UK Gas fell to 72.60 GBp/thm on December 2, 2025, down 1.67% from the previous day. Over the past month, UK Gas's price has fallen 11.75%, and is down 40.33% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. UK Natural Gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The average gas price in Great Britain in July 2025 was 79.28 British pence per therm. This was five pence lower than the same month the year prior and follows a trend of increasing gas prices. Energy prices in the UK Energy prices in the UK have been exceptionally volatile throughout the 2020s. Multiple factors, such as a lack of gas storage availability and the large share of gas in heating, have exacerbated the supply issue in the UK that followed the Russia-Ukraine war. This has also led to many smaller suppliers announcing bankruptcy, while an upped price cap threatened the energy security of numerous households. The United Kingdom has some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide. How is gas used in the UK? According to a 2023 survey conducted by the UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, 58 percent of respondents used gas as a heating method during the winter months. On average, household expenditure on energy from gas in the UK stood at some 24.9 billion British pounds in 2023, double the amount spent just two years prior.

The National Balancing Point (NBP), the UK's natural gas benchmark, amounted to 78.76 British pence per therm on October 27, 2025, for contracts with delivery in November. Prices are generally higher in the winter months due to greater gas heating demand, especially in weeks of colder weather. The UK NBP, along with the Dutch TTF, serve as benchmarks for natural gas prices in Europe. Impact on consumer prices and household expenditure post-2022 Fluctuations in wholesale natural gas prices often have immediate impacts on UK consumers. In 2024, the consumer price index for gas in the UK rose to 146.2 index points, using 2015 as the base year. This increase has translated into higher household expenditure on gas, which reached approximately 18.71 billion British pounds in 2024. This figure represents a 40 percent increase from 2021, highlighting the growing financial burden on UK households. Consumption patterns and supply challenges The residential and commercial sectors remain the largest consumers of natural gas in the UK, using an estimated 42 billion cubic meters in 2024. This was followed by the power sector, which consumed about 13 billion cubic meters. The UK's reliance on gas imports has grown due to declining domestic production. This shift has led to an increased dependence on liquefied natural gas imports and pipeline inflows to meet demand.

Natural gas rose to 4.94 USD/MMBtu on December 3, 2025, up 2.04% from the previous day. Over the past month, Natural gas's price has risen 13.71%, and is up 62.29% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Natural gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The average monthly price for natural gas in the United States amounted to *** nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal units (Btu) in October 2025. By contrast, natural gas prices in Europe were about three times higher than those in the U.S. Prices in Europe tend to be notably higher than those in the U.S. as the latter benefits from being a major hydrocarbon producer. Europe's import reliance European prices for natural gas rose most notable throughout the second half of 2021 and much of 2022, peaking at over ** U.S. dollars per million Btu in August 2022. The sharp rise was due to supply chain issues and economic strain following the COVID-19 pandemic, which was further exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. As a result of the war, many countries began looking for alternative sources, and Russian pipeline gas imports to the European Union declined as a result. Meanwhile, LNG was a great beneficiary, with LNG demand in Europe rising by more than ** percent between 2021 and 2024. How domestic natural gas production shapes prices As intimated, the United States’ position among the leaders of worldwide natural gas production is one of the main reasons for why prices for this commodity are so low across the country. In 2024, the U.S. produced more than ************ cubic meters of natural gas, which allays domestic demand and allows for far lower purchasing prices.

