Since the beginning of the 21st century, the BRICS countries have been considered the five foremost developing economies in the world. Originally, the term BRIC was used by economists when talking about the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, however these countries have held annual summits since 2009, and the group has expanded to include South Africa since 2010. China has the largest GDP of the BRICS country, at 16.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2021, while the others are all below three trillion. Combined, the BRICS bloc has a GDP over 25.85 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022, which is slightly more than the United States. BRICS economic development China has consistently been the largest economy of this bloc, and its rapid growth has seen it become the second largest economy in the world, behind the U.S.. China's growth has also been much faster than the other BRICS countries; for example, when compared with the second largest BRICS economy, its GDP was less than double the size of Brazil's in 2000, but is almost six times larger than India's in 2021. Since 2000, the country with the second largest GDP has fluctuated between Brazil, Russia, and India, due to a variety of factors, although India has held this position since 2015 (when the other two experienced recession), and it's growth rate is on track to surpass China's in the coming decade. South Africa has consistently had the smallest economy of the BRICS bloc, and it has just the third largest economy in Africa; its inclusion in this group is due to the fact that it is the most advanced and stable major economy in Africa, and it holds strategic importance due to the financial potential of the continent in the coming decades. Future developments It is predicted that China's GDP will overtake that of the U.S. by the end of the 2020s, to become the largest economy in the world, while some also estimate that India will also overtake the U.S. around the middle of the century. Additionally, the BRICS group is more than just an economic or trading bloc, and its New Development Bank was established in 2014 to invest in sustainable infrastructure and renewable energy across the globe. While relations between its members were often strained or of less significance in the 20th century, their current initiatives have given them a much greater international influence. The traditional great powers represented in the Group of Seven (G7) have seen their international power wane in recent decades, while BRICS countries have seen theirs grow, especially on a regional level. Today, the original BRIC countries combine with the Group of Seven (G7), to make up 11 of the world's 12 largest economies, but it is predicted that they will move further up on this list in the coming decades.

The BRICS countries overtook the G7 countries share of the world's total gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2018. By 2024, the difference had increased even further, the BRICS now holding a total 35 percent of the world's GDP compared to 30 percent held by the G7 countries.

For most of the past two decades, China had the highest GDP growth of any of the BRICS countries, although it was overtaken by India in the mid-2010s, and India is predicted to have the highest growth in the 2020s. All five countries saw their GDP growth fall during the global financial crisis in 2008, and again during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020; China was the only economy that continued to grow during both crises, although India's economy also grew during the Great Recession. In 2014, Brazil experienced its own recession due to a combination of economic and political instability, while Russia also went into recession due to the drop in oil prices and the economic sanctions imposed following its annexation of Crimea.

In 2021, the BRICS countries with the highest estimated GDP per capita were Russia and China, with between 12,000 and 13,000 U.S. dollars per person. Brazil and South Africa's GDP per capita are thought to be closer to the 7,000 mark, while India's GDP per capita is just over 2,000 U.S. dollars. This a significant contrast to figures for overall GDP, where China has the largest economy by a significant margin, while India's is the second largest. The reason for this disparity is due to population size. For example, both China's population and overall GDP are roughly 10 times larger than those of Russia, which results in them having a comparable GDP per capita. Additionally, India's population is 23 times larger than South Africa's, but it's GDP is just seven times larger; this results in South Africa having a higher GDP per capita than India, despite it being the smallest of the BRICS economies.

