This dataset contains Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) Level 4A (L4A) Version 2 predictions of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD; in Mg/ha) and estimates of the prediction standard error within each sampled geolocated laser footprint. In this version, the granules are in sub-orbits. Height metrics from simulated waveforms associated with field estimates of AGBD from multiple regions and plant functional types (PFTs) were compiled to generate a calibration dataset for models representing the combinations of world regions and PFTs (i.e., deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, evergreen needleleaf trees, deciduous needleleaf trees, and the combination of grasslands, shrubs, and woodlands).The algorithm setting group selection used for GEDI02_A Version 2 has been modified for evergreen broadleaf trees in South America to reduce false positive errors resulting from the selection of waveform modes above ground elevation as the lowest mode. Please see User Guide for more information. The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation GEDI mission aims to characterize ecosystem structure and dynamics to enable radically improved quantification and understanding of the Earth's carbon cycle and biodiversity. The GEDI instrument, attached to the International Space Station (ISS), collects data globally between 51.6° N and 51.6° S latitudes at the highest resolution and densest sampling of the 3-dimensional structure of the Earth. The GEDI instrument consists of three lasers producing a total of eight beam ground transects, which instantaneously sample eight ~25 m footprints spaced approximately every 60 m along-track. ProductDescriptionL2A VectorLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_A_002L2A Monthly rasterLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_A_002_MONTHLYL2A table indexLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_A_002_INDEXL2B VectorLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_B_002L2B Monthly rasterLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_B_002_MONTHLYL2B table indexLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_B_002_INDEXL4A Biomass VectorLARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002L4A Monthly rasterLARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002_MONTHLYL4A table indexLARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002_INDEXL4B BiomassLARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_B_002

This dataset contains Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) Level 4A (L4A) predictions of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD; in Mg/ha) and estimates of the prediction standard error within each sampled geolocated laser footprint. The footprints are located within the global latitude band observed by the International Space Station (ISS), nominally 51.6 degrees N and S and reported for the period 2019-04-18 to 2020-09-02. The GEDI instrument consists of three lasers producing a total of eight beam ground transects, which instantaneously sample eight ~25 m footprints spaced approximately every 60 m along-track. The GEDI beam transects are spaced approximately 600 m apart on the Earth's surface in the cross-track direction, for an across-track width of ~4.2 km. Footprint AGBD was derived from parametric models that relate simulated GEDI Level 2A (L2A) waveform relative height (RH) metrics to field plot estimates of AGBD. Height metrics from simulated waveforms associated with field estimates of AGBD from multiple regions and plant functional types (PFT) were compiled to generate a calibration dataset for models representing the combinations of world regions and PFTs (i.e., deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, evergreen needleleaf trees, deciduous needleleaf trees, and the combination of grasslands, shrubs, and woodlands).

This dataset contains Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) Level 4A (L4A) predictions of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD; in Mg/ha) and estimates of the prediction standard error within each sampled geolocated laser footprint. The footprints are located within the global latitude band observed by the International Space Station (ISS), nominally 51.6 degrees N and S and reported for the mission weeks 19, 32, 34 and 38 (a.k.a. Golden Weeks). These weeks cover the range of instrument operating conditions important for calibration and validation of geolocation algorithms, and also include GEDI orbits that are coincident with underflights acquired by the LVIS (Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor) airborne lidar instrument. The GEDI instrument consists of three lasers producing a total of eight beam ground transects, which instantaneously sample eight ~25 m footprints spaced approximately every 60 m along-track. The GEDI beam transects are spaced approximately 600 m apart on the Earth's surface in the cross-track direction, for an across-track width of ~4.2 km. Footprint AGBD was derived from parametric models that relate simulated GEDI Level 2A (L2A) waveform relative height (RH) metrics to field plot estimates of AGBD. Height metrics from simulated waveforms associated with field estimates of AGBD from multiple regions and plant functional types (PFT) were compiled to generate a calibration dataset for models representing the combinations of world regions and PFTs (i.e., deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, evergreen needleleaf trees, deciduous needleleaf trees, and the combination of grasslands, shrubs, and woodlands).