The price of gas in the United Kingdom was *** British pence per therm in the fourth quarter of 2024. It is anticipated gas prices will increase to *** pence in the second quarter of 2025 before gradually falling to just under ** pence by the second quarter of 2027.
Surging energy costs and the cost of living crisis At the height of the UK's cost of living crisis in 2022, approximately ** percent of UK households were experiencing rising prices compared with the previous month. It was during 2022 that the UK's CPI inflation rate reached a peak of **** percent, in October of that year. Food and energy, in particular, were the main drivers of inflation during this period, with energy inflation reaching **** percent, and food prices increasing by **** percent at the height of the crisis. Although prices fell to more expected levels by 2024, an uptick in inflation is forecast for 2025, with prices rising by *** percent in the third quarter of the year. Global Inflation Crisis The UK was not alone in suffering rapid inflation during this time period, with several countries across the world experiencing an inflation crisis. The roots of the crisis began as the global economy gradually emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Blocked-up supply chains, struggled to recover as quickly as consumer demand, with food and energy prices also facing upward pressure. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to Europe gradually weening itself of cheap Russian energy exports, while for several months Ukraine struggled to export crucial food supplies to the rest of the World.

Daily data showing SAP of gas, and rolling seven-day average, traded in Great Britain over the On-the-Day Commodity Market (OCM). These are official statistics in development. Source: National Gas Transmission.

British gas price is expected to continuously increase until 2035, when prices are forecasted to stabilize. In 2035, low, central and high are expected to reach 43, 64 and 88 British pence per therm, respectively.

The high, central and low projections are used by Her Majesty's Government for policy appraisal and modeling work. Gas prices are influenced by a number of external factors, including new projects in places such as Australia, weather conditions affecting demand, and the price of oil relative to gas.

United Kingdom BOE Forecast: Gas Prices data was reported at 60.000 0.01 GBP/Therm in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 61.000 0.01 GBP/Therm for 2020. United Kingdom BOE Forecast: Gas Prices data is updated yearly, averaging 56.500 0.01 GBP/Therm from Dec 2014 (Median) to 2021, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 71.000 0.01 GBP/Therm in 2018 and a record low of 37.000 0.01 GBP/Therm in 2015. United Kingdom BOE Forecast: Gas Prices data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of England. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.P009: Crude Oil and Gas Prices: Forecast.

The Gas Utilities industry in Europe has been anything but steady recently. The Russia-Ukraine war has rocked the whole supply chain, with Russia tightening its gas supply, Europe hustling to cut its reliance on Russian gas and gas prices shooting up following the initial invasion. Amid unprecedented price increases and threats to the supply of gas into Europe, European governments have been forced to step in to support customers and protect energy supplies. All that aside, the industry remains threatened by a long-term decline in gas consumption and accelerating efforts to transition to renewable sources of energy. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 1.4% over the five years through 2025, reaching €401.9 billion. This growth is almost solely attributable to a spike in revenue recorded during 2022, which followed a recovery from pandemic-induced lows during 2021, when prices and demand recovered as global economic activity rebounded. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine kicked off a period of significant disruption in energy markets, with a surge in gas prices leading to record revenue and profitability for gas manufacturers while causing substantial losses for gas suppliers. Wholesale prices have eased from record highs as European governments have reduced reliance on Russian gas. At the same time, a drop in demand for gas has also contributed to a revenue contraction since the height of the energy crisis. Revenue is set to decline by 3.9% in 2025. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 1% to €422.2 billion over the five years through 2030. European markets are set to pursue a green revolution in the coming years, with investment in renewable energy sources gathering pace as European governments strive towards emissions reduction targets. Investment in green alternatives to natural gas is likely to lead to a fall in demand, with plans set out by the European Commission to at least triple solar thermal capacity by 2030, displacing the consumption of nine billion cubic metres of gas annually. Gas prices are set to continue to stabilise in the short term, before falling rapidly as renewable generation capacity rises.

Wholesale price for natural gas in the United Kingdom is projected to rise from 47 to 64 British pence per therm between 2020 and 2035, respectively. Figures are expected to remain at 64 British pence per therm in 2040.

