On April 20th, 2020, the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil slumped into negative for the first time in history, falling to negative 37.63 U.S. dollars per barrel. The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has had a catastrophic impact on the global oil and gas industry. Declining consumer demand and high levels of production output are threatening to exceed oil storage capacities, which resulted in the lowest ever oil prices noted between April 20th and April 22nd.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Fact and Figures page.

Monthly average retail prices for gasoline and fuel oil for Canada, selected provincial cities, Whitehorse and Yellowknife. Prices are presented for the current month and previous four months. Includes fuel type and the price in cents per litre.

The average monthly price for natural gas in the United States amounted to *** nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal units (Btu) in October 2025. By contrast, natural gas prices in Europe were about three times higher than those in the U.S. Prices in Europe tend to be notably higher than those in the U.S. as the latter benefits from being a major hydrocarbon producer. Europe's import reliance European prices for natural gas rose most notable throughout the second half of 2021 and much of 2022, peaking at over ** U.S. dollars per million Btu in August 2022. The sharp rise was due to supply chain issues and economic strain following the COVID-19 pandemic, which was further exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. As a result of the war, many countries began looking for alternative sources, and Russian pipeline gas imports to the European Union declined as a result. Meanwhile, LNG was a great beneficiary, with LNG demand in Europe rising by more than ** percent between 2021 and 2024. How domestic natural gas production shapes prices As intimated, the United States’ position among the leaders of worldwide natural gas production is one of the main reasons for why prices for this commodity are so low across the country. In 2024, the U.S. produced more than ************ cubic meters of natural gas, which allays domestic demand and allows for far lower purchasing prices.

Data used in the article "Fear or price? Vulnerability of the interest in green transport to COVID dynamics and fuel prices in V4 economies" (DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2025/18-1/4). The data covers the period from January 2020 to the end of February 2023. It includes weekly data on consumer prices of petroleum products (PB95) inclusive of duties and taxes (data source: weekly oil bulletin prepared by the European Commission) and the results of Google search terms related to public transport, alternative transport and electric cars in Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Sweden. We considered the total Google search volume related to a given means of transport for various phrases in national languages. Lastly, we include the data on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per week cases provided by World Health Organization.The dataset consists of 6 files: Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Each file stores the analogous data collected for each country. Column names:PB - price (in Euro) of the 95-PB petrol;ecar - number of Google searches for the keywords related to electric cars;pubTR - number of Google searches for the keywords related to public transport;susTR - number of Google searches for the keywords related to alternative transport;pubTR_sa - de-seasoned number of searches for the keywords related to public transport;susTR_sa - de-seasoned number of searches for the keywords related to alternative transport;COV - number of COVID deaths.

In the second quarter of 2022, the average retail price for a gallon of regular gasoline stood at around 4.49 U.S. dollars, up from the previous quarter. A glut in oil supply between 2014 and 2016 forced down prices and led to a low average U.S. gasoline price of roughly 1.9 U.S. dollars per gallon in the first quarter. Gasoline prices fluctuated considerably between 2019 and 2020 as a result of tensions between the United States and other oil exporters, such as Iran, and stifling oil demand during the Covid-19 pandemic. The price of West Texas Intermediate briefly dipped in the negative in April 2020. Seasonal price variations
There are periodic fluctuations in gasoline prices in the United States, where the second and third quarters are typically more expensive than the rest of the year. One of the factors contributing to changing gasoline prices is a decrease in production from refineries due to maintenance work in tandem with an increase in demand, as holiday goers make road-trips. Gasoline will revert to cheaper winter-grade in September. Annual motor vehicle consumption in the United States was around 128 billion gallons as of 2020.

