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TwitterThis is a conversion of Wentworth and others (2023)[DAS1] to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS) for inclusion in the National Geologic Map Database. The original publication was in the Alacarte schema commonly used for geologic map databases prior to the release of the now mandatory GeMS. The GIS layers in this release have the same scientific content as the source data release. The source data release lacks description of map units, however, so those have been copied verbatim from the two principal sources for that work (Witter and others, 2006 [DAS2]; Knudsen and others, 2000 [DAS3]).
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TwitterAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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The Bedrock Geologic Map of the Vincennes 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle was created to present basic bedrock geologic information that contributes to the characterization of potential aggregate resources, characterization of bedrock aquifer systems, and analysis of the overlying predominantly glacial dep...osits. This map is based on data obtained from several thousand records including petroleum well drillers' logs, geophysical logs, water well drillers' logs, descriptions of cores recovered by the Indiana Geological Survey, seismic refraction records collected by the Indiana Geological Survey, natural exposures in and near the map area, and exposures in active and abandoned quarries. This database is, in large part, the result of a cooperative mapping agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Indiana Geological and Water Survey through the STATEMAP program of the USGS. [more]
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TwitterCollation of large-scale features of functional significance records contributing to the Geodatabase of Marine features adjacent to Scotland (GeMS). Records are attributed as to their qualification as protected features of protected areas within the Scottish MPA network. Where appropriate typical record details will include: status as Scottish Large-scale features of functional significance or Annex I Habitat, MNCR biotope, EUNIS habitat, date, date range, year, status, accuracy, determiner and details of where the records are sourced from and intellectual property ownership. Contains attribution relating to the protected status of the various feature records. Polygon area values in the HECTARES field are calculated using ETRS89-LAEA (EPSG:3035) using the standard centre of projection at 10° E, 52° N.
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TwitterThis dataset is intended to provide seamless, integrated, surficial geologic mapping of the U.S. Intermountain West region and is supported by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Surficial geology included as part of this data release as independent of bedrock geologic mapping and is compiled at a variable resolution from 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 scale. No original interpretations are presented in this dataset; rather, all interpretive data are assimilated from referenceable publications. Initial contributions to this data release are along an east-west transect that parallels 37-degrees north latitude extending from the Rio Grande Rift and Great Plains in the east to the Basin and Range and Sierra Nevada to the west. Other areas of the Intermountain West region will be incorporated over time. Data are presented as a downloadable file geodatabase (*.gdb) and as features services that can be directly ingested into GIS software for analysis. This dataset is intended to be versioned regularly as new geologic map data is integrated. The data structure follows the Seamless Integrated Geologic Mapping extension (SIGMa) (Turner and others, 2022) to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS) (USGS, 2020). U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B10, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11B10. Turner, K.J., Workman, J.B., Colgan, J.P., Gilmer, A.K., Berry, M.E., Johnstone, S.A., Warrell, K.F., Dechesne, M., VanSistine, D.P., Thompson, R.A., Hudson, A.M., Zellman, K.L., Sweetkind, D., and Ruleman, C.A., 2022, The Seamless Integrated Geologic Mapping (SIGMa) extension to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5115, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ sir20225115.
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TwitterThis U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release for the geologic map of the Arlington quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming, is a Geologic Map Schema (GeMS, 2020)-compliant version of the printed geologic map published in USGS Geologic Map Quadrangle GQ-643 (Hyden and others, 1967). The database represents the geology for the 35,776-acre map plate at a publication scale of 1:24,000. References: Hyden, H.J., King, J.S., and Houston, R.S., 1967, Geologic map of the Arlington quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-643, scale 1:24,000; https://doi.org/10.3133/gq643. U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema) - A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B10, 74 p., https://doi.org//10.3133/tm11B10.
