Methodology

Extracted from IHME GBD Results tool on Jan 15, 2025. Has all lowest level causes by country, age, sex. Val represents the prevalence number.

Changes in gout prevalent and YLDs cases in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries and globally, 1990–2021.

Trends in ASPR and ASYR of gout in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries and globally, 1990–2021.

ObjectiveTo examine the incidence of cardiomyopathy including both alcoholic cardiomyopathy (AC) and other cardiomyopathy (OC) in 204 nations and regions over the 1990–2019 period.MethodsThe present study was conducted using data derived from the GBD 2019 study coordinated by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). The GBD 2019 study included epidemiological data pertaining to 369 diseases/injuries, 286 causes of death, and 87 risk factors in 204 nations and regions. For this study, we adopt published estimates pertaining to the prevalence rates, mortality rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with cardiomyopathy. The Bayesian mixed-effects DisMod-MR 2.1 meta-regression tool, which was designed to analyze GBD data, was used to estimate the prevalence of OC and AC. The GBD data are subdivided into 21 global regions based on characteristics such as geographical proximity and epidemiological similarity. The overall burden of cardiomyopathy was assessed by combining AC- and OC-related data, 95% confidence intervals were calculated based on standardized error values determined based upon the width of the 95% UI divided by 1.96 × 2.ResultsGlobally, there were an estimated 0.71 million (95% UI: 0.55–0.92) AC cases and 3.73 million (95% UI: 2.92–4.72) OC cases in 2019. The age-standardized cardiomyopathy, AC, and OC prevalence rates (per 100,000 persons) in 2019 were 56.0 (95% CI: 43.82–71.17), 8.51 (95% UI: 6.6–11.01), and 47.49 (95% UI: 37.22–60.16), respectively. In total, the respective numbers of global deaths attributed to AC and OC were 0.07 million (95% UI: 0.06–0.08) and 0.24 million (95% UI: 0.19–0.26). The age-standardized mortality rate for cardiomyopathy in 2019 was 3.97 (95% CI: 3.29–4.39), with respective mortality rates of 0.86 (95% UI: 0.72–0.99) and 3.11 (95% UI: 2.57–3.4) for AC and OC. At the global level in 2019, 2.44 million (95% UI: 2.04–2.78) DALYs were attributed to AC, while 5.72 million (95% UI: 4.89–6.33) DALYs were attributed to OC. From 1990 to 2019, cardiomyopathy age-standardized prevalence rates declined by −0.49% (95% CI: −0.57 to −0.41), with those for AC and OC having respectively declined by −0.32% (95% UI: −0.36 to −0.28) and −0.17% (95% UI: −0.21 to −0.13). The age-standardized AC and OC mortality rates declined by −0.36% (95% UI: −0.5 to −0.26) and −0.39% (95% UI: −0.44 to −0.29), despite 24.8 and 30.2% increases, respectively, in the numbers of AC- and OC-related deaths during the same period.ConclusionPrevious studies have estimated the risk factors that influence the burden of multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Among them, some studies related to the GBD database on cardiomyopathy data suggest that alcohol intake, gender are factors in the development of AC, and the burden of AC and OC is not limited to developed or less developed countries. Otherwise, this study mainly focused on cardiomyopathy, and analyzed multiple indicators from national, regional, and age-standard dimensions to identify potential risk factors including prevalence, deaths, years lived with Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) that influence the development of AC and OC. To our knowledge, this study is the first to have systematically assessed the burden of AC and OC as of 2019 at the national, regional, and global levels and calculated DALYs to achieve a better evaluation of disease risk and quality of life of the population. The number of cases, deaths and DALYs of cardiomyopathy showed an overall increasing trend and obvious geographical differences in the past three decades. The burden of cardiomyopathy remains a persistent threat to global public health. These results provide an epidemiological foundation that can guide public health efforts and policymakers.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Prevalence of tension-type headache in 1990 and 2019 for both sexes and the percentage change in the age-standardised rates (ASRs) per 100000 in the North Africa and the Middle East region (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ). Table S2. Incidence of tension-type headache in 1990 and 2019 for both sexes and the percentage change in the age-standardised rates (ASRs) per 100000 in the Middle East and North Africa region (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ). Table S3. YLDs due to tension-type headache in 1990 and 2019 for both sexes and the percentage change in the age-standardised rates (ASRs) per 100000 in the Middle East and North Africa region (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ). Figure S1. The percentage change in the age-standardised point prevalence of tension-type headache in the Middle East and North Africa region from 1990 to 2019, by sex and country. (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ). Figure S2. The percentage change in the age-standardised incidence of tension-type headache in the Middle East and North Africa region from 1990 to 2019, by sex and country. (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ). Figure S3. The percentage change in the age-standardised YLDs of tension-type headache in the Middle East and North Africa region from 1990 to 2019, by sex and country. YLD= years lived with disability. (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ).

