According to a survey about Chinese career women conducted in 2025, about 36.9 percent of female respondents said they had experienced gender discrimination at work, whereas only 11.3 percent of male respondents had similar experience. Meanwhile, more men than women felt that age was affecting their career prospects.

According to an annual survey conducted in China in the beginning of 2025, around 66 percent of surveyed female professionals said that gender inequality at work persists because of the ongoing childbirth burden for women. Only 23 percent of male respondents agreed with that opinion. However, significantly higher proportion of men than women thought that gender discrimination at work is caused by social devision of labor.

This statistic shows the results of a 2013 survey among American men and women regarding discrimination in the workplace because of their gender. 15 percent of female respondents stated they have felt that they were passed over for a promotion or denied an opportunity at work because of their gender.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Gender equality is a core development objective in its own right. It is also smart development policy and sound business practice. It is integral to economic growth, business growth and good development outcomes. Gender equality can boost productivity, enhance prospects for the next generation, build resilience, and make institutions more representative and effective. In December 2015, the World Bank Group Board discussed our new Gender Equality Strategy 2016-2023, which aims to address persistent gaps and proposed a sharpened focus on more and better gender data. The Bank Group is continually scaling up commitments and expanding partnerships to fill significant gaps in gender data. The database hosts the latest sex-disaggregated data and gender statistics covering demography, education, health, access to economic opportunities, public life and decision-making, and agency.

The OECD Gender Data Portal, www.oecd.org/gender/data, includes 40+ selected indicators shedding light on gender inequalities in education, employment and entrepreneurship. Data and metadata for all the indicators are easily and freely accessible and displayed through interactive visualizations. The Gender Data Portal is one of the main outputs of the OECD Gender Initiative, launched in 2010 to improve policies and promote gender equality in the economy in both OECD and non-OECD countries. The Portal is part of the new OECD Gender Equality website www.oecd.org/gender, which also features Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, a publication that presents new analysis of the productivity losses caused by gender inequality and proposes policy solutions to close the gender gaps. While much progress has been accomplished in recent years, there are still relevant dimensions of gender inequalities that are poorly monitored and measured. The OECD Gender Portal is thus a work in progress, that aims at progressively filling these gaps through new indicators. The last data release, for Women's Day 2013, includes new gender-sensitive indicators of job quality, timely indicators of labor market participation, indicators on top and low-achieving students in different subjects and on entrepreneurial culture. The data cover OECD member countries, as well as Russia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa.

According to a recent survey, 55 percent of the male respondents believed that their respective countries have gone far enough in terms of giving women equal rights with men. This statement was only supported by 42 percent of the female respondents. However, female respondents found to a greater extent than male respondents that workplaces treat men and women equally.

Abstract

This retrospective report explores global progress and lessons learned over the past 10 years in promoting gender equality. This report takes stock of global progress and considers the impact of evidence-backed solutions to close the most persistent gender gaps. It examines the evolution of World Bank Group’s engagement on gender and highlights promising approaches. Reflections and findings will enable the WBG and its partners to develop a deeper understanding of what works, provide opportunities to strengthen and expand efforts in critical areas, and will inform the new WBG Gender Strategy, to be launched in 2024.

Citation

“World Bank. 2023. Gender Equality in Development: A Ten-Year Retrospective. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/39939 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”

URI

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39939

This fascinating compilation of the recent data on gender differences in education presents a wealth of data, analysed from a multitude of angles in a clear and lively way. In particular it looks at underperformance among boys, lack of self confidence among girls and family, school and societal influences before addressing policies to help boys and girls reach their full potential.

Percentage of persons aged 15 years and over by discrimination and unfair treatment, by gender and other selected sociodemographic characteristics.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacts beyond people’s health that affect different aspects of day-to-day life. All people will be impacted in some way and must adapt to the pandemic, however men and women – or different groups of men and women – will not all be affected in the same ways. This is due to women and men play different roles and have different responsibilities in their homes and communities.

Women and girls are disproportionately impacted by crises. Women and girls are likely to: face even higher rates of domestic violence and sexual abuse; are more vulnerable to economic hardship as income generation activities women perform are disrupted; have increased unpaid in the household due to the closure of schools and have reduced access to essential health services. It is important to keep track of how all the different segments of the population are being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and how mitigation measures are affecting people’s lives. This set of indicators has been developed to assist with that purpose.

COVID-19 response strategies that are gender responsive and socially inclusive to address the needs of women, youth, people with disabilities and other segments of the population who are more vulnerable.

The list of indicators is not mandatory nor exhaustive but, hopefully, helpful for people needing to track COVID-19 responses and impacts. The indicators cover seven areas: 1. Health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2. Participation of women, youth, and people with disability in decision making. 3. Sexual and reproductive health. 4. Domestic violence. 5. Economic security. 6. Food security. 7. Unpaid care work.

Introduction

This study reproduces the results of the article Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality (DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9899) and partially its supplementary material.

