The 'GDP Price Index QoQ Adv' in the USA measures the quarterly change in the prices of goods and services included in the Gross Domestic Product, reflecting inflationary trends.

The 'GDP Price Index YoY Prel' in Japan measures the preliminary year-over-year change in the price of goods and services included in the Gross Domestic Product.

The graph shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in China as of July 2025, by sector and area. That month, the CPI for transportation and communication in urban areas resided at **** index points. Measuring inflation The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an economic indicator that measures changes in the price level of a representative basket of consumer goods and services. It is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the market basket and averaging them. Goods and services are weighted according to their significance. The CPI can be used to assess the price changes related to the cost of living. It is also useful for identifying periods of inflation and deflation. A significant rise in CPI during a short period of time denotes inflation and a significant drop during a short period of time suggests deflation. Development of inflation in China Annual projections of China’s inflation rate forecast by the IMF estimate a relatively low increase in prices in the coming years. The implications of low inflation are two-fold for a national economy. On the one hand, price levels remain largely stable which may lead to equal or increased spending levels by domestic consumers. On the other hand, low inflation signifies an expansion slowdown of the economy, as is reflected by China’s gross domestic product growth. In recent years, inflation rates in rural areas have on average been slightly higher than in the cities. This reflects a shift of economic growth from the largest cities and coastal regions to the inner provinces and the countryside. Higher price levels in rural areas in turn relate to higher inflation rates of food products.

This table replaces table 383-0022. Multifactor productivity based on gross output measures the efficiency with which all inputs including capital, labour and intermediate inputs are used in production. It is the ratio of real gross output to combined units of all inputs. Multifactor productivity based on value-added measures the efficiency with which capital and labour inputs are used to generate value-added. It is the ratio of real gross domestic product (GDP) (real value-added) to combined labour and capital inputs. Labour productivity based on gross output is measured as real gross output per hours worked. It shows the time profile of how productively labour is used to generate gross output. Changes in gross-output-based labour productivity reflect the joint influence of capital, skill upgrading, intermediate inputs and overall productive efficiency. Labour productivity based on value-added is measured as real gross domestic product (GDP) per hours worked. It shows the time profile of how productively labour is used to generate value-added. Changes in value-added-based labour productivity reflect the joint influence of capital, skill upgrading, and overall productive efficiency. Real gross output is a chained Fisher quantity index of gross output at basic prices. Real gross domestic product (GDP) (or real value-added) is a chained Fisher quantity index of gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices. Labour input is obtained by chained-Fisher aggregation of hours worked of all workers, classified by education, work experience, and class of workers (paid workers versus self-employed and unpaid family workers) using hourly compensation as weights. The number of hours worked in all jobs is the number of all jobs times the annual average hours worked in all jobs. According to the retained definition, hours worked means the total number of hours that a person spends working, whether paid or not. In general, this includes regular and overtime hours, breaks, travel time, training in the workplace and time lost in brief work stoppages where workers remain at their posts. On the other hand, time lost due to strikes, lockouts, annual vacation, public holidays, sick leave, maternity leave or leave for personal needs are not included in total hours worked. Labour composition is the ratio of labour input to hours worked. Changes in labour composition reflect the shifts in the educational attainment and work experience of the workforce. Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of fixed reproducible business assets (equipment and structures), inventories, and land. It is obtained by chained-Fisher aggregation of capital stocks using the cost of capital to determine weights. Combined labour and capital inputs are obtained by chained-Tornqivst aggregation of labour and capital input using shares of labour and capital in the sum of labour and capital costs as weights. Intermediate inputs are obtained from a chained-Fisher aggregation of energy, material and services inputs. Combined units of all inputs are obtained by chained-Tornqivst aggregation of labour, capital and intermediate inputs using shares of labour, capital and intermediate inputs in the sum of labour, capital and intermediate input costs as weights. Gross output is valued at basic prices. Gross domestic product (GDP) is valued at basic prices. It is calculated as gross output at basic prices minus intermediate inputs at purchaser prices. Labour compensation consists of all payments in cash or in kind made by domestic producers to workers for services rendered - in other words, total payroll. It includes the salaries and supplementary labour income of paid workers, plus an imputed labour income of self-employed workers. Capital cost represents the surplus-profits, depreciation, rent, and net interest-intended as compensation to the owners of capital. Contribution of capital intensity to labour productivity growth is calculated as the growth in capital services per hour times capital's share of total costs. It reflects the effects of capital investment on labour productivity growth. Contribution of intermediate input intensity to labour productivity growth is calculated as the growth rate of intermediate input per hour times intermediate input's share of total costs. It reflects the effects of intermediate inputs on labour productivity growth. Contribution of labour composition to labour productivity growth is calculated as the growth rate of labour composition times labour's share of total costs. It reflects the effects on labour productivity growth of skill upgrading as measured by increases in the experience and education composition of the workforce. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 111-112. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 2212-2213. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 313, 314. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 315, 316. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 481-483, 487. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 491-492. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 511,515,517,518,519. This excludes owner-occupied dwellings industry. This only includes privately-owned establishments. Publicly-owned establishments that provide education are included in the non-business sector. This only includes privately-owned establishments. Publicly-owned establishments that provide health services are included in the non-business sector. This combines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 812, 814. The scalar factor for Labour input - Hours worked, nominal Gross output, nominal Gross domestic product, Capital cost, Labour compensation, and Cost of intermediate inputs has been added.