This dataset consists of near-global, analysis-ready, multi-resolution gridded vegetation structure metrics derived from NASA Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) Level 2 and 4A products associated with 25-m diameter lidar footprints. This dataset provides a comprehensive representation of near-global vegetation structure that is inclusive of the entire vertical profile, based solely on GEDI lidar, and validated with independent data. The GEDI sensor, mounted on the International Space Station (ISS), uses eight laser beams spaced by 60 m along-track and 600 m across-track on the Earth surface to measure ground elevation and vegetation structure between approximately 52 degrees North and South latitude. Between April 17th 2019 and March 16th 2023, GEDI acquired 11 and 7.7 billion quality waveforms suitable for measuring ground elevation and vegetation structure, respectively. This dataset provides GEDI shot metrics aggregated into raster grids at three spatial resolutions: 1 km, 6 km, and 12 km. In addition to many of the standard L2 and L4A shot metrics, several additional metrics have been derived which may be particularly useful for applications in carbon and water cycling processes in earth system models, as well as forest management, biodiversity modeling, and habitat assessment. Variables include canopy height, canopy cover, plant area index, foliage height diversity, and plant area volume density at 5 m strata. Eight statistics are included for each GEDI shot metric: mean, bootstrapped standard error of the mean, median, standard deviation, interquartile range, 95th percentile, Shannon's diversity index, and shot count. Quality shot filtering methodology that aligns with the GEDI L4B Gridded Aboveground Biomass Density, Version 2.1 was used. In comparison to the current GEDI L3 dataset, this dataset provides additional gridded metrics at multiple spatial resolutions and over several temporal periods (annual and the full mission duration). Files are provided in cloud optimized GeoTIFF format.

This dataset contains Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) Level 4A (L4A) Version 2 predictions of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD; in Mg/ha) and estimates of the prediction standard error within each sampled geolocated laser footprint. In this version, the granules are in sub-orbits. The algorithm setting group selection used for GEDI02_A Version 2 has been modified for Evergreen Broadleaf Trees in South America to reduce false positive errors resulting from the selection of waveform modes above ground elevation as the lowest mode. The footprints are located within the global latitude band observed by the International Space Station (ISS), nominally 51.6 degrees N and S and reported for the period 2019-04-18 to 2024-11-27. No acquisitions occurred while the GEDI instrument was in storage on the International Space Station (ISS) from March 2023 to April 2024. The GEDI instrument consists of three lasers producing a total of eight beam ground transects, which instantaneously sample eight ~25 m footprints spaced approximately every 60 m along-track. The GEDI beam transects are spaced approximately 600 m apart on the Earth's surface in the cross-track direction, for an across-track width of ~4.2 km. Footprint AGBD was derived from parametric models that relate simulated GEDI Level 2A (L2A) waveform relative height (RH) metrics to field plot estimates of AGBD. Height metrics from simulated waveforms associated with field estimates of AGBD from multiple regions and plant functional types (PFTs) were compiled to generate a calibration dataset for models representing the combinations of world regions and PFTs (i.e., deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, evergreen needleleaf trees, deciduous needleleaf trees, and the combination of grasslands, shrubs, and woodlands). For each of the eight beams, additional data are reported with the AGBD estimates, including the associated uncertainty metrics, quality flags, model inputs, and other information about the GEDI L2A waveform for this selected algorithm setting group. Model inputs include the scaled and transformed GEDI L2A RH metrics, footprint geolocation variables and land cover input data including PFTs and the world region identifiers. Additional model outputs include the AGBD predictions for each of the six GEDI L2A algorithm setting groups with AGBD in natural and transformed units and associated prediction uncertainty for each GEDI L2A algorithm setting group. Providing these ancillary data products will allow users to evaluate and select alternative algorithm setting groups. Also provided are outputs of parameters and variables from the L4A models used to generate AGBD predictions that are required as input to the GEDI04_B algorithm to generate 1-km gridded products.