The aim of the article is to compare health system outcomes in the BRICS countries, assess the trends of their changes in 2000−2017, and verify whether they are in any way correlated with the economic context. The indicators considered were: nominal and per capita current health expenditure, government health expenditure, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP growth, unemployment, inflation, and composition of GDP. The study covered five countries of the BRICS group over a period of 18 years. We decided to characterize countries covered with a dataset of selected indicators describing population health status, namely: life expectancy at birth, level of immunization, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and tuberculosis case detection rate. We constructed a unified synthetic measure depicting the performance of individual health systems in terms of their outcomes with a single numerical value. Descriptive statistical analysis of quantitative traits consisted of the arithmetic mean (xsr), standard deviation (SD), and, where needed, the median. The normality of the distribution of variables was tested with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Spearman's rho and Kendall tau rank coefficients were used for correlation analysis between measures. The correlation analyses have been supplemented with factor analysis. We found that the best results in terms of health care system performance were recorded in Russia, China, and Brazil. India and South Africa are noticeably worse. However, the entire group performs visibly worse than the developed countries. The health system outcomes appeared to correlate on a statistically significant scale with health expenditures per capita, governments involvement in health expenditures, GDP per capita, and industry share in GDP; however, these correlations are relatively weak, with the highest strength in the case of government's involvement in health expenditures and GDP per capita. Due to weak correlation with economic background, other factors may play a role in determining health system outcomes in BRICS countries. More research should be recommended to find them and determine to what extent and how exactly they affect health system outcomes.

The combined value of the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) of the BRICS Plus countries increased significantly since 2000, overtaking that of the G7 in 2015. This is mainly due to the economic development of China over the past decades.

The size of the five original BRICS economies in 2023 - Brazil, Russia, China, India, South Africa - is comparable to the United States and the EU-27 put together. On a PPP (purchasing power parity) basis, China ranks as the world's largest economy. India takes up the economic parity of about **** the EU-27. The rise of these developing economies gave rise to questions on the role the United States plays in international trade and cross-border finance. FX reserve managers around the world expect to shift their holdings towards the Chinese yuan in the long term, as of 2023.

These are research indicators of comparative empirical investigation of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the BRICS that were compiled from the criteria and factors of the World Bank. This dataset consists of data for CEECs and the BRICS for the period of 2000 to 2016. The World Bank Research Indicators consist of (1) GNI, Atlas Method (Current US$); (2) GNI per capita, Atlas; (3) GNI PPP (Current International $); (4) GNI per capita, PPP (Current International $); (5) Energy Use (kg of Oil Equivalent per capita); (6) Electric Power Consumption (kWh per capita); (7) GDP (Current US$); (8) GDP Growth (Annual %); (9) Inflation, GDP Deflator (Annual %); (10) Agriculture, Value Added (% of GDP); (11) Industry, Value Added (% of GDP); (12) Service, etc., Value Added (% of GDP); (13) Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP); (14) Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP); (15) Gross Capital Formation (% of GDP); (16) Revenue, excluding Grants (% of GDP); (17) Time Required to Start a Business (Days); (18) Domestic Credit Provided by Financial Sector (% of GDP); (19) Tax Revenue (% of GDP); (20) High-Technology Exports (% of Manufactured Exports); (21) Merchandise Trade (% of GDP); (22) Net Barter Terms of Trade Index (2000 = 100); (23) External Debt Stock, Total (DOD, Current US$); (24) Total Debt Service (% of Exports of Goods, Services and Primary Income); (25) Personal Remittances, Received (Current US$); (26) Foreign Direct Investment, Net Flows (BoP, Current US$); and (27) Net Official Development Assistance and Official Aid Received (Current US$). Furthermore, statistical data of CEECs and the BRICS were retrieved from Atlas 2.1 – Growth Lab at the Center for International Development at Harvard University; UN Comtrade Maps; WITS – UNSD Comtrade and ITC.

Since 2000, China has consistently been the largest exporter of goods among the BRICS countries, and its share of exports from the bloc has increased significantly. In the year 2000, China's share of BRICS exports was just over ** percent; in 2020, this share has risen to ** percent. Among the other BRICS countries, Russia has always had the second-largest share of exports, and South Africa the smallest, while India overtook Brazil in 2009.

Fitness variation from 2003 to 2013 of the states: São Paulo, Paraná, Ceará, and Roraima.

