In 2023, the gross domestic product of Northern Ireland was just under 58 billion British pounds, compared with 57.6 billion pounds in 2022.

The gross domestic product of Northern Ireland grew by ***** percent in 2023, with economic growth fastest in Antrim and Newtownabbey, where the local economy grew by *** percent.

In 2023, the gross domestic product of Northern Ireland grew by *** percent, compared with ***** percent in 2022.

In 2023 gross domestic product per capita in Northern Ireland amounted to approximately ****** British pounds, compared with ****** in the previous year.

In 2023, the gross domestic product of Belfast amounted to approximately **** billion British pounds, the most among local areas of Northern Ireland, with Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon a distant second at *** billion pounds.

The economic landscape of the United Kingdom has been significantly shaped by the intertwined issues of Brexit, COVID-19, and their interconnected impacts. Despite the country’s robust and diverse economy, the disruptions caused by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic have created uncertainty and upheaval for both businesses and individuals. Recognizing the magnitude of these challenges, academic literature has directed its attention toward conducting immediate research in this crucial area. This study sets out to investigate key economic factors that have influenced various sectors of the UK economy and have broader economic implications within the context of Brexit and COVID-19. The factors under scrutiny include the unemployment rate, GDP index, earnings, and trade. To accomplish this, a range of data analysis tools and techniques were employed, including the Box-Jenkins method, neural network modeling, Google Trend analysis, and Twitter-sentiment analysis. The analysis encompassed different periods: pre-Brexit (2011-2016), Brexit (2016-2020), the COVID-19 period, and post-Brexit (2020-2021). The findings of the analysis offer intriguing insights spanning the past decade. For instance, the unemployment rate displayed a downward trend until 2020 but experienced a spike in 2021, persisting for a six-month period. Meanwhile, total earnings per week exhibited a gradual increase over time, and the GDP index demonstrated an upward trajectory until 2020 but declined during the COVID-19 period. Notably, trade experienced the most significant decline following both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impact of these events exhibited variations across the UK’s four regions and twelve industries. Wales and Northern Ireland emerged as the regions most affected by Brexit and COVID-19, with industries such as accommodation, construction, and wholesale trade particularly impacted in terms of earnings and employment levels. Conversely, industries such as finance, science, and health demonstrated an increased contribution to the UK’s total GDP in the post-Brexit period, indicating some positive outcomes. It is worth highlighting that the impact of these economic factors was more pronounced on men than on women. Among all the variables analyzed, trade suffered the most severe consequences in the UK. By early 2021, the macroeconomic situation in the country was characterized by a simple dynamic: economic demand rebounded at a faster pace than supply, leading to shortages, bottlenecks, and inflation. The findings of this research carry significant value for the UK government and businesses, empowering them to adapt and innovate based on forecasts to navigate the challenges posed by Brexit and COVID-19. By doing so, they can promote long-term economic growth and effectively address the disruptions caused by these interrelated issues.

Summarizes the descriptive statistics of the four main UK’s economic factors analysed in this paper in all the 42 quarters between the years 2011–2021.

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in England was ****** British pounds, compared with ****** in Scotland, ****** in Wales, and ****** in Northern Ireland.

Regional popularity of Brexit and COVID-19 under business and industrial category.

Regional popularity of Brexit and COVID-19 under the finance category.

Of all the countries that comprise the United Kingdom, England had by far the highest gross domestic product in 2023 at over 2.1 trillion British pounds. In this year, Scotland's GDP amounted to over 187.2 billion pounds, with the size of the Welsh economy being just under 58 billion pounds, and that of Northern Ireland being 32.8 billion pounds.

The GAR15 global exposure database is based on a top-down approach where statistical information including socio-economic, building type, and capital stock at a national level are transposed onto the grids of 5x5 or 1x1 using geographic distribution of population data and gross domestic product (GDP) as proxies.

