The gross domestic product per capita of London was ****** British pounds in 2023, far larger than that of other major cities in England, such as Manchester which had a GDP per capita of ****** pounds.

Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross domestic product (GDP). Current price estimates and chained volume measures for combined authorities and city regions.

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in London was 63,618 British pounds, compared with 37,135 pounds per capita for the United Kingdom as a whole. Apart from London, the only other region of the UK that had a greater GDP per capita than the UK average was South East England, at 38,004 pounds per capita. By contrast, North East England had the lowest GDP per capita among UK regions, at 26,347 pounds. Regional imbalance in the UK economy? London's overall GDP in 2022 was over 508 billion British pounds, which accounted for almost a quarter of the overall GDP of the United Kingdom. South East England had the second-largest regional economy in the country, with a GDP of almost 341.7 billion British pounds. Furthermore, these two regions were the only ones that had higher levels of productivity (as measured by output per hour worked) than the UK average. While recent governments have recognized regional inequality as a major challenge facing the country, it may take several years for any initiatives to bear fruit. The creation of regional metro mayors across England is one of the earliest attempts at giving regions and cities in particular more power over spending in their regions than they currently have. UK economy growth slow in late 2024 After ending 2023 with two quarters of negative growth, the UK economy grew at the reasonable rate of 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent in the first and second quarters of the year. This was, however, followed by zero growth in the third quarter, and by just 0.1 percent in the last quarter of the year. Other economic indicators, such as the inflation rate, fell within the expected range in 2024, but have started to rise again, with a rate of three percent recorded in January 2025. While unemployment has witnessed a slight uptick since 2022, it is still at quite low levels compared with previous years.

Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross domestic product (GDP). Current price estimates and chained volume measures for UK countries, ITL1, ITL2 and ITL3 regions.

In 2023, London had a gross domestic product of over 569 billion British pounds, by far the most of any region of the United Kingdom. The region of South East England which surrounds London had the second-highest GDP in this year, at over 360 billion pounds. North West England, which includes the major cities of Manchester and Liverpool, had the third-largest GDP among UK regions, at almost 250 billion pounds. Levelling Up the UK London’s economic dominance of the UK can clearly be seen when compared to the other regions of the country. In terms of GDP per capita, the gap between London and the rest of the country is striking, standing at over 63,600 pounds per person in the UK capital, compared with just over 37,100 pounds in the rest of the country. To address the economic imbalance, successive UK governments have tried to implement "levelling-up policies", which aim to boost investment and productivity in neglected areas of the country. The success of these programs going forward may depend on their scale, as it will likely take high levels of investment to reverse economic neglect regions have faced in the recent past. Overall UK GDP The gross domestic product for the whole of the United Kingdom amounted to 2.56 trillion British pounds in 2024. During this year, GDP grew by 0.9 percent, following a growth rate of 0.4 percent in 2023. Due to the overall population of the UK growing faster than the economy, however, GDP per capita in the UK fell in both 2023 and 2024. Nevertheless, the UK remains one of the world’s biggest economies, with just five countries (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India) having larger economies. It is it likely that several other countries will overtake the UK economy in the coming years, with Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, and Mexico all expected to have larger economies than Britain by 2050.

Actual value and historical data chart for United Kingdom GDP Per Capita Us Dollar

Gross domestic product (GDP) in current market prices and as chained volume measures, plus GDP per capita, for each local authority district, metropolitan district, London borough and Scottish Council area in the UK.