Saudi Arabia Fuel Prices: Retail: Gasoline 91 data was reported at 2.180 SAR/l in Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.180 SAR/l for Mar 2025. Saudi Arabia Fuel Prices: Retail: Gasoline 91 data is updated monthly, averaging 2.180 SAR/l from Jul 2020 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.180 SAR/l in Apr 2025 and a record low of 1.290 SAR/l in Jul 2020. Saudi Arabia Fuel Prices: Retail: Gasoline 91 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.P016: Fuel Prices. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

On October 27, 2025, the Brent crude oil price stood at 65.14 U.S. dollars per barrel, compared to 61.31 U.S. dollars for WTI oil and 67.54 U.S. dollars for the OPEC basket. Oil prices rose slightly that week.Europe's Brent crude oil, the U.S. WTI crude oil, and OPEC's basket are three of the most important benchmarks used by traders as reference for global oil and gasoline prices. Lowest ever oil prices during coronavirus pandemic In 2020, the coronavirus pandemic resulted in crude oil prices hitting a major slump as oil demand drastically declined following lockdowns and travel restrictions. Initial outlooks and uncertainty surrounding the course of the pandemic brought about a disagreement between two of the largest oil producers, Russia and Saudi Arabia, in early March. Bilateral talks between global oil producers ended in agreement on April 13th, with promises to cut petroleum output and hopes rising that these might help stabilize the oil price in the coming weeks. However, with storage facilities and oil tankers quickly filling up, fears grew over where to store excess oil, leading to benchmark prices seeing record negative prices between April 20 and April 22, 2020. How crude oil prices are determined As with most commodities, crude oil prices are impacted by supply and demand, as well as inventories and market sentiment. However, as oil is most often traded in future contracts (where a contract is agreed upon while product delivery will follow in the next two to three months), market speculation is one of the principal determinants for oil prices. Traders make conclusions on how production output and consumer demand will likely develop over the coming months, leaving room for uncertainty. Spot prices differ from futures in so far as they reflect the current market price of a commodity.

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The floating liquefied natural gas market share is expected to increase by USD 4.68 billion from 2020 to 2025, and the market’s growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 6.12%.

This floating liquefied natural gas market research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers floating liquefied natural gas market segmentations by processing capacity (large-scale capacity and small-scale capacity) and geography (North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and MEA). The floating liquefied natural gas market report also offers information on several market vendors, including Black & Veatch Holding Co., Eni Spa , Excelerate Energy LP, EXMAR NV, Golar LNG Ltd., Lloyds Energy DMCC, Petroliam Nasional Berhad , Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Samsung Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., and TechnipFMC Plc among others.

What will the Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

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Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Market: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

Based on our research output, there has been a negative impact on the market growth during and post COVID-19 era. The rising global oil and gas consumption is notably driving the floating liquefied natural gas market growth, although factors such as fluctuations in oil and gas prices may impede the market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the floating liquefied natural gas industry. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help in deducing end goals and refining marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Market Driver

Rising global oil and gas consumption is one of the key factors driving the growth of the global floating liquefied natural gas market. Liquid fuel consumption across the globe, especially in emerging economies such as India, China, and Brazil, is expected to grow, owing to the increasing demand for vehicles and a rise in the consumption of petrochemicals. For instance, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2019, the production of petroleum and other liquid fuels in Brazil averaged 3.7 million barrels per day (b/d). Similarly, natural gas consumption has also seen a rise in the last ten years. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), global natural gas consumption increased significantly in 2019. Natural gas has witnessed a higher rise in consumption than oil due to the increasing adoption of natural gas as a fuel. Also, with the increased consumption of fuel from developing economies such as India and China, the demand for LNG is likely to propel during the forecast period, thereby increasing the demand for FLNG projects during the forecast period.

Key Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Market Trend

The rise in the number of deepwater and ultra-deepwater drilling projects will fuel the global floating liquefied natural gas market growth. As per the US Energy Information Administration, the oil shock resulted in the decline of crude oil prices in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was one of the lowest since 2003. Also, the prices of the rigs were reduced due to the fewer number of ongoing projects in the oil and gas industry. Sensing profit through low rig rates, some companies are resuming their offshore projects. FLNG vessels provide the advantages of reduced investments and earlier cash flow compared with fixed platforms. The advantages of FLNG vessels make them ideal for offshore activities. Deepwater and ultra-deepwater projects are also far from the mainland; hence, laying an extensive oil and gas pipeline network to transfer the produced hydrocarbons to onshore facilities is too costly. Therefore, FLNG vessels are economical for deepwater and ultra-deepwater projects, as these vessels can treat, liquefy, and store the natural gas extracted from offshore fields. Operators sell the LNG directly from the vessel and generate revenues. Advances in technology allowed exploring gas reserves that were initially uneconomical. This is likely to drive the global FLNG market during the forecast period.