United Kingdom Import: sa: BoP: 2003p: EU: Mfg: ME: MT: Portable Power Tools data was reported at 28.000 GBP mn in Mar 2009. This records a decrease from the previous number of 30.000 GBP mn for Dec 2008. United Kingdom Import: sa: BoP: 2003p: EU: Mfg: ME: MT: Portable Power Tools data is updated quarterly, averaging 47.000 GBP mn from Mar 1998 (Median) to Mar 2009, with 45 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 55.000 GBP mn in Jun 2003 and a record low of 28.000 GBP mn in Mar 2009. United Kingdom Import: sa: BoP: 2003p: EU: Mfg: ME: MT: Portable Power Tools data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office for National Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.JA052: Imports: BPM5 Basis: SIC 2003: 2003 Price: Seasonally Adjusted: By Industry: EU Countries.

The pound to euro history reveals that exchange rates in 2022 were not as low as they were during 2008 or since the Brexit referendum. Since the United Kingdom (UK) held a referendum on its European Union membership in June 2016, the British pound (GBP) weakened against the euro. From a high of 1.43 at the end of November 2015, the GBP to EUR exchange rate has remained below 1.2 since July 2016, sitting at 1.11 as of October 2020. By October 15, 2025, values had reached 1.15 euros per pound. The euro to pound exchange rate can be found on a different page.Hitting UK citizens' pocketsIt is not just European holidaymakers that are hit when the British pound to Euro exchange rate falls. The average UK consumer also feels the pinch as inflation rates often rise to cover the shortfall of the pound. When the inflation rate rises, the price of imported goods goes up and the consumer ends up paying more. GBP to U.S. dollarSince 2016's referendum, the British pound (GBP) fell across the exchange. The GBP's fall against the Euro was also reflected against the U.S. dollar where the exchange rate in May 2016 (pre-referendum) of 1.46 dollars to the pound has fallen significantly.

BackgroundComprehensive estimations regarding the worldwide burden of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in older women aged ≥ 65 years are lacking. This study first explored the trends in the burden of UTIs among older women from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2040.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 analytical tool was adopted to calculate the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rate (ASDR). We applied the Joinpoint regression analysis to examine the overall trends by calculating the average annual percentage change. In addition, the trends were further stratified by age group, sociodemographic index, and geographic region. Predictive analysis was employed to make further estimations of the burden until 2040.ResultsThe global ASIR of UTIs among older women remained stable between 1990 and 2021, while the ASMR and ASDR increased substantially during the same period. Moreover, the prediction analysis showed that although the ASIR in older women was projected to decline, the number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs was forecasted to continue rising. Regionally, in 2021, South Asia experienced the greatest number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs, and Tropical Latin America had the highest ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR. Between 1990 and 2021, we found Southern Latin America exhibited the largest regional-level increase in the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR. At the national level, significant disparities in the burden of UTIs among older women were identified in different countries and territories.ConclusionAlthough the ASIR of UTIs among older women has remained stable over the past three decades, the annual number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs from UTIs has increased substantially. During the same period, a significant upward trend was found in the UTIs-related ASMR and ASDR. With population growth and aging, the burden of UTIs is expected to keep rising in the coming years. These findings can provide valuable perspectives on the distribution and magnitude relating to the burden of UTIs and promote equity in health outcomes.