In 2024, Japan's gross domestic product (GDP) grew by ***** percent at current prices, according to the second preliminary announcement in March 2025. A year earlier, the highest growth rate of Japan’s nominal GDP in almost three decades was recorded. The nominal GDP measures the value of all goods and services produced in an economy, including price changes. GDP growth and inflation Japan’s real GDP growth, which is adjusted for inflation, was lower at *** percent. After decades of struggling with deflation and attempts to reach a two percent inflation target with economic stimulus packages and monetary easing policies, consumer prices in Japan increased by almost *** percent in 2023, led by global inflation. This development prompted the Bank of Japan to shift its monetary policy and raise the short-term interest rate for the first time in 17 years in 2024. Japan lost its status as the third-largest economy Many countries have raised interest rates in response to higher inflation in the past years. Since Japan’s central bank has done so at a much slower pace, a widening interest gap emerged between Japan and other major economies of the world. This is also one of the reasons for the depreciation of the yen against the dollar. Due to the weak yen, Japan’s GDP declined when converted into U.S. dollars, resulting in Japan losing its status as the third-largest economy in terms of GDP to Germany in 2023.

Portugal, Canada, and the United States were the countries with the highest house price to income ratio in 2024. In all three countries, the index exceeded 130 index points, while the average for all OECD countries stood at 116.2 index points. The index measures the development of housing affordability and is calculated by dividing nominal house price by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 set as a base year when the index amounted to 100. An index value of 120, for example, would mean that house price growth has outpaced income growth by 20 percent since 2015. How have house prices worldwide changed since the COVID-19 pandemic? House prices started to rise gradually after the global financial crisis (2007–2008), but this trend accelerated with the pandemic. The countries with advanced economies, which usually have mature housing markets, experienced stronger growth than countries with emerging economies. Real house price growth (accounting for inflation) peaked in 2022 and has since lost some of the gain. Although, many countries experienced a decline in house prices, the global house price index shows that property prices in 2023 were still substantially higher than before COVID-19. Renting vs. buying In the past, house prices have grown faster than rents. However, the home affordability has been declining notably, with a direct impact on rental prices. As people struggle to buy a property of their own, they often turn to rental accommodation. This has resulted in a growing demand for rental apartments and soaring rental prices.