The statistic shows gross domestic product (GDP) in Brazil from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. Gross domestic product denotes the aggregate value of all services and goods produced within a country in any given year. GDP is an important indicator of a country's economic power. In 2024, Brazil's gross domestic product amounted to around 2.17 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and China, Brazil was ranked third that year. Brazil's national finances Brazil is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and the largest amongst all Latin American countries. Brazil is also a member of multiple economic organizations such as the G20 as well as one of the four countries in the BRIC economies, which consist of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Despite having one of the lower populations out of the four countries, Brazil maintained a relatively stable dollar value of all goods and services produced within the country in comparison to India, for example. This indicates that unemployment is low and in general business demand within the country has become relatively high. Spending within the country has been relatively high, however is considered to be normal, especially for developing countries. It is expected that developing economies have a budget deficit of roughly 3 percent, primarily because spending is needed in order to fuel an economy at most times. However, most Brazilians still have faith in their country’s economic future and still believe that their own personal financial situation will improve along with the country’s economic position in the world.

This dataset contains the variables used in this power sector policy paper, expect CO2 emission intensity (IEA database) data due to IEA licensing agreement as the product was purchased from them. The dataset contains data on 34 OECD countries (while the analysis only included 34) and 5 BRICS countries, from 1990 - 2019. The power sector policy paper uses a time period from 2000-2018 (with some models running to 2019 using IEA estimates).

The variables used in the analysis are: - CO2 emission intensity per KWh (Data not included due to copy right from IEA, 3 example data points included for refererence). - Emission trading system price, both national and with adjusted price by relative size for sub-national systems (Cross-referenced from several sources). - Feed-in tariffs for solar PV and wind (OECD.Stat database). - Public environmental R&D and patent data on climate change mitigation technologies related to (1) energy generation, transmission or distribution (OECD.Stat green growth database). - Industrial energy consumption (OECD.Stat database). - GDP per capita, Industry share of GDP, Residental electricity consumption (World bank indicators). - Installed renewable energy capacity (IRENA database).

Of the five BRICS countries, Brazil had the highest gross government debt rate in 2023 at an estimated ** percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On the other hand, Russia had the lowest at only ** percent of its GDP.

This article employs a Panel Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) approach to investigate the interaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fossil fuel, renewable energy consumption, trade, and their collective impact on life expectancy within the BRICS nations. The research reveals compelling findings. Notably, CO2 emissions and trade openness exhibit negative and statistically significant impact on life expectancy. In contrast, GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption are positive and significant determinants of longer life expectancy. The nuanced outcomes underscore the complex interplay of economic, environmental, and social factors within the BRICS nations. The effects found by PMG-ARDL and FMOLS are very comparable, except for the trade openness’ coefficients, which is the inverse. These findings hold significant implications for policy interpretation and sustainable development strategies. As nations struggle to balance economic growth and environmental improvement with public health, tailored interventions targeting CO2 reduction, trade openness, renewable energy, and GDP growth can collectively contribute to longer life expectancy. In a broader context, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainability, economic improvement, and health issue.

This article employs a Panel Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) approach to investigate the interaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fossil fuel, renewable energy consumption, trade, and their collective impact on life expectancy within the BRICS nations. The research reveals compelling findings. Notably, CO2 emissions and trade openness exhibit negative and statistically significant impact on life expectancy. In contrast, GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption are positive and significant determinants of longer life expectancy. The nuanced outcomes underscore the complex interplay of economic, environmental, and social factors within the BRICS nations. The effects found by PMG-ARDL and FMOLS are very comparable, except for the trade openness’ coefficients, which is the inverse. These findings hold significant implications for policy interpretation and sustainable development strategies. As nations struggle to balance economic growth and environmental improvement with public health, tailored interventions targeting CO2 reduction, trade openness, renewable energy, and GDP growth can collectively contribute to longer life expectancy. In a broader context, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainability, economic improvement, and health issue.

Title:
The Invisible Art Market: Informal Networks, Symbolic Capital, and Market Activity in Latin America

DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.15383517

Creators:
Brown, Scott (University of Puerto Rico – Río Piedras, Professor of Finance)

Description:
This dataset supports the empirical analysis presented in “The Invisible Art Market: Informal Networks, Symbolic Capital, and Market Activity in Latin America.” The study investigates how weak institutional frameworks, symbolic capital, and informal networks shape national art market development, with a special focus on BRIC countries and Latin America.