This dataset contains predictions of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD) for Australia for 2020. Data were generated by the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) NASA mission, which used a full-waveform LIDAR attached to the International Space Station to provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure. Data include both Level 4A (~25 m footprints) and Gridded Level 4B (1 km x 1 km) Version 2. The Australian portion of the data was extracted from the original global datasets GEDI L4A Footprint Level Aboveground Biomass Density and GEDI L4B Gridded Aboveground Biomass Density.

The supporting data contains two types of datasets:

1) Social cost of carbon (SCC) values, extrapolated from
UK government carbon values (2010-2100) to cover the range of 2000-2500. The dataset is stored in a csv file ("scc_extended.csv") and contains four columns: 1. year: numeric 2. low: numeric, central series minus 50% sensitivity range 3. central: numeric, central estimated time series of modelled monetary value that society places on one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (£/tCO2e) 4. high: numeric, central series plus 50% sensitivity range

The detailed method that the UK government used to model carbon value estimates can be found at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/valuing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-policy-appraisal/valuation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-policy-appraisal-and-evaluation#annex-1-carbon-values-in-2020-prices-per-tonne-of-co2

2) sampled yearly carbon loss (tCO2e) in project area and in counterfactual scenario, and yearly additionality (Mg CO2e) in four ongoing REDD+ projects, estimated using a combination of JRC-TMF Landsat-based annual time series of land use cover and GEDI L4A footprint-level aboveground biomass density estimates to track forest cover and carbon stock through time. The datasets are stored in csv files (Gola: "Gola_country.csv"; Alto Mayo: "CIF_Alto_Mayo.csv"; RPA: "VCS_1396.csv"; Mai Ndombe: "VCS_934.csv") in long format, containing five columns: 1. year: numeric 2. var: character, either "project", "counterfactual" or "additionality" 3. val: numeric, total carbon flux (or additionality) from the previous year to this year (Mg CO2e) 4. n_sim: numeric, number of repetition 5. boolean, whether the year is larger than project start (t0)

To quantify how forest cover changes over time, we used the annual change collection in the JRC-TMF dataset (Vancutsem et al. 2021), which provides the spatial extent and the annual change of the tropical moist forest (TMF) biome at the 0.09-hectare (30 m × 30 m pixels) resolution from 1990 to 2022, derived from the L1T archive imagery (orthorectified top of atmosphere reflectance). The six following land cover classes were mapped: 1) undisturbed forest, 2) degraded forest, 3) deforested land, 4) forest regrowth, 5) permanent and seasonal water, and 6) other land cover. To use information on forest cover to quantify how carbon stock changes over time in NBS projects, we assume that for each project, we can calculate a reference carbon density value for each land cover class that is stable over time. For this, we used the GEDI Level 4A dataset, which contains footprint-level aboveground biomass density (AGBD) estimates (Mg ha-1) for each 25-m GEDI shot (Dubayah et al. 2020, Duncanson et al. 2022). The AGBD estimates are generated from models linking GEDI waveform-derived canopy height metrics with field AGBD estimates for multiple regions and plant functional types.

We selected GEDI shots occurring from 1st January 2020 to 1st January 2021, and which falling within the project area plus a 30-km buffer around it. The inclusion of a 30-km buffer around the project area is to ensure that enough GEDI shots can be found for each land cover class. For each land cover class, we selected the subset of GEDI shots associated with it as shots that overlap with a JRC-TMF pixel 1) that belongs to the land cover class in question and 2) whose eight neighboring pixels also belong to the land cover class in question. The second condition was included to account for the potential geolocation error up to 10 m of GEDI shots. For each land cover class, we calculated the median AGBD value of all the GEDI shots associated with it. We then estimated belowground biomass and deadwood biomass to be 20% and 11% of AGB, respectively, calculated the total biomass as the sum of aboveground, belowground and deadwood biomass, and converted total biomass to total carbon density by multiplying it by the average carbon density of biomass, taken to be 0.47 for this study (Cairns et al. 1997, Penman et al. 2003, Martin & Thomas 2011).