As of 2024, the population density in London was by far the highest number of people per square km in the UK, at *****. Of the other regions and countries which constitute the United Kingdom, North West England was the next most densely populated area at *** people per square kilometer. Scotland, by contrast, is the most sparsely populated country or region in the United Kingdom, with only ** people per square kilometer. Countries, regions, and cities In 2024, the population of the United Kingdom reached **** million. The majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of **** million that year, followed by Scotland at *** million, Wales at **** million and finally Northern Ireland at just over *** million. Within England, the South East was the region with the highest population at almost *** million, followed by London at just over *****million. In terms of cities, London is the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom, followed by Manchester, and then Birmingham, although both these cities combined would still have a smaller population than the UK capital. London calling London's huge size in relation to other UK cities is also reflected by its economic performance. In 2023, London's GDP was over ****billion British pounds, around a quarter of UK's overall GDP. In terms of GDP per capita, Londoners had a GDP per head of ****** pounds, compared with an average of ****** for the country as a whole. Productivity, expressed as by output per hour worked, was also far higher in London than the rest of the country. In 2023, London was around *****percent more productive than the rest of the country, with South East England the only other region where productivity was higher than the national average.

The city of Paris in France had an estimated gross domestic product of 757.6 billion Euros in 2021, the most of any European city. Paris was followed by the spanish capital, Madrid, which had a GDP of 237.5 billion Euros, and the Irish capital, Dublin at 230 billion Euros. Milan, in the prosperous north of Italy, had a GDP of 228.4 billion Euros, 65 billion euros larger than the Italian capital Rome, and was the largest non-capital city in terms of GDP in Europe. The engine of Europe Among European countries, Germany had by far the largest economy, with a gross domestic product of over 4.18 trillion Euros. The United Kingdom or France have been Europe's second largest economy since the 1980s, depending on the year, with forecasts suggesting France will overtake the UK going into the 2020s. Germany however, has been the biggest European economy for some time, with five cities (Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Frankfurt) among the 15 largest European cities by GDP. Europe's largest cities In 2023, Moscow was the largest european city, with a population of nearly 12.7 million. Paris was the largest city in western Europe, with a population of over 11 million, while London was Europe's third-largest city at 9.6 million inhabitants.

A range of indicators for a selection of cities from the New York City Global City database. Dataset includes the following: Geography City Area (km2) Metro Area (km2) People City Population (millions) Metro Population (millions) Foreign Born Annual Population Growth Economy GDP Per Capita (thousands $, PPP rates, per resident) Primary Industry Secondary Industry Share of Global 500 Companies (%) Unemployment Rate Poverty Rate Transportation Public Transportation Mass Transit Commuters Major Airports Major Ports Education Students Enrolled in Higher Education Percent of Population with Higher Education (%) Higher Education Institutions Tourism Total Tourists Annually (millions) Foreign Tourists Annually (millions) Domestic Tourists Annually (millions) Annual Tourism Revenue ($US billions) Hotel Rooms (thousands) Health Infant Mortality (Deaths per 1,000 Births) Life Expectancy in Years (Male) Life Expectancy in Years (Female) Physicians per 100,000 People Number of Hospitals Anti-Smoking Legislation Culture Number of Museums Number of Cultural and Arts Organizations Environment Green Spaces (km2) Air Quality Laws or Regulations to Improve Energy Efficiency Retrofitted City Vehicle Fleet Bike Share Program

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Urban Planning Software Market Size 2024-2028

The Urban Planning Software Market size is estimated to grow by USD 4.05 billion at a CAGR of 7.81% between 2023 and 2028. Infrastructure development is a priority area for many governments and organizations worldwide, driven by increasing investments and a growing focus on building smart cities. This trend is fueled by several factors, including the expanding middle-class population and the need for efficient, modern infrastructure to support economic growth and improve quality of life. Infrastructure projects encompass various sectors, such as transportation, energy, water supply, and telecommunications, and require significant capital investment and advanced technology. As a result, the infrastructure industry is poised for continued growth and innovation, offering opportunities for businesses and investors alike.

What will be the size of the Market During the Forecast Period?

