In 2023, the gross domestic product of Northern Ireland was just under 58 billion British pounds, compared with 57.6 billion pounds in 2022.

In 2023, the gross domestic product of Belfast amounted to approximately 17.7 billion British pounds, the most among local areas of Northern Ireland, with Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon a distant second at 5.5 billion pounds.

The economic landscape of the United Kingdom has been significantly shaped by the intertwined issues of Brexit, COVID-19, and their interconnected impacts. Despite the country’s robust and diverse economy, the disruptions caused by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic have created uncertainty and upheaval for both businesses and individuals. Recognizing the magnitude of these challenges, academic literature has directed its attention toward conducting immediate research in this crucial area. This study sets out to investigate key economic factors that have influenced various sectors of the UK economy and have broader economic implications within the context of Brexit and COVID-19. The factors under scrutiny include the unemployment rate, GDP index, earnings, and trade. To accomplish this, a range of data analysis tools and techniques were employed, including the Box-Jenkins method, neural network modeling, Google Trend analysis, and Twitter-sentiment analysis. The analysis encompassed different periods: pre-Brexit (2011-2016), Brexit (2016-2020), the COVID-19 period, and post-Brexit (2020-2021). The findings of the analysis offer intriguing insights spanning the past decade. For instance, the unemployment rate displayed a downward trend until 2020 but experienced a spike in 2021, persisting for a six-month period. Meanwhile, total earnings per week exhibited a gradual increase over time, and the GDP index demonstrated an upward trajectory until 2020 but declined during the COVID-19 period. Notably, trade experienced the most significant decline following both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impact of these events exhibited variations across the UK’s four regions and twelve industries. Wales and Northern Ireland emerged as the regions most affected by Brexit and COVID-19, with industries such as accommodation, construction, and wholesale trade particularly impacted in terms of earnings and employment levels. Conversely, industries such as finance, science, and health demonstrated an increased contribution to the UK’s total GDP in the post-Brexit period, indicating some positive outcomes. It is worth highlighting that the impact of these economic factors was more pronounced on men than on women. Among all the variables analyzed, trade suffered the most severe consequences in the UK. By early 2021, the macroeconomic situation in the country was characterized by a simple dynamic: economic demand rebounded at a faster pace than supply, leading to shortages, bottlenecks, and inflation. The findings of this research carry significant value for the UK government and businesses, empowering them to adapt and innovate based on forecasts to navigate the challenges posed by Brexit and COVID-19. By doing so, they can promote long-term economic growth and effectively address the disruptions caused by these interrelated issues.

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in England was 37,170 British pounds, compared with 34,105 in Scotland, 26,957 in Wales, and 30,200 in Northern Ireland.

This dataset comprises historical GDP and population data for regional entities in Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom.

Entities included:
-For Belgium: Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia.
-For Spain: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile-la Mancha, Castile-Leon, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Valencia.
-For the United Kingdom: England, London, Northern Ireland [since 1801], (Southern) Ireland [1801-1921], Scotland, Wales.

Periods covered for GDP data:
-For Belgium: 1846-2005.
-For Spain: 1860-2015.
-For the United Kingdom: 1707-2017.

Periods covered for population data:
-For Belgium: 1841-2017.
-For Spain: 1860-2015.
-For the United Kingdom: 1801-2017.

Sources, acknowledgement and citation:
The data have been compiled and/or calculated by the author based on different sources listed in the 'About'-section of the data sheet. When using the data, please cite the appropriate sources related to the part of the data you use, as well as the present dataset as referenced above.

Latest version: 1.0 [24.05.2022].

In 2023 the economies of England, Scotland and Wales all shrank, with GDP in England declining by 0.6 percent, Wales by 0.8 percent, and Scotland by 0.5 percent, while Northern Ireland's economy grew by 0.8 percent.

The GAR15 global exposure database is based on a top-down approach where statistical information including socio-economic, building type, and capital stock at a national level are transposed onto the grids of 5x5 or 1x1 using geographic distribution of population data and gross domestic product (GDP) as proxies.