We adopted a pixel-based matching approach to find the counterfactual scenario for each project, following the PACT Tropical Moist Forest Accreditation Methodology (doi:10.33774/coe-2023-g584d-v5). We sampled pixels in the project area at a density of 0.25 points/ha for smaller projects (≤ 250k ha) and 0.05 points/ha for large projects (> 250k ha). We then sampled candidate matching pixels from the match destination to the amount of ten times the number of sampled project pixels. The match destination is defined as the area of a 2000-km buffer around the project that falls within the project’s country boundary (from the LSIB dataset) and the RESOLVE ecoregion boundaries for all the ecoregions that lie within the project (Dinerstein et al. 2017), excluding all other REDD+ project areas and a 5-km leakage buffer around each of the REDD+ projects (including the project being matched).

For each project pixel in a 10% sample of the sampled project pixel set, we matched it to one candidate matching pixel which has the exact same value for the following categorical variables: (1) Land cover class at t−10, t−5, and t0 (where t is the project start year), (2) Country, and (3) Ecoregion, and which has the minimum Mahalanobis distance (Mahalanobis 2018) across the following continuous variables: (1) Elevation from the SRTM data (Jarvis et al. 2008), (2) SRTM-derived slope, (3) Accessibility (Weiss et al. 2018), and (4) Coarsened proportional cover of undisturbed forest and deforested land, at 1200 m × 1200 m resolution, within a 1-km radius buffer around the pixels at t−10, t−5, and t0.

We deemed the matching results valid if all the standardized mean differences (SMD) of each continuous matching variable between the sampled project pixels and the matched pixels is smaller than 0.2 (unless if a continuous matching variable with an SMD > 0.2 is distributed in the range [0, 1], and the value in one of the pixel sets is close to 0 or 1: this is because (as near those values SMD becomes misleading). We performed 20 repetitions of the matching process, each time using an independent sample of the project pixels as input and producing a set of matched pixels as output. The matched pixel sets are the ”counterfactual scenarios” of the project area, and can be considered to be representative of the trajectory of forest cover change and carbon flux in the project area if the project had not existed.

We then evaluated the carbon losses of both the pixels in the project area and the pixels in the counterfactual scenarios, at a yearly interval. For each year within the JRC-TMF time series (1990-2021), for both the project area and the counterfactual scenarios, we calculated the proportion of pixels in each JRC-TMF land cover class, and used the GEDI L4A-derived estimates of total carbon density for each land cover class, described in the previous section, to calculate the total carbon stock (Mg CO2), and calculated the mean total carbon stock value of all 100 counterfactual repetitions. We then calculated carbon losses (lt) of each year t in both the project area (p) and the counterfactual (c) as the difference between the carbon stock of that year (bt) and that of the previous year (bt−1): lt = bt−1 − bt. Finally, we calculated annual carbon drawdown (at) as the difference between the project carbon loss (ltp) and counterfactual carbon loss (ltc): at = ltc − ltp.