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TwitterThis dataset is intended to provide seamless, integrated bedrock geologic mapping of the U.S. Intermountain West region and is funded by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Bedrock geology are included in this data release as an independent dataset at a variable resolution from 1:50,000 to 1:100,000 scale. No original interpretations are presented in this data set; rather, all interpretive data are assimilated from referenceable publications. Initial contributions to this data release are along an east-west transect that parallels 37-degrees north latitude extending from the Rio Grande Rift and Great Plains in the east to the Basin and Range and Sierra Nevada to the west. Other areas of the Intermountain West region will be incorporated over time. Data are presented as downloadable file geodatabase (*.gdb) and as features services that can be directly ingested into GIS software for analysis. This dataset is intended to be versioned regularly as new geologic map data is integrated. The data structure follows the Seamless Integrated Geologic Mapping extension (SIGMa) (Turner and others, 2022) to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS) (USGS, 2020). U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B10, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11B10. Turner, K.J., Workman, J.B., Colgan, J.P., Gilmer, A.K., Berry, M.E., Johnstone, S.A., Warrell, K.F., Dechesne, M., VanSistine, D.P., Thompson, R.A., Hudson, A.M., Zellman, K.L., Sweetkind, D., and Ruleman, C.A., 2022, The Seamless Integrated Geologic Mapping (SIGMa) extension to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5115, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ sir20225115.
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TwitterMGS staff maintain entries in the Project Status module of the MGS database to plan and track mapping project priorities. This dataset displays the status of each 24K and 100K quadrangle by map series - bedrock and surficial. Project managers can use this dataset to spatially communicate mapping and GeMS conversion plans and progress.
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TwitterAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
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The Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Global Seismic Hazard Map (version 2023.1) depicts the geographic distribution of the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in terms of fraction of the acceleration of gravity, with a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years, computed for reference rock conditions (shear wave velocity, Vs30, of 760-800 m/s). The map was created by collating maps computed using national and regional probabilistic seismic hazard models developed by various institutions and projects, in collaboration with GEM Foundation scientists. The OpenQuake engine, an open-source seismic hazard and risk calculation software developed principally by the GEM Foundation, was used to calculate the hazard values. A smoothing methodology was applied to homogenise hazard values along the model borders (Pagani et al., 2018). The map is based on a database of hazard models described using the OpenQuake engine data format (NRML); those models implemented initially in other software formats were converted into NRML. While translating these models, various checks were performed to test the compatibility between the original and new results computed using the OpenQuake engine. Overall the differences between the original and translated model results are small notwithstanding some diversity in modelling methodologies implemented in different hazard modelling software. Some areas in the map (e.g. Greenland) are currently not covered by an openly accessible hazard model. Due to possible model limitations, regions portrayed with low hazard may still experience potentially damaging earthquakes. The raster is prepared by interpolating values calculated at points with ~6 km spacing using inverse distance weighting of nearest neighbours. The raster values will differ most from these original values in areas where hazard changes rapidly.
Technical details on the compilation of the hazard maps and the underlying models - including updates to model components made by GEM - are available at https://hazard.openquake.org/
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TwitterGeology based on field work by James M. DeGraff, Ian M. Gannon, Chad D. Deering, Aleksey V. Smirnov, Gabriel C. Ahrendt, and Espree E. Essig. Map compilation and digital cartography by James M. DeGraff and Ian M. Gannon, with support from Daniel Lizzadro-McPherson at the Geospatial Research Facility. Thomas Mroz provided his expertise to guide some of the field work, to assist with field logistics, and to contact property owners regarding access to their land. Carol Asiala prepared the initial budget and then tracked spending throughout the project. This map has been produced for the United States Geological Survey by faculty and students at Michigan Technological University in collaboration with the Michigan Geological Survey. This map is based on a compilation of USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangles, 1:100,000 scale maps, and aeromagnetic data and sub-meter LiDAR DEMs and derivatives provided by the USDA.
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TwitterThe data release for geologic maps of Ravalli Group and other Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup strata in northern Idaho and northwestern Montana is a digital, Geologic Map Schema (GeMS)-compliant version of maps published in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 2001-438 (Boleneus and others, 2001). The new digital data include attribute tables and geospatial features (points, lines, and polygons) in the format that meets GeMS requirements. This data release presents the geologic maps as shown on the plates and captured in geospatial data for the published maps. The database represents the geology for the 2.7 million acre, geologically complex study area in eleven plates at a publication scale of 1:48,000, and two plates at a publication scale of 1:12,000. The maps cover primarily Sanders, Shoshone, Kootenai, and Lincoln Counties, but also include minor parts of Benewah and Bonner Counties. Geologic mapping was undertaken between 1979 and 1984 by ASARCO Inc. as part of their program to explore for sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits in northern Idaho and western Montana. Geologic mapping was primarily focused on formations of the Ravalli Group, which resulted in large unmapped areas within the map boundary. In 2001 maps were scanned, georeferenced, and published by USGS (Boleneus and others, 2001). Boleneus, D.E., Applegate, L.M., Joseph, N.L., and Brandt, T.R., 2001, Raster Images of Geologic Maps of Middle Proterozoic Belt strata in parts of Benewah, Bonner, Kootenai and Shoshone Counties, Idaho and Lincoln, Mineral and Sanders Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF-2001-438, scales 1:48,000 and 1:12,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001438.