Of all the countries that comprise the United Kingdom, England had by far the highest gross domestic product in 2023 at over 2.1 trillion British pounds. In this year, Scotland's GDP amounted to over 187.2 billion pounds, with the size of the Welsh economy being just under 58 billion pounds, and that of Northern Ireland being 32.8 billion pounds.

Information on dental activity carried out by General Dental Practitioners (GDP) in NI. Includes information on GDP, dental surgeries, patient registrations, treatments carried out and submitted to BSO for payment and payments made to GDP.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

Gross Value Added (GVA) measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector. It is the value of the amount of goods and services that have been produced, less the cost of all inputs and raw materials that are directly attributable to that production.

GVA estimates have been produced as part of the Office for National Statistics' flexible geography project, which aims to produce economic statistics for small geographic areas. These estimates can then be aggregated in a flexible way, allowing users to create their own geographies.

The dataset is made by apportioning total GVA at Local Authority level to lower-level geographies [Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland and Super Output Areas in Northern Ireland] for the period 1998 to 2019. The lower-level geographies data form the small building blocks that can be aggregated flexibly to larger areas including Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Parliamentary Constituencies, Travel-to-Work areas, Health Boards, and towns. The building blocks enable users to build bespoke areas for analysis. The breaking down of GVA to lower-level geographies is the first time such granularity has been achieved and represents a significant improvement which allows the construction of much more detailed geographic areas.

Main Topics:

This dataset includes the following variables:

• LSOA codes and names
• Local Authority District codes and names
• International Territorial Level 1 codes and names
• GVA for the years 1998 to 2019
  

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The primary aim of the Annual Purchases Survey is to provide a comprehensive picture of the goods and services used or transformed in the production process and running of UK businesses, otherwise referred to as intermediate consumption. This product-level information is used in supply and use tables (SUTs), which are an integral part of the measurement of gross domestic product (GDP). The Eurostat Manual of Supply Use and Input-Output Tables recommends that benchmarked supply and use tables are produced at least every five years based on updated source data. A previous survey, entitled the Purchases Inquiry, was suspended in 2006 due to insufficient quality in the data and to reduce the Office for National Statistics (ONS) costs and burden on UK businesses (final reference period being 2004). However, given the survey provides important information on the products that UK businesses purchase, it was decided that it should be reintroduced. The new survey aims to strengthen the estimates of the intermediate consumption structure of the UK economy.

In 2015, Annual Purchases Survey questionnaires were sent by the ONS to approximately 31,000 businesses in the UK. In the UK, it is a compulsory survey that is administered under the statutory powers of the Statistics of Trade Act 1947 for Great Britain and under the Employment (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 for Northern Ireland. Data are not available for 2019 and 2020 due to quality concerns related to the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, which caused high levels of non‐response and internal resource issues.

Linking to Other Business Studies
These data contain IDBR reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research.

Latest edition information:
For the fourth edition (May 2024), data for 2022 were added and the 2021 data were updated. Questionnaires and data dictionary were also added for each year.

Main Topics:

The survey collects information about businesses’ expenditure on energy, services, goods and materials that are used up or transformed by the business activity. It includes raw materials, power and fuel, rental on buildings and business services such as advertising, recruitment consultancy and cleaning. It specifically excludes fixed assets or capital investment, staff costs and goods and services bought for resale without further processing.

Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross value added (GVA(B)). Current price estimates, chained volume measures and implied deflators for UK countries, ITL1, ITL2 and ITL3 regions, with a detailed industry breakdown.

The statistic shows the unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2023. The UK's unemployment rate decreased to 3.98 percent in 2023. Unemployment and the economy of the United Kingdom The global financial crisis of 2008 left many nations with high inflation and increasing unemployment rates. The United Kingdom, however, has attempted and successfully lowered the unemployment rate since 2009. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the G7, the G8, the G20, NATO, and World Trade Organization. It is therefore one of the biggest and most important economic powers in the world. It consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and in 2014, the UK population amounted to over 64 million people. The same year, it reported the sixth largest gross domestic product in the world, reaching more than 2.8 billion U.S. dollars - and with a prospering economy, its GDP is on the upswing: It is estimated that the GDP in the United Kingdom will grow by approximately 3 percent in 2015 in comparison to the previous year. Regarding unemployment, the UK has never been "typically European". Europe's unemployment rate has been relatively high in comparison to other world regions; the unemployment rate in developed countries and the European Union in 2014 was around 7.8 percent. Meanwhile, the global unemployment rate in 2014 was an estimated 5.9 percent. Despite reporting the third highest unemployment rate in major industrial and emerging countries, behind France and India, the unemployment rate in the United Kingdom is much lower than the European Union rate.