The dataset integrates four key sources:

• Art Sales Data (2021–2024) across Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) compiled from Artprice and Art Basel reports.

• Macroeconomic indicators from the World Bank’s GDP data.

• Institutional quality metrics using the International Property Rights Index (IPRI) and V-Dem rule of law variables.

A regression analysis (replicable via the art_market_brics.py Python script) demonstrates that stronger property rights (IPRI) and higher GDP are statistically associated with increased national art sales, even in non-Western economies. The data and code comply with FAIR principles and are structured for open replication and policy use.

Files included:

• art_market_brics.py (Python code to replicate regression models)

• BRIC_Art_Sales_2021_2024.csv (manually extracted and cleaned auction turnover data)

• GDP.csv (World Bank GDP data 2021–2024)

• IPRI_Country_Tables_Manual.xlsx (Institutional property rights index data, 2024)

• vdem_variables_filtered_1996_onward.xlsx (Governance data on Rule of Law from V-Dem)

Keywords:
art market, cultural economics, symbolic capital, institutional economics, BRIC countries, Latin America, intellectual property rights, informal economy, governance, development policy, Hernando de Soto

Subjects:

• Economics and Econometrics

• Cultural Studies

• Development Studies

• Public Policy

• Law and Society

License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Language:
English

Version:
1.0

Publication Date:
2025-05-13

Publisher:
Zenodo

Funding:
None (institutionally unfunded, conducted at a public university under resource constraints)

Related Works:
This dataset underpins the paper:
Brown, S. M. (2025). The Invisible Art Market: Symbolic Capital, Informal Institutions, and Development Constraints in Latin America [Manuscript in preparation].

This data collection consists of transcripts from 12 focus group discussions on themes related to social equality in Russia. The focus group discussions were conducted by the Institute of Applied Politics in Moscow, directed by Dr Kryshtanovskaya; using a discussion guide written by the Investigators. They were held in 12 cities chosen to represent different regions of the country, with an emphasis on provincial cities: Ufa, Kaliningrad, Ekaterinburg, Tiumen, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Obolensk, Vladivostok and Protvino. The respondents included a mix of ages, genders, blue and white collar workers. The focus groups in Protvino and Ulyanovsk were held only for respondents age 18-29. The focus group discussions dealt with household and national economic change, perceptions of social fairness, and welfare values. Specifically, respondents were asked about the state of the national and local economies, their household economy, how they define rich and poor people and how they position themselves in relation to these categories. They were asked about whether they perceived differences in wealth between individuals, regions and between urban and rural areas as fair, and whether such differences are increasing or decreasing. Finally they were asked about whether the rich should take more responsibility for the welfare of the poor, about their own personal responsibility and that of the state and businesses, as well as about progressive income taxes and the degree to which the state should control the economy. The discussion guide is provided in Russian and English. Basic information about the respondents, including gender, age, and occupation are provided at the top of each focus group transcript. Each participant is identified by their given name only. The transcripts are provided in Russian. The Russian text was transcribed by the Institute of Applied Politics from audio files. A parallel set of focus groups was conducted in China and are available as the collection Social equality forum China: Focus group transcripts (see Related Resources). Taken together, Russia and China account for 41 per cent of the total territory of the BRICs and 63 per cent of their GDP/PPP. On Goldman Sachs projections China will be the world’s largest economy by 2050, and Russia its sixth largest. The project will seek to examine the following propositions: (1) that these two BRIC countries are becoming increasingly unequal; (2) that within them, political power and economic advantage are increasingly closely associated; (3) that their political systems have increasingly been employed to ensure that no effective challenge can be mounted to that combination of government position and economic advantage; (4) that set against a broader comparative perspective, an increasingly unequal society in which government is effectively immune from conventional challenge is likely to become increasingly regressive, or unstable, or both. Evidence will be drawn from official statistics, interviews with policy specialists and government officials, two dozen focus groups, and an analysis of the composition of the management boards of the largest companies in both countries. A final part of the analysis will employ crossnational evidence to test a series of hypotheses relating to the association between inequality and political instability on a more broadly comparative basis. Focus group discussions held in 12 Russian cities with 6 participants each drawn from a range of ages, both genders and different professions. Two focus groups were held for respondents age 18-29 only.