This dataset consists of a summary measure that identifies where countries or other geographic areas sit on the spectrum of development. Expressed on a scale of 0 to 1, SDI (Socio-Demographic Index) is a composite average of the rankings of the incomes per capita, average educational attainment, and fertility rates of all areas in the GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study.

IntroductionTo assess the prevailing trends in the incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, and to elucidate their correlations with age, period, and birth cohort, a comprehensive analysis was conducted.MethodsFrom 1990 to 2019, we employed the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) Results Tool in conjunction with an age-period-cohort model. This approach facilitated the estimation of annual percentage changes in incidence, referred to as net drifts, encompassing the overall population. Additionally, we calculated annual percentage changes spanning ages 15 - 19 to 95 + years, denoted as local drifts. Furthermore, our analysis involved determining period and cohort relative risks, elucidating the effects associated with distinct periods and birth cohorts.ResultsGlobally, 21,203,479 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 18,799,322 − 23,704,124] cases of IHD occurred in 2019. There were 33 countries with at least 100000 cases. Between 1990 and 2019, the net drift of IHD incidence exhibited a range from −1.7% per year [95% confidence interval (CI): −1.79, −1.61] in countries with a high socio-demographic index (SDI) to 0.08% per year (95% CI: 0.05, 0.11) in countries with a low SDI. Age effects across all countries and genders demonstrated an increasing trend over time, indicating age as a significant risk factor for IHD. Moreover, period and cohort effects in higher SDI countries exhibited a more rapid decline in both genders compared to lower SDI countries. The findings indicated that nations with a higher SDI manifested overall favorable trends in the relative risk of IHD incidence, both across time and in successive younger birth cohorts.DiscussionThe incidence of IHD serves as a valuable and accessible indicator for assessing trends in IHD provision, spanning from early youth through later life. Enhancements in IHD prevention have the potential to mitigate risks for successively younger cohorts and, over time, redistribute the risk across all age groups. Despite global declines in IHD incidence over the last three decades, decreasing trends in incidence have slowed and, in some countries, flattened. Many countries have experienced unfavorable period and cohort effects.

ObjectiveWe aim to explore the global spatial prevalence and temporal trends of the burden of low bone mineral density (LBMD) worldwide, due to a lack of related studies.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsWe used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to conduct this study. LBMD in the GBD study includes both osteopenia and osteoporosis. The estimation for the prevalence, measured by the summary exposure value (SEV), and burden of LBMD was made in DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman rank order correlation methods. The temporal trends were represented by the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).ResultsIn 2019, there were 438 thousand deaths and 16.6 million DALYs attributable to LBMD, increasing by 111.1% and 93.8% respectively, compared to that in 1990. From 1990 to 2019, the prevalence of LBMD has decreased worldwide, but has increased in high-income North America. Some countries, such as the United States, Australia, Canada, and China had increased disability and mortality rates of LBMD with time. Countries with low socio-demographic index (SDI) had higher incidence and mortality rate than those with high SDI. The prevalence of LBMD was lower in males, but the attributable disability and mortality were higher in males in all years from 1990 to 2019.ConclusionWith population aging, countries worldwide, especially those with low-SDI, will face increasing challenges in reducing the burden attributable to LBMD and osteoporosis. The treatment of osteoporosis has been overlooked in men for a long time. Effective measures are warranted to control the prevalence and burden of LBMD.

United Kingdom Weekly Household Exp: Avg: HG: GE: Small Tool data was reported at 0.400 GBP in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.300 GBP for 2015. United Kingdom Weekly Household Exp: Avg: HG: GE: Small Tool data is updated yearly, averaging 0.300 GBP from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.400 GBP in 2016 and a record low of 0.200 GBP in 2012. United Kingdom Weekly Household Exp: Avg: HG: GE: Small Tool data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office for National Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.H023: Average Weekly Household Expenditure.

