling gas storage facilities. With the signing of a bilateral solidarity agreement, the two countries agreed to cooperate on the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure and storage filling.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Growing Demand for Renewable Energy4.; Upcoming Investments in the Energy Sector and Supportive Renewable Energy Policies. Potential restraints include: 4., High Initial Investment Cost and Long Investment Return Period on Projects. Notable trends are: Midstream to Witness Significant Growth.

The price of gas in the United Kingdom was 106 British pence per therm in the fourth quarter of 2024. It is anticipated gas prices will increase to 131 pence in the second quarter of 2025 before gradually falling to just under 80 pence by the second quarter of 2027.
Surging energy costs and the cost of living crisis At the height of the UK's cost of living crisis in 2022, approximately 91 percent of UK households were experiencing rising prices compared with the previous month. It was during 2022 that the UK's CPI inflation rate reached a peak of 11.1 percent, in October of that year. Food and energy, in particular, were the main drivers of inflation during this period, with energy inflation reaching 26.6 percent, and food prices increasing by 18.2 percent at the height of the crisis. Although prices fell to more expected levels by 2024, an uptick in inflation is forecast for 2025, with prices rising by 3.7 percent in the third quarter of the year. Global Inflation Crisis The UK was not alone in suffering rapid inflation during this time period, with several countries across the world experiencing an inflation crisis. The roots of the crisis began as the global economy gradually emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Blocked-up supply chains, struggled to recover as quickly as consumer demand, with food and energy prices also facing upward pressure. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to Europe gradually weening itself of cheap Russian energy exports, while for several months Ukraine struggled to export crucial food supplies to the rest of the World.

Interactive chart showing the daily closing price for West Texas Intermediate (NYMEX) Crude Oil over the last 10 years. The prices shown are in U.S. dollars.

The Gas Utilities industry in Europe has been anything but steady recently. The Russia-Ukraine war has rocked the whole supply chain, with Russia tightening its gas supply, Europe hustling to cut its reliance on Russian gas and gas prices shooting up following the initial invasion. Amid unprecedented price increases and threats to the supply of gas into Europe, European governments have been forced to step in to support customers and protect energy supplies. All that aside, the industry remains threatened by a long-term decline in gas consumption and accelerating efforts to transition to renewable sources of energy. Revenue is forecast to drop at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024, reaching €390.5 billion. This growth is almost solely attributable to a spike in revenue recorded during 2022, which followed a recovery from pandemic-induced lows during 2021 when prices and demand recovered as global economic activity rebounded. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine kicked off a period of significant disruption in energy markets, with a surge in gas prices leading to record revenue and profitability for gas manufacturers while causing substantial losses for gas suppliers. Wholesale prices have eased from record highs as European governments have reduced reliance on Russian gas. At the same time, a drop in demand for gas has also contributed to a revenue contraction since the height of the energy crisis. Revenue is set to decline by 5.4% in 2024. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 1% to €410.7 billion over the five years through 2029. European markets are set to pursue a green revolution in the coming years, with investment in renewable energy sources gathering pace as European governments strive towards emissions reduction targets. Investment in green alternatives to natural gas is likely to lead to a fall in demand, with plans set out by the European Commission to at least triple solar thermal capacity by 2030, displacing the consumption of nine billion cubic metres of gas annually. Gas prices are forecast to continue to rise until 2025, as Europe diversifies its gas supplies, before falling rapidly as renewable generation capacity rises.

The heavy emphasis on oil to meet our energy needs threatens our most precious resources the land, the air, and the water that sustain us, and the fish and wildlife that are critical to maintaining a balanced ecosystem. In addition, our reliance on oil, which tends to fluctuate wildly in cost, threatens our economy. In July 2008, when world oil prices soared to nearly $150 a barrel, gas prices in Hawaii surpassed $4 per gallon. The 2008 energy crisis was just one element in a perfect storm that wreaked havoc across our islands. Tourists either stayed home or spent less. Long-standing businesses closed down. Bankruptcies spiked. Many people lost their jobs and their homes. The government was forced to cut services.

The Gas Utilities industry in Europe has been anything but steady recently. The Russia-Ukraine war has rocked the whole supply chain, with Russia tightening its gas supply, Europe hustling to cut its reliance on Russian gas and gas prices shooting up following the initial invasion. Amid unprecedented price increases and threats to the supply of gas into Europe, European governments have been forced to step in to support customers and protect energy supplies. All that aside, the industry remains threatened by a long-term decline in gas consumption and accelerating efforts to transition to renewable sources of energy. Revenue is forecast to drop at a compound annual rate of 1.7% over the five years through 2024, reaching €390.5 billion. This growth is almost solely attributable to a spike in revenue recorded during 2022, which followed a recovery from pandemic-induced lows during 2021 when prices and demand recovered as global economic activity rebounded. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine kicked off a period of significant disruption in energy markets, with a surge in gas prices leading to record revenue and profitability for gas manufacturers while causing substantial losses for gas suppliers. Wholesale prices have eased from record highs as European governments have reduced reliance on Russian gas. At the same time, a drop in demand for gas has also contributed to a revenue contraction since the height of the energy crisis. Revenue is set to decline by 5.4% in 2024. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 1% to €410.7 billion over the five years through 2029. European markets are set to pursue a green revolution in the coming years, with investment in renewable energy sources gathering pace as European governments strive towards emissions reduction targets. Investment in green alternatives to natural gas is likely to lead to a fall in demand, with plans set out by the European Commission to at least triple solar thermal capacity by 2030, displacing the consumption of nine billion cubic metres of gas annually. Gas prices are forecast to continue to rise until 2025, as Europe diversifies its gas supplies, before falling rapidly as renewable generation capacity rises.