UK oil and natural gas production is on long-term decline as old oil and gas fields in the North Sea mature and near the end of their life cycle. Oil and gas extracting companies reaped the rewards of an upsurge in global prices through 2022-23, leading to sharp revenue growth. However, this quickly turned around in 2023-24, with most major companies’ revenue nosediving along with oil prices as oil and gas from America flooded the market, slightly outpacing demand. Still, revenue is expected to expand at a compound annual rate of 5.1% over the five years through 2025-26 to £23 billion, owing primarily to the significant price hikes of 2021-22 and 2022-23. This includes a forecast dip of 4.3% in 2025-26, owing to oil and gas prices edging down. Profit is also slated to fall over the year. Global oil and gas prices greatly affect the industry's performance, with the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) putting supply cuts in place and global tensions resulting in price peaks and troughs. In October 2022, OPEC instituted a supply cut of two million barrels of crude oil per day, driving Brent Crude Oil prices up to US$110 (£87.80) per barrel, which was extended until March 2025. At the same time, the sanctions on Russian oil and gas imports because of the Russia-Ukraine conflict add further impetus to prices. The EU has banned imports of Russian-made oil and gas, providing opportunities for UK exporters. Crude oil prices remain high, but significant oil production from non-OPEC countries has made oil prices plummet since July 2024. Despite mounting tensions in the Middle East having the potential to cut oil supply from the region, the ongoing political tensions have yet to significantly impact global prices, with prices falling by 15.8% in the year to August 2025. Oil and gas prices are likely to continue inching downwards in the coming years. The UK government has implemented policies to create a more favourable environment for extractors in the North Sea to improve UK energy security. However, the depletion of natural resources, the high cost of extraction, low gas and oil prices and the global energy transition will threaten the industry's long-term viability. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2% over the five years through 2030-31 to £25.4 billion, supported by two new major oil and gas fields, Jackdaw and Rosebank.

The price of gas in the United Kingdom was 80.1 British pence per therm in the third quarter of 2025. It is anticipated gas prices will increase to 85.4 pence in the first quarter of 2026 before gradually falling to just under 77.6 pence by the second quarter of of the year. Surging energy costs and the cost of living crisis At the height of the UK's cost of living crisis in 2022, approximately 91 percent of UK households were experiencing rising prices compared with the previous month. It was during 2022 that the UK's CPI inflation rate reached a peak of 11.1 percent, in October of that year. Food and energy, in particular, were the main drivers of inflation during this period, with energy inflation reaching 26.6 percent, and food prices increasing by 18.2 percent at the height of the crisis. Although prices fell to more expected levels by 2024, an uptick in inflation is forecast for 2025, with prices rising by 3.7 percent in the third quarter of the year. Global Inflation Crisis The UK was not alone in suffering rapid inflation during this time period, with several countries across the world experiencing an inflation crisis. The roots of the crisis began as the global economy gradually emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Blocked-up supply chains, struggled to recover as quickly as consumer demand, with food and energy prices also facing upward pressure. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to Europe gradually weening itself of cheap Russian energy exports, while for several months Ukraine struggled to export crucial food supplies to the rest of the World.

In the Great Britain market, you can also trade without an asset such as a power plant, renewables or batteries. Therefore, it can be differentiated between physical trades – backed by an asset – and solely financial non-physical trades on the markets without actually providing or receiving energy.

This dataset can be used in building forecast models, optimization models and in developing first trading strategies for both physical and non-physical energy trading.

A primer: Using this dataset, one can have a closer look into two auctions of the day-ahead electricity market in Great Britain and develop as well as back test a trading strategy maximizing profits between both auctions.

Content

 a csv-file (“auction_data.csv”) containing actual prices and traded volumes of both auctions as well as a price forecast for the first auction.  a csv-file (“forecast_inputs.csv”) with input variables that can be used to forecast the prices of the second auction (you can find a more detailed description of the input variables in a separate txt-file – “description_input_variables.txt”)  a csv-file (“system_prices.csv”) with the forecasted price range of the system prices as well as the actual prices

Demand + System Margin - The availability of the system, using the daily forecast availability data (UOU data) except in the case of wind farms where a wind forecast is used from GFS weather data.