AimsEstimate the prevalence of cannabis dependence and its contribution to the global burden of disease. MethodsSystematic reviews of epidemiological data on cannabis dependence (1990-2008) were conducted in line with PRISMA and meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Culling and data extraction followed protocols, with cross-checking and consistency checks. DisMod-MR, the latest version of generic disease modelling system, redesigned as a Bayesian meta-regression tool, imputed prevalence by age, year and sex for 187 countries and 21 regions. The disability weight associated with cannabis dependence was estimated through population surveys and multiplied by prevalence data to calculate the years of life lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). YLDs and DALYs attributed to regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia were also estimated. ResultsThere were an estimated 13.1 million cannabis dependent people globally in 2010 (point prevalence0.19% (95% uncertainty: 0.17-0.21%)). Prevalence peaked between 20-24 yrs, was higher in males (0.23% (0.2-0.27%)) than females (0.14% (0.12-0.16%)) and in high income regions. Cannabis dependence accounted for 2 million DALYs globally (0.08%; 0.05-0.12%) in 2010; a 22% increase in crude DALYs since 1990 largely due to population growth. Countries with statistically higher age-standardised DALY rates included the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Western European countries such as the United Kingdom; those with lower DALY rates were from Sub-Saharan Africa-West and Latin America. Regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia accounted for an estimated 7,000 DALYs globally. ConclusionCannabis dependence is a disorder primarily experienced by young adults, especially in higher income countries. It has not been shown to increase mortality as opioid and other forms of illicit drug dependence do. Our estimates suggest that cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia is not a major contributor to population-level disease burden.

BackgroundOrofacial clefts (OFCs) are congenital craniofacial malformation caused by embryonic developmental abnormalities, characterized by incomplete fusion of the upper lip and/or palate, leading to feeding difficulties, speech impairments, and other functional challenges. OFCs represent the most prevalent congenital malformations of oral and maxillofacial region. We aim to characterize disease burden of OFCs across regions and countries, analyze temporal trends from 1990 to 2021, examine relationship with Socio-demographic Index (SDI), explore gender disparities and predict future epidemiological patterns.MethodsUtilizing GBD 2021 database for 204 countries/regions, we analyzed age-standardized metrics including disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, mortality, incidence, using tools like DisMod-MR 2.1 for Bayesian meta-regression. SDI, calculated from educational attainment, per capita income, and fertility rates (range 0–1), stratified nations into quintiles. Statistical analyses included SDI-burden correlations and future projections using Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) modeling, implemented through R software.ResultsIn 2021, there are a total of 4124006.8 cases of OFCs worldwide, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 53.4 per 100,000 (95% UI: 43–64). The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 3.0 per 100,000 (95% UI: 2.2–3.9), while age-standardized deaths rate (ASDR) of 0 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0–0.1). Additionally, age-standardized DALYs rate was 5.8 per 100,000 (95% UI: 3.5–9.8). Regionally, low- to middle-SDI regions demonstrated the highest ASPR and ASIR, whereas low-SDI areas showed the most severe ASDR and DALYs rate. In contrast, high-SDI regions consistently exhibited the lowest burden across all metrics. At the subregional level, South Asia recorded the greatest ASPR, while Central Asia had the peak ASIR. Oceania displayed the highest ASDR and DALYs rate. Country-specific analysis identified Palestine with the maximum ASPR, Kazakhstan with the highest ASIR, Papua New Guinea with the greatest ASDR, and Afghanistan with the most elevated DALYs rate.ConclusionThe global OFCs burden demonstrated consistent decline from 1990–2021, with persistent male predominance. Regional disparities correlate strongly with SDI, particularly affecting Central Asia, South Asia, and Africa populations.