This dataset comprises historical GDP and population data for regional entities in Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom. Entities included: -For Belgium: Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia. -For Spain: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile-la Mancha, Castile-Leon, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Valencia. -For the United Kingdom: England, London, Northern Ireland [since 1801], (Southern) Ireland [1801-1921], Scotland, Wales. Periods covered for GDP data: -For Belgium: 1846-2005. -For Spain: 1860-2015. -For the United Kingdom: 1707-2017. Periods covered for population data: -For Belgium: 1841-2017. -For Spain: 1860-2015. -For the United Kingdom: 1801-2017. Sources, acknowledgement and citation: The data have been compiled and/or calculated by the author based on different sources listed in the 'About'-section of the data sheet. When using the data, please cite the appropriate sources related to the part of the data you use, as well as the present dataset as referenced above. Latest version: 1.0 [24.05.2022].

In 2023, the UK economy grew by 0.3 percent, with Northern Ireland the fastest-growing part of the UK in that year, at 0.8 percent.

The primary aim of the Annual Purchases Survey is to provide a comprehensive picture of the goods and services used or transformed in the production process and running of UK businesses, otherwise referred to as intermediate consumption. This product-level information is used in supply and use tables (SUTs), which are an integral part of the measurement of gross domestic product (GDP). The Eurostat Manual of Supply Use and Input-Output Tables recommends that benchmarked supply and use tables are produced at least every five years based on updated source data. A previous survey, entitled the Purchases Inquiry, was suspended in 2006 due to insufficient quality in the data and to reduce the Office for National Statistics (ONS) costs and burden on UK businesses (final reference period being 2004). However, given the survey provides important information on the products that UK businesses purchase, it was decided that it should be reintroduced. The new survey aims to strengthen the estimates of the intermediate consumption structure of the UK economy.

In 2015, Annual Purchases Survey questionnaires were sent by the ONS to approximately 31,000 businesses in the UK. In the UK, it is a compulsory survey that is administered under the statutory powers of the Statistics of Trade Act 1947 for Great Britain and under the Employment (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 for Northern Ireland. Data are not available for 2019 and 2020 due to quality concerns related to the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, which caused high levels of non‐response and internal resource issues.

Linking to Other Business Studies
These data contain IDBR reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research.

Latest edition information:
For the fourth edition (May 2024), data for 2022 were added and the 2021 data were updated. Questionnaires and data dictionary were also added for each year.

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in London was 63,618 British pounds, compared with 37,135 pounds per capita for the United Kingdom as a whole. Apart from London, the only other region of the UK that had a greater GDP per capita than the UK average was South East England, at 38,004 pounds per capita. By contrast, North East England had the lowest GDP per capita among UK regions, at 26,347 pounds. Regional imbalance in the UK economy? London's overall GDP in 2022 was over 508 billion British pounds, which accounted for almost a quarter of the overall GDP of the United Kingdom. South East England had the second-largest regional economy in the country, with a GDP of almost 341.7 billion British pounds. Furthermore, these two regions were the only ones that had higher levels of productivity (as measured by output per hour worked) than the UK average. While recent governments have recognized regional inequality as a major challenge facing the country, it may take several years for any initiatives to bear fruit. The creation of regional metro mayors across England is one of the earliest attempts at giving regions and cities in particular more power over spending in their regions than they currently have. UK economy growth slow in late 2024 After ending 2023 with two quarters of negative growth, the UK economy grew at the reasonable rate of 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent in the first and second quarters of the year. This was, however, followed by zero growth in the third quarter, and by just 0.1 percent in the last quarter of the year. Other economic indicators, such as the inflation rate, fell within the expected range in 2024, but have started to rise again, with a rate of three percent recorded in January 2025. While unemployment has witnessed a slight uptick since 2022, it is still at quite low levels compared with previous years.