In the first quarter of 2025, the unemployment rate in the United Kingdom was highest in Wales, where it was 5.2 percent, followed by England at 4.4 percent, Scotland at 4.3 percent, and 1.6 percent in Northern Ireland, the lowest rate among the four countries of the UK. For all four countries, the peak in unemployment during this period was in the early 2010s. England and Scotland's unemployment rates were highest in Q4 2011 at 8.4 percent and 8.6 percent respectively, with unemployment reaching 9.7 percent in Wales during Q3 2011. Northern Ireland reported its highest unemployment rate in Q1 of 2013 when it reached eight percent. Unemployment ticking up as UK enters 2025 For the United Kingdom as a whole, the unemployment rate was 4.4 percent in November 2024, the joint-highest rate recorded since August 2021. After reaching 8.5 percent in late 2011, unemployment in the UK fell quite consistently for several years, with this recovery interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which saw unemployment rise to 5.3 percent in late 2020 and early 2021. From this point onwards, however, the labor market bounced back, and was particular strong in 2022 when there were a record number of job vacancies and unemployment fell to as low as 3.6 percent. While the labor market cooled throughout 2023 and 2024, unemployment remained at historically low levels. Overall economy grows but GDP per head falls Throughout the whole of 2024, gross domestic product in the UK grew by 0.9 percent, but in the third quarter of the year, there was no economic growth, followed by the relatively weak growth rate of 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter. Furthermore, GDP per head in the UK, declined for a second-consecutive year, and was just 36,977 pounds in 2024, compared with 37,371 pounds in 2022. Inflation, meanwhile, has fallen from the peak of 11.1 percent in October 2022, but was still at the relatively high rate of 4 percent at the start of 2024, with this falling to 2.5 percent by the end of the year.

For Western Europe's economies in the late twentieth century, there were regional differences in the development of GDP per capita in many of the northern, industrialized nations and those in the south and on the northern periphery. In 1950, GDP per capita was lower than the regional average in these countries due to the lower levels of industrialization. The south then managed to make up a lot of ground by 1973. During Western Europe's "Golden Age of Capitalism," however, Ireland actually lost ground on the rest of the region due to its isolationist policies and inability to industrialize at the same pace. The last quarter-century of the decade saw this trend reverse, with Ireland's GDP per capita eventually growing above the regional average due to the influx of U.S. investment and its increased integration with European markets. Finland, which had a fairly unique position as being a West Bloc country within the Soviet sphere of influence, did experience some economic success during the Cold War through its exports into the East Bloc. The dissolution of the Soviet Union saw Finland rapidly restructure its economy to compete with the west, which caused GDP to fall by 14 percent between 1989 and 1993. By the end of the decade, however, this transition saw Finland emerge as a global leader in the export of high-tech goods, and income surpassed Swedish figures. By 2004, Ireland and Finland were respectively ranked as the top two leading nations in high-tech manufacturing by the OECD.

In 2024, the inflation rate in Ireland amounted to about 1.32 percent compared to the previous year. Ireland’s inflation is forecast to stabilize over the coming years at around two percent. The Irish recessionIreland’s economy was the first one in the EU to collapse and enter a recession during the financial crisis of 2008. Unemployment skyrocketed, gross domestic product declined, many Irish workers emigrated to find jobs elsewhere, and even a decade later, Ireland still struggles to return to its former standards. GDP growth, for example, still fluctuates considerably, just like inflation, and unemployment seems to have only just recovered. To good health and a stable economy The Central European Bank recommends a stable inflation around two percent as ideal, and Ireland seems to be on the right track. Most of its GDP is generated by services, for example tourism and financial services. However, the alcohol industry is also an important player: In 2018, more than 3.7 billion U.S. dollars in revenue were reported by the Irish alcoholic drinks market.