BackgroundThe burden of chronic respiratory diseases has changed over the three decades. This study aims to describe the spatiotemporal trends of prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) worldwide during 1990–2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019).MethodsThe prevalence, mortality, and DALY attributable to CRDs and risk factors from 1990 to 2019 were estimated. We also assessed the driving factors and potentiality for improvement with decomposition and frontier analyses, respectively.ResultsIn 2019, 454.56 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 417.35–499.14] million individuals worldwide had a CRD, showing a 39·8% increase compared with 1990. Deaths due to CRDs were 3.97 (95%UI: 3.58–4.30) million, and DALY in 2019 was 103.53 (95%UI: 94.79–112.27) million. Declines by average annual percent change (AAPC) were observed in age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) (0.64% decrease), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) (1.92%), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) (1.72%) globally and in 5 socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. Decomposition analyses represented that the increase in overall CRDs DALY was driven by aging and population growth. However, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the leading driver of increased DALY worldwide. Frontier analyses witnessed significant improvement opportunities at all levels of the development spectrum. Smoking remained a leading risk factor (RF) for mortality and DALY, although it showed a downward trend. Air pollution, a growing factor especially in relatively low SDI regions, deserves our attention.ConclusionOur study clarified that CRDs remain the leading causes of prevalence, mortality, and DALY worldwide, with growth in absolute numbers but declines in several age-standardized estimators since 1990. The estimated contribution of risk factors to mortality and DALY demands the need for urgent measures to improve them.Systematic review registrationhttp://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.

PurposeGiven the rising prevalence of high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) over the past three decades, it is crucial to assess its global, national, and regional impact on chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to investigate the burden of CKD attributed to HFPG and its distribution across various levels.Methods and materialsThe data for this research was sourced from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. To estimate the burden of CKD attributed to HFPG, we utilized DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. The burden was measured using age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman rank order correlation method. Temporal trends were analyzed by estimating the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).ResultsGlobally in 2019, there were a total of 487.97 thousand deaths and 13,093.42 thousand DALYs attributed to CKD attributed to HFPG, which represent a substantial increase of 153.8% and 120%, respectively, compared to 1990. Over the period from 1990 to 2019, the burden of CKD attributable to HFPG increased across all regions, with the highest increases observed in regions with high socio-demographic index (SDI) and middle SDI. Regions with lower SDI exhibited higher ASMR and age-standardized DALYs (ASDR) compared to developed nations at the regional level. Additionally, the EAPC values, which indicate the rate of increase, were significantly higher in these regions compared to developed nations. Notably, high-income North America, belonging to the high SDI regions, experienced the greatest increase in both ASMR and ASDR over the past three decades. Furthermore, throughout the years from 1990 to 2019, males bore a greater burden of CKD attributable to HFPG.ConclusionWith an increasing population and changing dietary patterns, the burden of CKD attributed to HFPG is expected to worsen. From 1990 to 2019, males and developing regions have experienced a more significant burden. Notably, the EAPC values for both ASMR and ASDR were higher in males and regions with lower SDI (excluding high-income North America). This emphasizes the pressing requirement for effective interventions to reduce the burden of CKD attributable to HFPG.

PurposeGiven the increasing occurrence of stroke and high-sodium diets (DHIS) over the past 30 years, it is crucial to assess the global, national, and regional impact of DHIS on the burden of stroke.Methods and materialsThe Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 provided the study's data. We used the Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 to evaluate the burden of stroke attributable to DHIS. Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were used to quantify the burden. We perform correlation analysis utilizing the Spearman rank-order correlation method, and we calculate the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to evaluate temporal trends.ResultsGlobally, DHIS accounts for 17,673.33 thousand disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 700.98 thousand deaths of stroke in 2019. The burden of stroke attributable to DHIS has declined between 1990 and 2019 globally and in the majority of regions, with the largest declines seen in regions with high sociodemographic indexes (SDI). Both ASMR and ASDR were higher regionally in regions with moderate SDI than those in developed regions. Furthermore, the absolute values of EAPC, reflecting the rate of decrease, were notably lower in these regions compared to developed nations. High-income North America, categorized within the SDI regions, notably witnessed the smallest decline in ASDR over the last three decades. Additionally, from 1990 to 2019, males consistently bore a larger burden of stroke attributable to DHIS.ConclusionThe burden of stroke attributable to DHIS remained a major concern despite advancements in public knowledge of stroke and their utilization of emergency medical services. Over the past 30 years, more burden has been placed on males and regions with moderate SDI values; in males, higher EAPC values for both ASMR and ASDR have been found. This underscores the urgent need for effective interventions to alleviate the burden of stroke associated with DHIS.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explore the prevalence and attributable burden of diet high in processed meat (DHIPM) in global, regional, and national level due to the burden caused by unhealthy dietary pattern worldwide.DesignCross-sectional study.Materials and designAll the data involved in this research were obtained from Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was used to estimate the prevalence, which was measured by summary exposure value (SEV) and attributable burden of DHIPM. The Spearman rank order correlation method was performed to measure the correlation between sociodemographic index (SDI) and the prevalence as well as attributable burden. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to demonstrate the temporal trends.ResultsGlobally, there were 304.28 thousand deaths and 8556.88 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by DHIPM in 2019 and increased by 34.63 and 68.69%, respectively. The prevalence had decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019, however increased in most regions and countries, especially in middle SDI regions, despite the implicitly high prevalence in high SDI regions. Countries with higher SDI values were facing higher prevalence and attributable burden of DHIPM while developing countries were observed with severer temporal trends. Compared with women, men had suffered from lower exposure level however graver attributable burden of DHIPM in the past three decades.ConclusionThe progress of continuous urbanization allowed increasingly severe prevalence and attributable burden of DHIPM, thus the challenge to alleviate this trend was acute. Effective measures such as education on beneficial dietary pattern and supplement on healthy food were urgently required, especially in developing regions and countries.