Dieser Datensatz besteht aus nahezu globalen, analysebereiten, mehrskalierten, gerasterten Vegetationsstrukturmesswerten, die aus den GEDI-Level-2- und 4A-Produkten (Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation) der NASA mit Lidar-Fußabdrücken mit einem Durchmesser von 25 m stammen. Dieser Datensatz bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der nahezu globalen Vegetationsstruktur, die das gesamte vertikale Profil umfasst. Er basiert ausschließlich auf GEDI-Lidar und wurde mit unabhängigen Daten validiert. Der GEDI-Sensor, der an der Internationalen Raumstation (ISS) angebracht ist, verwendet acht Laserstrahlen, die 60 m entlang der Flugbahn und 600 m quer zur Flugbahn auf der Erdoberfläche voneinander entfernt sind, um die Bodenhöhe und die Vegetationsstruktur zwischen etwa 52 Grad nördlicher und südlicher Breite zu messen. Zwischen dem 17. April 2019 und dem 16. März 2023 hat GEDI 11 und 7, 7 Milliarden hochwertige Wellenformen erfasst, die sich jeweils zur Messung der Bodenhöhe und der Vegetationsstruktur eignen. Neben vielen der standardmäßigen L2- und L4A-Schuttmesswerte wurden mehrere zusätzliche Messwerte abgeleitet, die sich besonders für Anwendungen in Kohlenstoff- und Wasserkreisläufen in Erdsystemmodellen sowie für die Forstwirtschaft, die Modellierung der Biodiversität und die Habitatbewertung eignen. Zu den Variablen gehören die Höhe des Baumbestands, die Baumbedeckung, der Pflanzenflächenindex, die Vielfalt der Laubhöhe und die Pflanzenflächenvolumendichte in 5 m-Schichten. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter Rasterbasierte GEDI-Messwerte zur Vegetationsstruktur und Biomassedichte. Für jeden GEDI-Shot-Messwert werden acht Statistiken berücksichtigt: Mittelwert, Bootstrap-Standardfehler des Mittelwerts, Median, Standardabweichung, Interquartilbereich, 95. Perzentil, Shannon-Diversitätsindex und Shot-Anzahl. Es wurde eine Methode zum Filtern von Aufnahmen verwendet, die der GEDI L4B-Rasterdatenbank für die oberirdische Biomassedichte (Version 2.1) entspricht. Im Vergleich zum entsprechenden GEDI-L3-Datensatz bietet dieser Datensatz zusätzliche gerasterte Messwerte in mehreren räumlichen Auflösungen und über mehrere Zeiträume hinweg (jährlich und für die gesamte Missionsdauer). Dieser Datensatz enthält GEDI-Aufnahmemesswerte, die in Rasterrastern mit drei räumlichen Auflösungen zusammengefasst sind: 1 km, 6 km und 12 km. Für diesen Datensatz wird die Pixelgröße von 1 km verwendet.

Set data ini berisi prediksi kepadatan biomassa di atas tanah (AGBD; dalam Mg/ha) Versi 2 Level 4A (L4A) Investigasi Dinamika Ekosistem Global (GEDI) dan estimasi error standar prediksi dalam setiap sampel jejak laser yang digeolokasikan. Dalam versi ini, granula berada dalam sub-orbit. Metrik tinggi dari simulasi bentuk gelombang yang terkait dengan estimasi lapangan AGBD dari beberapa wilayah dan jenis fungsi tanaman (PFT) telah dikompilasi untuk menghasilkan set data kalibrasi bagi model yang mewakili kombinasi wilayah dunia dan PFT (yaitu, pohon berdaun lebar musiman, pohon berdaun lebar hijau sepanjang tahun, pohon berdaun jarum hijau sepanjang tahun, pohon berdaun jarum musiman, dan kombinasi padang rumput, semak, dan hutan). Pemilihan grup setelan algoritma yang digunakan untuk GEDI02_A Versi 2 telah dimodifikasi untuk pohon berdaun lebar hijau sepanjang tahun di Amerika Selatan guna mengurangi error positif palsu yang dihasilkan dari pemilihan mode bentuk gelombang di atas elevasi tanah sebagai mode terendah. Set data LARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002_MONTHLY adalah versi raster dari produk GEDI04_A asli. Gambar raster diatur sebagai komposit bulanan dari setiap orbit dalam bulan yang sesuai. Lihat Panduan Pengguna untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya. Misi Investigasi Dinamika Ekosistem Global GEDI bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur dan dinamika ekosistem guna memungkinkan peningkatan kuantifikasi dan pemahaman siklus karbon Bumi dan keanekaragaman hayati secara drastis. Instrumen GEDI, yang terpasang di International Space Station (ISS), mengumpulkan data secara global antara lintang 51,6° L dan 51,6° S dengan resolusi tertinggi dan sampling terpadat dari struktur 3 dimensi Bumi. Instrumen GEDI terdiri dari tiga laser yang menghasilkan total delapan transek tanah sinar, yang secara instan mengambil sampel delapan jejak ~25 m yang berjarak sekitar setiap 60 m di sepanjang jalur. ProdukDeskripsiVektor L2ALARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_A_002Raster Bulanan L2ALARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_A_002_MONTHLYIndeks tabel L2ALARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_A_002_INDEXVektor L2BLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_B_002Raster Bulanan L2BLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_B_002_MONTHLYIndeks tabel L2BLARSE/GEDI/GEDI02_B_002_INDEXVektor Biomassa L4ALARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002Raster Bulanan L4ALARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002_MONTHLYIndeks tabel L4ALARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_A_002_INDEXBiomassa L4BLARSE/GEDI/GEDI04_B_002