For Western Europe's economies in the late twentieth century, there were regional differences in the development of GDP per capita in many of the northern, industrialized nations and those in the south and on the northern periphery. In 1950, GDP per capita was lower than the regional average in these countries due to the lower levels of industrialization. The south then managed to make up a lot of ground by 1973. During Western Europe's "Golden Age of Capitalism," however, Ireland actually lost ground on the rest of the region due to its isolationist policies and inability to industrialize at the same pace. The last quarter-century of the decade saw this trend reverse, with Ireland's GDP per capita eventually growing above the regional average due to the influx of U.S. investment and its increased integration with European markets. Finland, which had a fairly unique position as being a West Bloc country within the Soviet sphere of influence, did experience some economic success during the Cold War through its exports into the East Bloc. The dissolution of the Soviet Union saw Finland rapidly restructure its economy to compete with the west, which caused GDP to fall by 14 percent between 1989 and 1993. By the end of the decade, however, this transition saw Finland emerge as a global leader in the export of high-tech goods, and income surpassed Swedish figures. By 2004, Ireland and Finland were respectively ranked as the top two leading nations in high-tech manufacturing by the OECD.

In the third quarter of 2025, the unemployment rate in the United Kingdom was highest in Wales, where it was 5.7 percent, followed by England at 5.1 percent, Scotland at 3.7 percent, and 2.4 percent in Northern Ireland, the lowest rate among the four countries of the UK. For all four countries, the peak in unemployment during this period was in the early 2010s. England and Scotland's unemployment rates were highest in Q4 2011 at 8.4 percent and 8.6 percent respectively, with unemployment reaching 9.7 percent in Wales during Q3 2011. Northern Ireland reported its highest unemployment rate in Q1 of 2013 when it reached eight percent. Unemployment ticking up as UK enters 2025 For the United Kingdom as a whole, the unemployment rate was 4.4 percent in November 2024, the joint-highest rate recorded since August 2021. After reaching 8.5 percent in late 2011, unemployment in the UK fell quite consistently for several years, with this recovery interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which saw unemployment rise to 5.3 percent in late 2020 and early 2021. From this point onwards, however, the labor market bounced back, and was particular strong in 2022 when there were a record number of job vacancies and unemployment fell to as low as 3.6 percent. While the labor market cooled throughout 2023 and 2024, unemployment remained at historically low levels. Overall economy grows but GDP per head falls Throughout the whole of 2024, gross domestic product in the UK grew by 0.9 percent, but in the third quarter of the year, there was no economic growth, followed by the relatively weak growth rate of 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter. Furthermore, GDP per head in the UK, declined for a second-consecutive year, and was just 36,977 pounds in 2024, compared with 37,371 pounds in 2022. Inflation, meanwhile, has fallen from the peak of 11.1 percent in October 2022, but was still at the relatively high rate of 4 percent at the start of 2024, with this falling to 2.5 percent by the end of the year.

In September 2024, the national debt of the United States had risen up to 35.46 trillion U.S. dollars. The national debt per capita had risen to 85,552 U.S. dollars in 2021. As represented by the statistic above, the public debt of the United States has been continuously rising. U.S. public debt Public debt, also known as national and governmental debt, is the debt owed by a nations’ central government. In the case of the U.S., national debt is owed by the federal government to Treasury security holders. Generally speaking, government debt increases with government spending, and can be decreased through taxes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government increased spending significantly to finance virus infrastructure, aid, and various forms of economic relief. International public debt Venezuela leads the global ranking of the 20 countries with the highest public debt in 2021. In relation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Venezuela's public debt amounted to around 306.95 percent of GDP. Eritrea was ranked fifth, with an estimated debt of 170 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. The national debt of the United Kingdom is forecasted to grow from 87 percent in 2022 to 70 percent in 2027, in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. These figures include England, Wales, Scotland as well as Northern Ireland. Greece had the highest national debt among EU countries as of the 4th quarter of 2020 in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. Germany ranked 13th in the EU, with its national debt amounting to 69 percent of GDP in the same time period. Tuvalu was one of the 20 countries with the lowest national debt in 2021 in relation to the GDP, while Macao had an estimated level of national debt of zero percent, the lowest of any country. The data refer to the debts of the entire state, including the central government, the provinces, municipalities, local authorities and social insurance.