PurposeWith the prevalence of high body mass index (HBMI) increasing over the past 30 years, it is essential to examine the impact of obesity on kidney cancer. This study aims to explore the attributable burden of kidney cancer associated with HBMI and its proportion at different levels.Methods and materialsThe data used in this research were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. We utilized DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to estimate the burden of kidney cancer attributable to HBMI, which was measured by age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR). Correlation analysis was conducted by the Spearman rank order correlation method. The temporal trends were analyzed by estimating the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).ResultsGlobally in 2019, there were a total of 31.7 thousand deaths and 751.89 thousand disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to kidney cancer caused by HBMI, increased by 183.1 and 164%, respectively. Over the period from 1990 to 2019, the burden of kidney cancer attributable to HBMI increased in all regions, with the most significant increases occurring in Low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) and Low SDI regions. At the national level, countries with lower SDI had lower ASMR and ASDR compared to developed nations. However, the EAPC values, which indicate the rate of increase, were significantly higher in these countries than in developed nations. Furthermore, across all years from 1990 to 2019, males experienced a greater and more rapidly increasing burden of kidney cancer attributable to HBMI than females.ConclusionAs the population grows and dietary patterns shift, the burden of kidney cancer attributable to HBMI is expected to become even more severe. Males and developed regions have borne a heavier burden from 1990 to 2019. However, the EAPC values for both ASMR and ASDR were higher in males but not in regions with higher SDI values.

BackgroundThis study aimed to examine the evolving trends in the global burden of low back pain (LBP) from 1990 to 2021 and predicted disease burden until 2035.Materials and methodsLBP-related data were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) query tool. All estimates and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool in Global Burden of Disease, Injury, and Risk Factor Study (GBD) 2021. Data processing and visualization were conducted using The R Programming Language software version 4.3.2 and Joinpoint 4.7.ResultsIn 2021, approximately 628.8 million people worldwide were affected by LBP, with approximately 266.9 million new incident cases and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 3176.6 per 100,000. Compared with 1990, although the ASIR and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDALYsR) decreased, absolute numbers increased significantly. Projections for 2035 reveal a continued decline in ASIR and ASDALYsR for LBP. The LBP burden varied by the sociodemographic index quintile and GBD region, with the highest ASIR and ASDALYsR observed in Central Europe and the greatest decrease in East Asia. Globally, women bear a higher burden of LBP than men, with middle-aged populations experiencing the heaviest burden. Occupational ergonomic factors, high body mass index, and smoking remain the primary risk factors for LBP, with occupational ergonomic factors contributing the most to the overall burden.ConclusionDespite a projected decline in incidence, the global burden of LBP persists, exhibiting significant regional and gender disparities. To mitigate its future burden, precise and effective prevention and control strategies targeting high-risk factors are imperative.