Set data ini terdiri dari metrik struktur vegetasi petak multi-resolusi, siap analisis, dan hampir global yang berasal dari produk Level 2 dan 4A Investigasi Dinamika Ekosistem Global (GEDI) NASA yang terkait dengan jejak lidar berdiameter 25 m. Set data ini memberikan representasi komprehensif struktur vegetasi hampir global yang mencakup seluruh profil vertikal, hanya berdasarkan lidar GEDI, dan divalidasi dengan data independen. Sensor GEDI, yang dipasang di Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional (ISS), menggunakan delapan sinar laser yang berjarak 60 m di sepanjang jalur dan 600 m di lintasan pada permukaan Bumi untuk mengukur elevasi tanah dan struktur vegetasi antara sekitar 52 derajat lintang Utara dan Selatan. Antara 17 April 2019 dan 16 Maret 2023, GEDI memperoleh 11 dan 7, 7 miliar bentuk gelombang berkualitas yang cocok untuk mengukur elevasi tanah dan struktur vegetasi. Selain banyak metrik pengambilan gambar L2 dan L4A standar, beberapa metrik tambahan telah diperoleh yang mungkin sangat berguna untuk aplikasi dalam proses siklus karbon dan air dalam model sistem bumi, serta pengelolaan hutan, pemodelan keanekaragaman hayati, dan penilaian habitat. Variabel mencakup tinggi kanopi, tutupan kanopi, indeks area tanaman, keanekaragaman tinggi dedaunan, dan kepadatan volume area tanaman pada strata 5 m. Lihat Metrik Struktur Vegetasi dan Kepadatan Biomassa GEDI Berpetak untuk informasi selengkapnya. Delapan statistik disertakan untuk setiap metrik pengambilan gambar GEDI: rata-rata, error standar bootstrap dari rata-rata, median, deviasi standar, rentang kuartil, persentil ke-95, indeks keragaman Shannon, dan jumlah pengambilan gambar. Metodologi pemfilteran gambar berkualitas yang selaras dengan Kepadatan Biomassa Permukaan Bumi Gridded GEDI L4B, Versi 2.1 digunakan. Dibandingkan dengan set data GEDI L3 yang sesuai, set data ini memberikan metrik petak tambahan pada beberapa resolusi spasial dan selama beberapa periode temporal (tahunan dan durasi misi penuh). Set data ini memberikan metrik pengambilan gambar GEDI yang digabungkan ke dalam petak raster dengan tiga resolusi spasial: 1 km, 6 km, dan 12 km. Set data ini menggunakan ukuran piksel 6 KM.