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TwitterThe Canadian Meterological Centre (CMC) is running the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model in limited-area mode for the duration of the MAP D-PHASE project (1 June - 31 November 2007). The model is run once-daily directly from operational GEM meso-global forecast data (grid spacing of 33 km). A pair of domains are used for the project with horizontal grid spacings of 15 km and 2.5 km. This outer (low resolution or driving) grid is initialized daily at 0000 UTC and covers all of Europe, out to the British Isles, the North Sea, and Nortern Africa. The timestep for this forecast is 300 sec and outputs are available hourly. No regional analysis or data assimilation cycle is undertaken during this project. All observational data will therefore be ingested only indrectly in the regional setup through the outer grid initialization and hourly boundary updates from the meso-global model. The GEM model is a semi-implicit, semi-Lagrangian, two time-level, non-hydrostatic model that runs in a wide variety of configurations. An updated version (v3.3.0) of the GEM model is being used for the MAP D-PHASE project in preparation for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games project. This version takes advantage of recent developments designed to enhance the quality of guidance over regions of steeply-sloping orography, including the addition of a 6-category bulk microphysics scheme and time-varying orography over the initialization period. For more information on -the GEM model dynamics: see Cote et al (1998) [Mon. Wea. Rev.]. -the model physics package: contact Recherche en Prevision Numerique for the related technical document by Mailhot. -the model's microphysics scheme: see Milbrandt and Yau (2007) [Mon. Wea. Rev.]. Grid description: DDOM: xfirst: 2.0 yfirst: 43.0 xsize: 201.0 ysize: 101.0 xinc: 0.08 yinc: 0.07 xnpole: 0.0 ynpole: 0.0
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TwitterU.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
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This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release provides a digital geospatial database for the geologic map of the Bayhorse area, central Custer County, Idaho (Hobbs and others, 1991). Attribute tables and geospatial features (points, lines, and polygons) conform to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS, 2020) and represent the geologic map as published in the USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1882 (Hobbs and others, 1991). The 357,167-acre map area represents the geology at a publication scale of 1:62,000. References: Hobbs, S.W., Hays, W.H., and McIntyre, D.H., 1991, Geologic map of the Bayhorse area, central Custer County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1882, scale 1:62,500, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1882. U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema) - A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap ...
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TwitterFor Map-D-PHASE the Canadian Meterological Centre (CMC) is running the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model in limited-area mode. The model is run once-daily directly from operational GEM meso-global forecast data (grid spacing of 33 km). A pair of domains are used for the project with horizontal grid spacings of 15 km and 2.5 km. This inner (high resolution) grid is tightly centered on the MAP D-PHASE project region and is initialized at 0600 UTC from the CMCGEML run. Boundary conditions for the high resolution domain are updated at 15 minute intervals from the low resolution model output. The forecast timestep is 60 seconds and data is available at 15 minute intervals. No regional analysis or data assimilation cycle is undertaken during this project. All observational data will therefore be ingested only indrectly in the regional setup through the outer grid initialization and hourly boundary updates from the meso-global model. The GEM model is a semi-implicit, semi-Lagrangian, two time-level, non-hydrostatic model that runs in a wide variety of configurations. An updated version (v3.3.0) of the GEM model is being used for the MAP D-PHASE project in preparation for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games project. This version takes advantage of recent developments designed to enhance the quality of guidance over regions of steeply-sloping orography, including the addition of a 6-category bulk microphysics scheme and time-varying orography over the initialization period. For more information on -the GEM model dynamics: see Cote et al (1998) [Mon. Wea. Rev.]. -the model physics package: contact Recherche en Prevision Numerique for the related technical document by Mailhot. -the model's microphysics scheme: see Milbrandt and Yau (2007) [Mon. Wea. Rev.]. Grid description: CDOM and DDOM:xinc 0.03 yinc:0.02 xnpole/ynpole:0.0 CDOM:xfirst:6.0 yfirst:47.0 xsize:168.0 ysize:151.0 DDOM:xfirst:2.0 yfirst:43.0 xsize:535.0 ysize:351.0