Demand - An adjustment of the demand forecast to add back on embedded wind and solar to get a truer demand shape. For values beyond the end of the half hourly demand data from National Grid, the data is shaped from the published peak demand values using typical demand curves.

Within Day Availability - An adjusted availability figure for the system that is reduced based upon rules around likely plant issues and potential non-delivery of potential availability.

Margin - The difference between Availability and Demand forecasted.

Within Day Margin - The difference between the Within Day Availability and Demand forecasted.

Long-Term Wind - A wind forecast based upon GFS weather data.

Long-Term Solar - National Grid solar forecast.

Long-Term Wind Over Demand - The Long-Term Wind values divided by Demand values.

Long-Term Wind Over Margin - The Long-Term Wind values divided by Margin values.

Long-Term Solar Over Demand - The Long-Term Solar values divided by Demand values.

Long-Term Solar Over Margin - The Long-Term Solar values divided by Margin values.

Margin Over Demand - The Margin values divided by Demand values.

SNSP Forecast - forecasts system non-synchronous penetration, which is the percentage of how much generation or imports that will be on the system that are not synchronized with frequency.

Stack Price - The breakeven cost of generation as reported by a stack model. This stack model uses as inputs Spectron daily carbon, coal and gas prices (based upon closing prices) and uses UOU 2–14-day availability forecast data by unit. Where margin levels are tight an uplift is applied to reflect the increase reluctance to generate given the risk of high imbalance prices.

Within Day Stack Price - As with the Stack Price values but using reduced levels of availability via the same reductions carried out for the Within Day Availability data set.

Previous Day-Ahead Price - Gets the last day ahead price value (last published before the auction).

Previous Continuous Half-Hour Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) - Gets the volume weighted average price of all trades on half-hourly contracts in the continuous intraday market from 7 days before, i.e. on a Monday it will be for the previous Monday.

Inertia Forecast - a forecast for pre-balancing Inertia based upon the fundamentals-based generation forecast data.

The Steam and Air Conditioning Supply industry in Europe is evolving rapidly, driven by a shift towards sustainable energy solutions and diversification away from traditional fossil fuels. Rising temperatures and urbanisation, combined with policy support for district heating and cooling networks, having driven increased uptake of industry services in recent years. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 5.6% over the five years through 2025, reaching €101.8 billion. The industry has navigated significant volatility over the past five years, underpinned by huge fluctuations in energy prices across the continent. A surge in natural gas prices stemming from Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine spurred a significant hike in input costs incurred by industry operators, contributing to strong revenue growth over the two years through 2022. Profitability took a hit as a result of rising input costs; however, long-term supply contracts, and an accelerated diversification away from combustion sources prevented widespread losses. Revenue has since dropped-off in line with tumbling natural gas prices, though once again, the long-term nature of contracts has limited the decline. Revenue is set to inch up by 0.6% in the current year. Revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 4.9% over the five years through 2030, reaching €129.1 billion. Ongoing urbanisation and supportive government policy is set to contineu to drive increased uptake of district heating and cooling solutions. The transition from combustion sources to renewables is essential as the industry seeks to position itself as a key enabler towards the continents climate targets. The deployment of large-scale heat pumps represents the most viable method of decarbonising district heating and cooling networks in the coming years, though significant investment will be required in order to retrofit existing systems and build new facilities, with huge capital requirements set to drive up capital expenditure.