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Market Dynamics

The market is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing number of non-residential construction projects and infrastructure development activities in response to the growing urban population. City planners are leveraging technology to efficiently manage and design urban spaces. The market is segmented into components, which include software and services, and segments, such as the cloud-based segment and web-based segment. Government bodies are also investing in urban planning software to optimize budgets and implement smart city technologies. Emerging countries are leveraging technology advancements and cloud software to enhance construction processes and infrastructure development, with a focus on designing residential buildings, roads, bridges, and rail systems, supported by skilled professionals and real estate companies, while government agencies and service companies implement training programs and resource management solutions to optimize engineering and architectural plans. The latest trends include the integration of 5G technology and data centers to enhance the functionality and efficiency of these tools. Open-source software is gaining popularity due to its cost-effectiveness and flexibility. The United Nations (UN) has emphasized the importance of urban planning to address the challenges of urbanization and sustainability. Urban planning software plays a crucial role in this regard, enabling city planners to create harmonious and livable urban spaces. The market is expected to continue its growth trajectory in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for efficient and technologically advanced urban planning solutions.

Key Market Driver

One of the key factors driving the market growth is the growing middle-class population. The increasing middle-class population in developing countries in APAC, South America, and MEA is expected to significantly contribute to the market growth. In addition, there is an increase in per capita income due to the rapidly increasing economic activities in developing economies such as China, India, Argentina, Indonesia, and South Africa.

Moreover, the rise in the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in these countries is also fuelling the rise in the disposable income of the population. In addition, a majority of the population is opting for long-term investment opportunities due to factors such as rapid industrial, manufacturing, and economic developments in these countries, fuelled by urbanization. As a result, there is an increasing adoption of software for different real-estate projects. Hence, such factors are positively impacting the market which, in turn, will drive the growth during the forecast period.

Significant Market Trend

A key factor shaping the market growth is the use of blockchain technology in software. There is a rapid advancement in technologies that can resolve the challenges associated with the openness of data and procedures in the market. The advent of blockchain technology enables transparency at all levels of activity in urban planning making it effective.

Moreover, the main advantage of using blockchain in urban planning is that there is a reduction in fraud and transaction duplication as every record is encrypted. Furthermore, the implementation of blockchain offers smooth and quick transactions by doing away with the necessity for a middleman. Hence, such factors are positively impacting the market trends which in turn will drive the market growth during the forecast period.

Major Market Challenge

The threat of open-source urban planning software is one of the key challenges hindering growth. There is a growing popularity for open-source software which poses a significant threat to the market. There is an increasing preference for open-source software as it is widely available on the Internet and can be downloaded easily.

Moreover, open-source software provides cost be

London had the highest unemployment rate among regions of the United Kingdom in the third quarter of 2025 at *** percent, while for the UK as a whole, the unemployment rate was **** percent. Six other regions also had an unemployment rate higher than the national average, while Northern Ireland had the lowest unemployment rate in this time period, at *** percent. Labor market recovery after COVID-19 After reaching historically low levels of unemployment in 2019, there was a noticeable spike in the UK unemployment rate in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. After peaking at ****percent in late 2020, the unemployment rate declined throughout 2021 and 2022. High levels of job vacancies, resignations, and staff shortages in 2022, were all indicative of a very tight labor market that year, but all these measures have started to point in the direction of a slightly looser labor market. UK's regional economic divide While the North of England has some of the country’s largest cities, the sheer size and economic power of London is much larger than the UK's other urban agglomerations. Partly, due to the size of London, the United Kingdom is one of Europe’s most centralized counties, and there is a clear divide between the economic prospects of north and south England. In 2022, for example, the gross domestic product per head in London was ****** British pounds, far higher than the UK average of *******pounds, and significantly larger than North East England, the region with the lowest GDP per head at *******pounds.