This statistic shows the motor vehicle leasing and rental* industry's gross value added (GVA) contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017 by region, in billion British pounds (GBP). The motor vehicle leasing and rental industry supported the smallest GVA contribution to the GDP in Northern Ireland at only 1.6 billion gold British pounds, only 3.3 percent of the industry's total contribution.

London had the highest unemployment rate among regions of the United Kingdom in the first quarter of 2025 at ****percent, while for the UK as a whole, the unemployment rate was ****percent. Three other regions also had an unemployment rate higher than the national average, while Northern Ireland had the lowest unemployment rate in this time period, at ****percent. Labor market recovery after COVID-19 After reaching historically low levels of unemployment in 2019, there was a noticeable spike in the UK unemployment rate in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. After peaking at ****percent in late 2020, the unemployment rate declined throughout 2021 and 2022. High levels of job vacancies, resignations, and staff shortages in 2022, were all indicative of a very tight labor market that year, but all these measures have started to point in the direction of a slightly looser labor market. UK's regional economic divide While the North of England has some of the country’s largest cities, the sheer size and economic power of London is much larger than the UK's other urban agglomerations. Partly, due to the size of London, the United Kingdom is one of Europe’s most centralized counties, and there is a clear divide between the economic prospects of north and south England. In 2022, for example, the gross domestic product per head in London was ****** British pounds, far higher than the UK average of *******pounds, and significantly larger than North East England, the region with the lowest GDP per head at *******pounds.

In September 2023, the national debt of the United States had risen up to 33.17 trillion U.S. dollars. The national debt per capita had risen to 85,552 U.S. dollars in 2021. As represented by the statistic above, the public debt of the United States has been continuously rising.

U.S. public debt Public debt, also known as national and governmental debt, is the debt owed by a nations’ central government. In the case of the U.S., national debt is owed by the federal government to Treasury security holders. Generally speaking, government debt increases with government spending, and can be decreased through taxes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government increased spending significantly to finance virus infrastructure, aid, and various forms of economic relief.

International public debt

Venezuela leads the global ranking of the 20 countries with the highest public debt in 2021. In relation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Venezuela's public debt amounted to around 306.95 percent of GDP. Eritrea was ranked fifth, with an estimated debt of 170 percent of the Gross Domestic Product.

The national debt of the United Kingdom is forecasted to grow from 87 percent in 2022 to 70 percent in 2027, in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. These figures include England, Wales, Scotland as well as Northern Ireland.

Greece had the highest national debt among EU countries as of the 4th quarter of 2020 in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. Germany ranked 13th in the EU, with its national debt amounting to 69 percent of GDP in the same time period.

Tuvalu was one of the 20 countries with the lowest national debt in 2021 in relation to the GDP, while Macao had an estimated level of national debt of zero percent, the lowest of any country. The data refer to the debts of the entire state, including the central government, the provinces, municipalities, local authorities and social insurance.

As of 2023, the population density in London was by far the highest number of people per square km in the UK, at 5,690. Of the other regions and countries which constitute the United Kingdom, North West England was the next most densely populated area at 533 people per square kilometer. Scotland, by contrast, is the most sparsely populated country or region in the United Kingdom, with only 70 people per square kilometer. UK population over 67 million According to the official mid-year population estimate, the population of the United Kingdom was just almost 67.6 million in 2022. Most of the population lived in England, where an estimated 57.1 million people resided, followed by Scotland at 5.44 million, Wales at 3.13 million and finally Northern Ireland at just over 1.9 million. Within England, the South East was the region with the highest population at almost 9.38 million, followed by the London region at around 8.8 million. In terms of urban areas, Greater London is the largest city in the United Kingdom, followed by Greater Manchester and Birmingham in the North West and West Midlands regions of England. London calling London's huge size in relation to other UK cities is also reflected by its economic performance. In 2021, London's GDP was approximately 494 billion British pounds, almost a quarter of UK GDP overall. In terms of GDP per capita, Londoners had a GDP per head of 56,431 pounds, compared with an average of 33,224 for the country as a whole. Productivity, expressed as by output per hour worked, was also far higher in London than the rest of the country. In 2021, London was around 33.2 percent more productive than the rest of the country, with South East England the only other region where productivity was higher than the national average.