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TwitterThe data release for the geology of Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho, is a Geologic Map Schema (GeMS)-compliant version that updates the GIS files for the geologic map published in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Professional Paper 1666 (Lund, 2004). The updated digital data present the attribute tables and geospatial features (points, lines and polygons) in the format that meets GeMS requirements. This data release presents the geologic map as shown on the plates and captured in geospatial data for published Professional Paper 1666. Minor errors, such as mistakes in line decoration or differences between the digital data and the map image, are corrected in this version. The database represents the geology for the 2.3 million-acre, geologically complex Payette National Forest in two plates, at a publication scale of 1:100,000. The map covers primarily Adams, Idaho, Valley, and Washington Counties, but also includes minor parts of Gem, Custer, and Lemhi Counties. New geologic mapping was undertaken between 1991 and 2003 and synthesized with older published maps, providing significant stratigraphic and structural data, age data for intrusive rocks, and interpretations of geologic development. These GIS data supersede those in the interpretive report: Lund, K., 2004, Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1666, 89 p., 2 plates, scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1666.
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TwitterU.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
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This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release provides a digital geospatial database for the geologic map of the White Rock Canyon quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming (Hyden and others, 1968). Attribute tables and geospatial features (points, lines and polygons) conform to the Geologic Map Schema (USGS NCGMP, 2020) and represent the geologic map as published in USGS Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-789. The 35,758-acre map area represents the geology at a publication scale of 1:24,000.
References: Hyden, H.J., Houston, R.S., and King, J.S., 1968, Geologic map of the White Rock Canyon quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-789, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq789.
U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema) - A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B10, 74 p., https://doi.org//10.3133 ...
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TwitterThese are ArcGIS geodatabase versions of the geology data from the corresponding KGS M-series geologic maps. Data is from the Kansas Geological Survey - Cartographic Services and its predecessors. The geodatabases includes several reference tables that describe the feature classes in the feature datasets. This metadata serves for all the included feature classes. The surficial geology data shows bedrock or unconsolidated layers at the surface or immediately under vegetation and soil. The data shows the distribution, rock type, and age of bedrock. It can be used to identify surface and subsurface lithologic units and their stratigraphic relationships, show geologic structures, delineate thick surficial materials such as alluvium, and determine the features' spatial orientation. Each geodatabase has its own metadata, with more specific details than are shown in this generalized metadata.These datasets largely conforms to the NCGMP09-v1.1 standard (https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/standards/NCGMP09/). The native data structure is an Esri file geodatabase (.gdb). Each geodatabase contains some combination of the following elements. Elements marked with an asterisk () are not present in all counties' data:- CrossSectionA (feature dataset): descriptions of all features shown on the cross section, excluding base map features. Contains feature classes:- CSAContactsAndFaults*- CSAFigureAnno*- CSAFigureBox*- CSAGeologicAnno*- CSAGeologicLines*- CSAMapUnitPolys*- GeologicMap (feature dataset): descriptions of all features plotted on the geologic map, excluding base map features. Contains feature classes:- CartographicLines*- ContactsAndFaults- DataSourcePolys- GeologicLines*- MapUnitPolys- PitsQuarriesPoints*- DataSources (non-spatial table)- DescriptionOfMapUnits (non-spatial table)- Glossary (non-spatial table)Non-spatial tables DataSources, DescriptionOfMapUnits, and Glossary store metadata. All spatial features and some non-spatial features have related entries in table DataSources. DescriptionOfMapUnits defines and describes geologic map units that are delimited in feature class MapUnitPolys. Most technical terms used as feature attributes are defined in the Glossary table.Most features have explicit internal feature-level metadata, including LocationConfidenceMeters, one or more Source attributes, and, as appropriate, ExistenceConfidence and IdentityConfidence.
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TwitterAlaska Geologic Mapping Schema (AK GeMS) multi-map repository database, Digital Data Series 24, comprises several key components working together to ensure that the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) efficiently produces high-quality, standards-based geologic maps. A critical component of this system is our AK GeMS Multi-Map Repository Database, which combines the individual geologic map data into a single GIS-based enterprise geodatabase. This Digital Data Series (DDS) allows users to download file geodatabase date-stamped snapshots of our AK GeMS Multi-Map repository database. The complete report, geodatabase, and ESRI fonts and style files are available from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website: http://doi.org/10.14509/31706.