The median annual earnings in the United Kingdom was 39,039 British pounds per year in 2025. Annual earnings varied significantly by region, ranging from 49,692 pounds in London to 34,403 pounds in the North East. Along with London, only South East England and Scotland had earnings above the UK average, at 39,983 pounds and 39,719 pounds respectively. Regional Inequality in the UK Various other indicators highlight the degree of regional inequality in the UK, especially between London and the rest of the country. Productivity in London, as measured by output per hour, was 26.2 percent higher than the UK average. By comparison, every other UK region, except the South East, fell below the UK average for productivity. In gross domestic product per head, London was also an outlier. The average GDP per head in the UK was just over 37,000 pounds in 2023, but for London it was almost 64,000 pounds. Again, the South East's GDP per head was slightly above the UK average, with every other region below it. Within London itself, there is also a great degree of inequality. In 2023, for example, the average earnings in Kensington and Chelsea were 964 pounds per week, compared with 675 pounds in Barking and Dagenham. Wages continue to grow in 2025 In March 2025, weekly wages in the UK were growing by around 5.6 percent, or 1.8 percent when adjusted for inflation. For almost two years, wages have grown faster than inflation after a long period where prices were rising faster than wages between 2021 and 2023. This was due to a sustained period of high inflation in the UK, which peaked in October 2022 at 11.1 percent. Although inflation started to slow the following month, it wasn't until June 2023 that wages started to outpace inflation. By this point, the damage caused by high energy and food inflation had led to the the worst Cost of Living Crisis in the UK for a generation.

The population of London reached over **** million in 2024, an increase of almost *** million people when compared with the early 1980s. Throughout the 1980s, the population of the United Kingdom's capital grew at a relatively slow rate, before accelerating to a much faster rate in the 1990s. London is by far the largest city / urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom, more than three times larger than the next largest cities of Manchester and Birmingham. London’s forecasted population is expected to continue growing at much the same pace it has been growing since the mid-1990s and reach almost *** million by 2042. London boroughs As of 2024, the London borough with the highest population was Croydon, at approximately *******, followed by Barnet at *******. Overall, London is divided into 33 different boroughs, with London's historic center, the City of London, having by far the smallest population, at just ******. Residents of the City of London, however, have the highest average median weekly earnings among all of London's boroughs, at ***** pounds per week, compared with just *** pounds per week in Redbridge, the lowest average weekly earnings among London boroughs. While the overall unemployment rate for London was 5** percent in early 2025, this ranged from ****percent in Newham, to just *** percent in Richmond upon Thames.
Economic imbalance Aside from being the UK's largest city in terms of population, London is also undoubtedly the UK's cultural, political and economic center. As of 2023, the GDP of Greater London was approximately *** billion British pounds, almost a quarter of the UK's overall GDP. In the same year, GDP per person in London was ****** pounds compared with the UK average of ****** pounds. Additionally, productivity in London is far higher than the UK average. As measured by output per hour worked, London was **** percent more productive than the rest of the UK.

By 2047 the population of London is expected to reach 9.97 million people, an increase of almost 699,500 when compared with 2025. While there has been quite a steep rise in its population in recent years, London’s population growth was relatively stagnant throughout the 1980s and even decreased slightly towards the end of that decade. After peaking at 8.89 million in 2019, the population of London has fallen slightly, to 8.8 million by 2021. UK population forecast Like London, the population of the United Kingdom is forecast to continue to grow well into the middle of the century. By 2046, the population of the UK is estimated to be over 76.3 million people, an increase of over 20 million people when compared with the population figures for 1976. Additionally, the average age of the population is predicted to increase from 39.5 years in 2020 to 44.5 years by the mid-2040s, and continue to increase towards the end of the century. London looms large In the UK, London is by far the largest urban agglomeration in the country, dwarfing the UK's next largest cities of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds. London also has a dominant economic position in the UK, with the city accounting for around a quarter of the total GDP in the country. The UK capital also has a far higher GDP per head than the rest of the county, at over ****** pounds in 2023, compared with the UK average of ****** pounds.

The City of Edinburgh had a gross domestic product of just over **** billion British pounds in 2023, the most of any local area of Scotland. Glasgow City had the second-highest GDP of Scottish local areas, at **** billion pounds, followed by Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire at around **** billion pounds.

Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan was the local area of Wales that had the highest gross domestic product in 2023, at over **** billion British pounds. By contrast, the Isle of Anglesey had a GDP of just around **** billion pounds, the lowest of the provided Welsh regions.