Key Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Market Challenge

Fluctuations in oil and gas prices are major challenges for the global floating liquefied natural gas market growth. The continued trend of low crude oil prices has put additional pressure on the oil and gas service providers. Low-profit margins for a continued period result in reduced revenues, which directly influence the financial aspect of a company. The market potential for oil and gas service businesses has declined due to the low investments in oil and gas projects. As t

Gasoline prices in the United States have experienced significant fluctuations over the past three decades, with 2024 seeing an average price of 3.3 U.S. dollars per gallon. This marks a notable decrease from the record high of 3.95 U.S. dollars per gallon in 2022, yet remains considerably higher than prices seen in the early 2000s. Despite this, American consumers continue to enjoy relatively low gasoline prices compared to many other countries, with some European countries paying more than double the U.S. average. Drivers in Hawaii and California pay the most at the pump Gasoline prices vary significantly across the United States, with Hawaii and California consistently ranking as the most expensive states for this fuel. As of January 1, 2025, Hawaii's average price for regular gasoline was 4.54 U.S. dollars per gallon, nearly 1.5 dollars above the national average. California's high prices are largely attributed to its steep gasoline taxes, which reached 68.1 U.S. cents per gallon in January 2024. These taxes play a crucial role in shaping retail prices and are typically reinvested in road infrastructure, demonstrating the direct link between fuel costs and transportation development. Patterns in gasoline consumption In a global context, the United States maintains some of the lowest conventional motor fuel prices among high-income countries. This is largely due to its position as the world's largest crude oil producer, allowing it to keep retail prices comparatively low. Despite fluctuations in price, gasoline consumption in the U.S. remains robust, averaging around 8.5 million barrels per day in 2024. Consumption tends to be highest in the summer months and lowest in the winter months due to changing driving behavior.

Reference Price: Natural Gas data was reported at 13,815.930 TRY/1000 Std Cub m in 17 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 13,539.320 TRY/1000 Std Cub m for 16 May 2025. Reference Price: Natural Gas data is updated daily, averaging 8,021.980 TRY/1000 Std Cub m from Sep 2018 (Median) to 17 May 2025, with 2451 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26,297.000 TRY/1000 Std Cub m in 21 Sep 2022 and a record low of 1,204.860 TRY/1000 Std Cub m in 21 Feb 2021. Reference Price: Natural Gas data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Exchange Istanbul. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.P: Natural Gas Reference Price. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

With crude oil prices slumping in the wake of the coronavirus, 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, greenfield capital expenditure for conventional oil and gas fields worldwide is expected to fall to around 78 billion U.S. dollars in 2020. A month ago, before the severity of COVID-19 was fully understood and before Saudi Arabia decided to ramp up oil production, the value of projects reaching final investment decision was expected to amount to 209 billion U.S. dollars this year. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Fact and Figures page.

Learn about the various factors that influence global ammonia prices such as supply and demand in the fertilizer market, natural gas prices, geopolitical events, and how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted prices. Discover the leading consumers of ammonia and the challenges of forecasting future prices.