As of August 2025, the average annual price of Brent crude oil stood at 71.3 U.S. dollars per barrel. This is over nine U.S. dollars lower than the 2024 average. Brent is the world's leading price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. Crude oil is one of the most closely observed commodity prices as it influences costs across all stages of the production process and consequently alters the price of consumer goods as well. What determines crude oil benchmarks? In the past decade, crude oil prices have been especially volatile. Their inherent inelasticity regarding short-term changes in demand and supply means that oil prices are erratic by nature. However, since the 2009 financial crisis, many commercial developments have greatly contributed to price volatility, such as economic growth by BRIC countries like China and India, and the advent of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling in the U.S. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war are examples of geopolitical events dictating prices. Light crude oils - Brent and WTI Brent Crude is considered a classification of sweet light crude oil and acts as a benchmark price for oil around the world. It is considered a sweet light crude oil due to its low sulfur content and low density and may be easily refined into gasoline. This oil originates in the North Sea and comprises several different oil blends, including Brent Blend and Ekofisk crude. Often, this crude oil is refined in Northwest Europe. Another sweet light oil often referenced alongside UK Brent is West Texas Intermediate (WTI). WTI oil prices amounted to 76.55 U.S. dollars per barrel in 2024.

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Polypropylene Market Size 2025-2029

The polypropylene market size is forecast to increase by USD 28.6 billion at a CAGR of 4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by the surging demand for packaging applications due to its lightweight, durable, and versatile properties. This trend is further fueled by the increasing consumer preference for convenient and eco-friendly packaging solutions. Another significant development in the market is the emergence of bio-based polypropylene, derived from renewable resources, which is gaining traction due to its sustainability benefits. Producers must address these concerns through innovation and the adoption of circular economy principles to ensure long-term growth and competitiveness.
Companies can capitalize on the market's potential by focusing on research and development of eco-friendly polypropylene alternatives and implementing sustainable production processes. Additionally, strategic collaborations and partnerships can help companies navigate the competitive landscape and stay ahead of industry trends. However, the market faces challenges from the harmful effects of polypropylene on the environment, particularly its contribution to plastic waste and pollution.

What will be the Size of the Polypropylene Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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In the dynamic market, quality assurance plays a pivotal role in ensuring the production of superior yarns through rigorous testing methods such as thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. These tests provide valuable insights into fiber properties like heat deflection temperature, melt flow rate, and crystallinity, which significantly impact product performance. Sheet extrusion and injection molding machines are essential tools in producing high-quality polypropylene sheets and parts, respectively. This versatile plastic's applications span across numerous sectors, including automotive parts, consumer goods, medical devices, packaging films, and more. Flexural testing and impact testing are crucial in evaluating the mechanical properties of these products. Nonwoven manufacturing processes employ various testing techniques, including tensile testing and Vicat softening point determination, to ensure optimal product performance.

Syndiotactic polypropylene, with its unique properties, is gaining popularity in various applications due to its superior heat resistance and improved impact strength. Intellectual property protection is essential in the competitive market, with companies investing in research and development to create innovative solutions. Gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are essential tools in material characterization, ensuring the production of isotactic and atactic polypropylene with consistent quality. Mold design and application development are ongoing processes in the polypropylene industry, with continuous efforts to optimize production processes and expand the range of applications for this versatile material. Spinning machines play a crucial role in fiber manufacturing, ensuring the production of high-quality polypropylene fibers for various industries.

How is this Polypropylene Industry segmented?

The polypropylene industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Homopolymer
  Copolymer


Application

  Injection molding
  Extrusion molding
  Blow molding
  Others


Product Type

  Fiber
  Film and sheet
  Raffia
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    Australia
    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The Homopolymer segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The homopolymer segment dominates the market due to its wide range of applications and cost-effectiveness. With exceptional mechanical properties and ease of processing, this segment holds a significant market share. In packaging applications, homopolymer polypropylene is extensively used in producing films, containers, and bottles, owing to its high heat resistance and chemical resistance. The automotive industry also relies on homopolymer polypropylene for manufacturing interior components, such as dashboards and door panels, because of its durability and resistance to corrosion. The construction sector utilizes homopolymer polypropylene for pipes and fittings due to its long-lasting nature.

The manufacturing processes for polypropylene involve melt spinning for producing fibers and melt processing for creating various forms, such