The statistic depicts the average inflation rate in Mexico from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate measures price changes for a fixed basket of goods which includes a representative selection of goods and services. In 2024, Mexico's average inflation rate was around 4.72 percent compared to the previous year. Mexico’s economy Mexico’s gross domestic product (GDP) has been increasing slightly over the last decade, however, its national debt still amounts to almost half of its GDP. The majority of Mexico’s GDP is yielded by the services sector, as a look at the distribution of gross domestic product in Mexico by sector shows. More than 60 percent of GDP are generated in this sector; the majority of the Mexican workforce is employed in services. One important contributor to Mexico’s GDP is tourism. The total unemployment rate in Mexico took a turn for the worse during the recession of 2008 and is still to bounce back to previous levels. Mexico’s main export and import partner is the United States which accounts for approximately half of the value of both. Thus, the trade balance of goods in Mexico, showing the value of exports minus the value of imports, is heavily dependant on the United States. For the past decade, Mexico’s trade balance has run at a deficit of more than 10 billion US dollars. The trade balance of services sector in Mexico has also been in the red with a deficit of more than 6 percent since the recession and higher than 9 percent since 2011. Mexico is also one of the largest drug exporting countries worldwide. Specific trade figures are not available, however, Mexico is among the top countries for opium cultivation based on acreage, and thousands of illegal poppy fields, processed into opium, have been destroyed in Mexico year after year.

The Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index is an index of 500 leading publicly traded companies in the United States. In 2021, the index value closed at ******** points, which was the second highest value on record despite the economic effects of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In 2023, the index values closed at ********, the highest value ever recorded. What is the S&P 500? The S&P 500 was established in 1860 and expanded to its present form of 500 stocks in 1957. It tracks the price of stocks on the major stock exchanges in the United States, distilling their performance down to a single number that investors can use as a snapshot of the economy’s performance at a given moment. This snapshot can be explored further. For example, the index can be examined by industry sector, which gives a more detailed illustration of the economy. Other measures Being a stock market index, the S&P 500 only measures equities performance. In addition to other stock market indices, analysts will look to other indicators such as GDP growth, unemployment rates, and projected inflation. Similarly, since these indicators say something about the economic future, stock market investors will use these indicators to speculate on the stocks in the S&P 500.

In 2024, Germany's real gross domestic product fell by around 0.23 percent compared to the previous year. Keeping it real Real gross domestic product is, by definition, a measure of the value of economic output adjusted for inflation. While nominal gross domestic product (GDP), often only referred to as gross domestic product, reflects the state of a country’s economy including everything produced by the inhabitants within the country, real GDP is a more precise measurement of economic growth since it takes price change into account. Germany’s race to the topGermany’s social market economy is one of the largest worldwide and continues to thrive. One of the strongest industries in Germany is car manufacturing: Several German vehicle manufacturers, like Daimler, Volkswagen, or BMW, are among the major global market players and have brought in billions of euros in revenue in the past years, fueling the economy for years to come.

In 2024, the average inflation rate in Swaziland was estimated at about 4.03 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 14.17 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the inflation will rise by around 0.17 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by July 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *********, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

In June 2025, the index for consumer confidence in China ranged at **** points, down from ** points in the previous month. The index dropped considerably in the first half of 2022 and performed a sideways movement during 2023 and 2024. Consumer confidence Index The consumer confidence index (CCI), also called Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS) is a commonly used indicator to measure the degree of economic optimism among consumers. Based on information about saving and spending activities of consumers, changes in business climate and future spending behavior are being projected. The CCI plays an important role for investors, retailers, and manufacturers in their decision-making processes. However, measurement of consumer confidence varies strongly from country to country. As consumers need time to react to economic changes, the CCI tends to lag behind other indicators like the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI). Development in China As shown by the graph at hand, confidence among Chinese consumers picked up since mid of 2016. In October 2017, the CCI hit a record value of 127.6 index points and entered into a sideward movement. Owing to a relative stability in GDP growth, a low unemployment rate, and a steady development of disposable household income, Chinese consumers gained more confidence in the state of the national economy. Those factors also contribute to the consumers’ spending power, which was reflected by a larger share of consumption in China’s GDP. After the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, consumer confidence dropped quickly in the beginning of 2020, but started to recover in the second half of the year, leading to a v-shaped movement of the index in 2020.