United States Natural Gas: Spot Price: Henry Hub-I data was reported at 3.260 USD/MN BTU in 05 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.100 USD/MN BTU for 02 May 2025. United States Natural Gas: Spot Price: Henry Hub-I data is updated daily, averaging 2.930 USD/MN BTU from Jan 1997 (Median) to 05 May 2025, with 7145 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.860 USD/MN BTU in 17 Feb 2021 and a record low of 1.210 USD/MN BTU in 11 Nov 2024. United States Natural Gas: Spot Price: Henry Hub-I data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration. The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Commodity Market – Table US.P026: Petroleum Spot Price: Energy Information Administration. Previously named as Henry Hub Released once a week (every Wednesday) with data from Wednesday to Friday of the previous week up to Tuesday of the current week. If Wednesday falls on a holiday, the data will be released on the next business day. Price spike on Feb 11 to 18, 2021 data was caused by the effect of decline in natural gas production brought about by the cold wave experienced during the month. Price spike on Jan 12, 2024 data was caused by the anticipation of increased natural gas consumption because of the weather forecast for well-below-normal temperatures for most of the United States over the long weekend. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

This dataset includes the data and code necessary to reproduce the results from the manuscript titled ‘Did COVID-19 really change our lifestyles? Evidence from transport energy consumption in Europe’. The dataset examines fuel consumption changes from 2020 to 2022 against the same month in 2019. It uses quantile regression to explore the relationship between fuel consumption and other factors, applies the Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM) algorithm to rank COVID-19 policy impacts on fuel consumption, and conducts a placebo analysis to confirm the parallel-trend assumption. It also considers the lasting effect of COVID-19 confinement policies and the influence of prices on fuel consumption through their elasticities.

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The oil and gas drilling automation market share is expected to increase by USD 206.7 million from 2020 to 2025, and the market’s growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 1.64%.

This oil and gas drilling automation market research report provides valuable insights on the post-COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers oil and gas drilling automation market segmentation by application (onshore and offshore) and geography (North America, Europe, APAC, MEA, and South America). The oil and gas drilling automation market report also offer information on several market vendors, including ABB Ltd., Akastor ASA, Ensign Energy Services Inc., Honeywell International Inc., Kongsberg Gruppen ASA, Nabors Industries Ltd., National Oilwell Varco Inc., Rockwell Automation Inc., Schlumberger Ltd., and Siemens AG among others.

What will the Oil And Gas Drilling Automation Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

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'Offshore rigs are equipped with cybernetics systems to improve equipment manipulation and automate key processes such as pipe handling, jacking, and fixation. Therefore, the recovery in crude oil prices is expected to drive the adoption of O&G drilling automation solutions globally during the forecast period.'

Oil And Gas Drilling Automation Market: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

The O&G price recovery is notably driving the oil and gas drilling automation market growth, although factors such as high ownership costs may impede the market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the oil and gas drilling automation industry. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help in deducing end goals and refining marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Oil And Gas Drilling Automation Market Driver

O&G price recovery is a major driver fueling the oil and gas drilling automation market growth. Since 2019, the moderate recovery in crude oil prices has spurred growth in oil and gas (O&G) extraction projects in countries such as the US, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Kuwait. Rapid fluctuations in crude oil prices adversely impacted the economic activities in oil-dependent regions such as the Middle East during 2016-2019. Owing to factors such as the limited production of crude oil in key oil-producing countries, such as the US and Russia, and geopolitical factors, such as the US-China trade war, oil prices witnessed considerable stability in 2019. Additionally, the restoration of oil production facilities in Saudi Arabia to full capacity is expected to cater to the global demand for O&G at stable prices during the forecast period.Owing to rapid advances in automation and system integration technologies, automated drilling solutions are finding increased adoption in onshore and offshore oil and gas sites. Offshore rigs are equipped with cybernetics systems to improve equipment manipulation and automate key processes such as pipe handling, jacking, and fixation. Therefore, the recovery in crude oil prices is expected to drive the adoption of O&G drilling automation solutions globally during the forecast period.

Key Oil And Gas Drilling Automation Market Trend

The adoption of IoT technology is the major trend influencing the oil and gas drilling automation market growth. The adoption of the internet of things (IoT) devices for in-depth monitoring and data capturing in the O&G industry is improving the overall efficiency of O&G operations. With crude oil prices registering considerable recovery over the last two years, rig operators and oil producers are emphasizing optimizing the energy efficiency of oilfields. IoT devices are being increasingly used in the O&G industry for a range of applications, including drilling management, pipeline testing, and monitoring, among others. IoT enables oil rig operators and refineries to monitor key performance parameters such as pipe pressure and flow rate. Additionally, IoT ensures accurate and real-time data collection at locations that are not easily accessible. Smart devices provide notifications in advance to operators about any drilling errors or incorrect measurements, thereby minimizing the requirement for routine manual inspections. Advances in connected technologies such as low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) enable connectivity between monitoring sensors in remote offshore applications. Therefore, the rising adoption of IoT in drilling activities is expected to drive the growth of the global O&G drilling automation market during the forecast period.