In 2025, the United States had the largest economy in the world, with a gross domestic product of over 30 trillion U.S. dollars. China had the second largest economy, at around 19.23 trillion U.S. dollars. Recent adjustments in the list have seen Germany's economy overtake Japan's to become the third-largest in the world in 2023, while Brazil's economy moved ahead of Russia's in 2024. Global gross domestic product Global gross domestic product amounts to almost 110 trillion U.S. dollars, with the United States making up more than one-quarter of this figure alone. The 12 largest economies in the world include all Group of Seven (G7) economies, as well as the four largest BRICS economies. The U.S. has consistently had the world's largest economy since the interwar period, and while previous reports estimated it would be overtaken by China in the 2020s, more recent projections estimate the U.S. economy will remain the largest by a considerable margin going into the 2030s.The gross domestic product of a country is calculated by taking spending and trade into account, to show how much the country can produce in a certain amount of time, usually per year. It represents the value of all goods and services produced during that year. Those countries considered to have emerging or developing economies account for almost 60 percent of global gross domestic product, while advanced economies make up over 40 percent.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China amounted to around 18.7 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and Brazil, China came first that year and second in the world GDP ranking. The stagnation of China's GDP in U.S. dollar terms in 2022 and 2023 was mainly due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. China's real GDP growth was 3.1 percent in 2022 and 5.4 percent in 2023. In 2024, per capita GDP in China reached around 13,300 U.S. dollars. Economic performance in China Gross domestic product (GDP) is a primary economic indicator. It measures the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy over a certain time period. China's economy used to grow quickly in the past, but the growth rate of China’s real GDP gradually slowed down in recent years, and year-on-year GDP growth is forecasted to range at only around four percent in the years after 2024. Since 2010, China has been the world’s second-largest economy, surpassing Japan.China’s emergence in the world’s economy has a lot to do with its status as the ‘world’s factory’. Since 2013, China is the largest export country in the world. Some argue that it is partly due to the undervalued Chinese currency. The Big Mac Index, a simplified and informal way to measure the purchasing power parity between different currencies, indicates that the Chinese currency yuan was roughly undervalued by 38 percent in 2024. GDP development Although the impressive economic development in China has led millions of people out of poverty, China is still not in the league of industrialized countries on the per capita basis. To name one example, the U.S. per capita economic output was more than six times as large as in China in 2024. Meanwhile, the Chinese society faces increased income disparities. The Gini coefficient of China, a widely used indicator of economic inequality, has been larger than 0.45 over the last decade, whereas 0.40 is the warning level for social unrest.

The statistic shows the growth in real GDP in Brazil from between 2020 and 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, Brazil’s real gross domestic product increased by 3.4 percent compared to the previous year.Brazilian growth and civic unrestGDP is a reliable tool used to indicate the shape of a national economy. It is one of the most well-known and well-understood measurements of the state of a country. Gross domestic product, or GDP, is the total market value of all final services and goods that have been produced in a country within a given period of time, usually a year.Brazil has undergone a huge economic transformation in the course of the last decade and is now one of the fastest growing economies on the planet. It belongs to the BRIC club of countries, an acronym that refers to the countries Brazil, Russia, India and China, a group of countries which are considered to be at a relatively similar stage of new and advancing economic development. Economic reforms in Brazil have given the country a boost on the international stage, which has helped it to gain significantly in recognition and influence around the world.The domestic product growth rate in Brazil is progressing throughout the years. After a minor blip in 2009, when a short recession saw the rate of growth moving slightly backwards, the economy has picked itself up and fought back with an increase of an impressive 7.53 percent in 2010. Despite the rapid growth and the perceived increase in Brazilian domestic prosperity, the gap between rich and poor remains distinct. The lower class manifested themselves in the numerous protests that erupted across the South American state in the summer of 2013. For days, hundreds of thousands of Brazilians took to the streets to protest the increase of public transport fares, but the demonstrations evolved into a more general protest against increasing social inequalities among the Brazilian population, despite increased prosperity.