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TwitterThis is a dataset download, not a document. The Open button will start the download.
Oregon Geologic Data Compilation, release 7 (OGDC-7), compiled by Jon J. Franczyk, Ian P. Madin, Carlie J.M. Duda, and Jason D. McClaughry
The Oregon Geologic Data Compilation (OGDC) is a digital data collection of geologic studies created by the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI). The purpose of the compilation is to integrate and make available the best available published geologic mapping for the state by combining maps and data into a single consistent and maintainable digital database. OGDC was first released by DOGAMI in 2004, with successive releases building either geographically or qualitatively on previous releases. OGDC-6 was published in 2015 and serves as the Oregon Geologic Data Standard for the state as a data element component of the Geosciences Theme within the Oregon Framework Themes. The release of OGDC-7 builds directly from data published in OGDC-6 by migrating the database structure to the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (NCGMP) Geologic Map Schema (GeMS). DOGAMI has implemented the GeMS schema as the database standard for all geologic mapping projects published from 2019 onward to meet NCGMP requirements and to support the state’s contribution to standardized nationwide geologic content. The transition to OGDC-7 required migrating the existing OGDC statewide compilation to the GeMS format for streamlining future updates, data creation, and data maintenance. Additionally, the transition to GeMS adds fundamental geologic map point data (e.g., structural data, geochronology, and geochemistry) as comprehensive geospatial datasets not included as part of previous versions of OGDC.
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TwitterThe data release for the geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 x 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho, is a Geologic Map Schema (GeMS)-compliant version that updates the GIS files for the geologic map published in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1509-A (Harrison and others, 2000). The updated digital data present the attribute tables and geospatial features (points, lines and polygons) in the format that meets GeMS requirements. This data release presents the geologic map as shown on the plates and captured in geospatial data for the published map. Minor errors, such as mistakes in line decoration or differences between the digital data and the map image, are corrected in this version. The database represents the geology for the 16,754 square kilometer, geologically complex Wallace quadrangle in northern Idaho and western Montana, at a publication scale of 1:250,000. The map covers primarily Lake, Mineral, Sanders and Shoshone Counties, but also includes minor parts of Flathead, Lincoln, and Missoula Counties. These GIS data supersede those in the interpretive report: Harrison, J.E., Griggs, A.B., Wells, J.D., Kelley, W.N., Derkey, P.D., and EROS Data Center, 2000, Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1- x 2- degree quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1509-A, https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i1509a/.
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TwitterThe data release for the geologic map of the Dillon 1 x 2 degrees quadrangle, Idaho and Montana, is a Geologic Map Schema (GeMS)-compliant version that updates the GIS files for the geologic map published in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1803-H (Ruppel and others, 1993). The updated digital data present the attribute tables and geospatial features (lines and polygons) in the format that meets GeMS requirements. This data release presents the geospatial data for the geologic map that is published as one plate. Minor errors, such as mistakes in line decoration or differences between the digital data and the map image, are corrected in this version. The database represents the geology for the 4.3 million acre, geologically complex Dillon 1 x 2 degrees quadrangle, at a publication scale of 1:250,000. The map covers primarily Beaverhead, Madison, Silver Bow, Deer Lodge, and Lemhi Counties, but also includes minor parts of Ravalli, Granite, and Jefferson Counties. These GIS data supersede those in the interpretive report: Ruppel, E.T., O'Neill, J.M., and Lopez, D.A., 1993, Geologic map of the Dillon 1 x 2 degrees quadrangle, Idaho and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1803-H, scale 1:250,000, https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1803-h/.
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TwitterThis is a conversion of Wentworth and others (2023)[DAS1] to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS) for inclusion in the National Geologic Map Database. The original publication was in the Alacarte schema commonly used for geologic map databases prior to the release of the now mandatory GeMS. The GIS layers in this release have the same scientific content as the source data release. The source data release lacks description of map units, however, so those have been copied verbatim from the two principal sources for that work (Witter and others, 2006 [DAS2]; Knudsen and others, 2000 [DAS3]).