Key Oil And Gas Drilling Automation Market Challenge

High ownership costs are a major hindrance to the oil and gas drilling automation

Petroleum refining companies in the UK produce a wide variety of products. Fuels for transport and heating are the most common, with petroleum products for transport consistently accounting for almost three-quarters of product demand, according to DESNZ. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 8.8% over the five years through 2025-26 to £44.8 billion, including a forecast dip of 2.2% in 2025-26, owing to staggering volatility in crude petroleum and fuel prices in recent years.

The COVID-19 pandemic took its toll on the industry. Global border and travel restrictions dented both demand for fuel and fuel prices, weighing on revenue and profitability for refiners. However, this trend was quickly reversed following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This led to the UK and other major economies announcing that they would wean themselves off Russian oil, resulting in a sharp spike in oil prices from 2022 to 2023 and, to a lesser degree, from 2023 to 2024. Strong oil price inflation translated into higher-value sales for refined oil companies, paving the way for a robust recovery. However, with global oil supplies normalising in 2025-26 and demand for diesel and petrol struggling to return to pre-2019 levels, industry revenue is expected to slip in 2025-26. This is largely due to the growing adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles, which is reducing demand from road transport. However, strong growth in the air freight and air passenger industries is supporting demand for jet fuel in 2025-26.

Industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 0.7% over the five years through 2030-31 to £46.3 billion. Demand for petrol and diesel-fueled vehicles is expected to decline due to government initiatives aimed at reducing emissions, including the expansion of Clean Air Zones and the ban on new petrol and diesel cars by 2030. Demand for pure electric vehicles is likely to continue rising, posing a significant long-term threat to fuel demand.

Switzerland Fuel Price: Value: 3001 to 6000 Litre data was reported at 96.900 CHF/100 l in Nov 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 92.730 CHF/100 l for Oct 2025. Switzerland Fuel Price: Value: 3001 to 6000 Litre data is updated monthly, averaging 101.120 CHF/100 l from Jan 2000 (Median) to Nov 2025, with 311 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 158.530 CHF/100 l in Aug 2022 and a record low of 38.330 CHF/100 l in Feb 2002. Switzerland Fuel Price: Value: 3001 to 6000 Litre data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Swiss Federal Statistical Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Switzerland – Table CH.P: Fuel Prices. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Data Set of the Manuscript Titled "A Modified Uncertain Maximum Likelihood Estimation with Applications in Uncertain Statistics"

This study investigates the relationship between consumer sentiment (CONS), inflation expectations (INEX) and international energy prices, drawing on principles from behavioral. We focus on Brent crude oil price and Henry Hub natural gas prices as key indicators of energy market dynamics. Based on the monthly data from January 2003 to March 2023, three wavelet methods are applied to examine the time-frequency linkage, while the nonlinear distributed lag model (NARDL) is used to verify the asymmetric impact of two factors on energy prices. The results highlight a substantial connection between consumer sentiment, inflation expectations and international energy prices, with the former in the short term and the latter in the medium to long term. Especially, these correlations are particularly pronounced during the financial crisis and global health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 epidemic. Furthermore, we detect short-term asymmetric effects of consumer sentiment and inflation expectations on Brent crude oil price, with the negative shocks dominating. The positive effects of these factors on oil prices contribute to observed long-term asymmetry. In contrast, inflation expectations have short-term and long-run asymmetric effects on natural gas price, and both are dominated by reverse shocks, while the impact of consumer sentiment on natural gas prices appears to be less asymmetric. This study could enrich current theories on the interaction between the international energy market and serve as a supplement to current literature.