The code for the analysis can be found at the following GitHub page: https://github.com/scerioli/Global-Preferences-Survey

Preparation of the data

Data Collection, Cleaning, and Standardization

The data used in the Falk & Hermle 2018 is not fully available because of two reasons:

1. Data paywall: Some part of the data is not available for free. It requires to pay a fee to the Gallup to access them. This is the case for the additional data set that is used in the article, for instance, the one that contains the education level and the household income quintile. Check the website of the briq - Institute on Behavior & Inequality for more information on it.

2. Data used in study is not available online: This is what happened for the LogGDP p/c calculated in 2005 US dollars (which is not directly available online). We decided to calculate the LogGDP p/c in 2010 US dollars because it was easily available, which should not change the main findings of the article.

Global Preferences Survey

This data is protected by copyright and cannot be given to third parties.

To download the GPS data set, go to the website of the Global Preferences Survey in the section "downloads". There, choose the "Dataset" form and after filling it, we can download the data set.

Hint: The organisation can be also "private".

The following two relevant papers have to be also cited in all publications that make use of or refer in any kind to GPS dataset:

• Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T., Enke, B., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2018). Global evidence on economic preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133 (4), 1645–1692.

• Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T. J., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2016). The preference survey module: A validated instrument for measuring risk, time, and social preferences. IZA Discussion Paper No. 9674.

GDP per capita

From the website of the World Bank, one can access the data about the GDP per capita on a certain set of years. We took the GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$), made an average of the data from 2003 until 2012 for all the available countries, and matched the names of the countries with the ones from the GPS data set.

Gender Equality Index

The Gender Equality Index is composed of four main data sets.

• Time since women’s suffrage: Taken from the Inter-Parliamentary Union Website. We prepared the data in the following way. For several countries more than one date where provided (for example, the right to be elected and the right to vote). We use the last date when both vote and stand for election right were granted, with no other restrictions commented. Some counties were a colony or within union of the countries (for instance, Kazakhstan in Soviet Union). For these countries, the rights to vote and be elected might be technically granted two times within union and as independent state. In this case we kept the first date. It was difficult to decide on South Africa because its history shows the racism part very entangled with women's rights. We kept the latest date when also Black women could vote. For Nigeria, considered the distinctions between North and South, we decided to keep only the North data because, again, it was showing the completeness of the country and it was the last date. Note: USA data doesn't take into account that also up to 1964 black women couldn't vote (in general, Blacks couldn't vote up to that year). We didn’t keep this date, because it was not explicitly mentioned in the original data set. This is in contrast with other choices made, but it is important to reproduce exactly the results of the publication, and the USA is often easy to spot on the plots.

• UN Gender Inequality Index: Taken from the Human Development Report 2015. We kept only the table called "Gender Inequality Index".

• WEF Global Gender Gap: WEF Global Gender Gap Index Taken from the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report 2015. For countries where data were missing, data was added from the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report 2006. We modified some of the country names directly in the csv file, that is why we provide it as an input file.

• Ratio of female and male labour force participation: Average International Labour Organization estimates from 2003 to 2012 taken from the World Bank database (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.ZS). Values were inverted to create an index of equality. We took the average for the period between 2004 and 2013.

In our extended analysis, we also involved the following index:

• United Nations Development Programme Gender Development Index taken from Human Development Reports 2020. Note that we have downloaded the two tables of the Human Development Index for males and females, and used the ratio of the two as a GDI index, as described in the report.

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls : The region has made progress in achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls, particularly in education and health and to a lesser extent women’s participation in formal employment and national policy making. This is attributed to growing awareness of the need to address gender inequalities; While almost all countries in the Pacific have adopted specific gender policies and strategies, the resources for integrating and implementing these priorities are limited. Budgets for national women’s offices are less than one percent of national appropriations; Gender inequality is highlighted by the high prevalence rates of violence against women (more than 60 percent in Melanesia, and more than 40 percent in Polynesia and Micronesia). Sexual and reproductive health and rights issues also remain substantial challenges to be addressed under Goal 5. Fertility rates, especially teenage fertility, remain high in some.

Find more Pacific data on PDH.stat.

The information in this collection can be used to 1) apply our everyday gender discrimination survey instrument in other studies 2) replicate the main results from "Location Matters". Please see the metadata for more information.

Download of Gender statistics CSV file from World Bank, as of September 25th 2019.

Goal 5Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girlsTarget 5.1: End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhereIndicator 5.1.1: Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sexSG_LGL_GENEQLFP: Legal frameworks that promote, enforce and monitor gender equality (percentage of achievement, 0 - 100) -- Area 1: overarching legal frameworks and public lifeSG_LGL_GENEQVAW: Legal frameworks that promote, enforce and monitor gender equality (percentage of achievement, 0 - 100) -- Area 2: violence against womenSG_LGL_GENEQEMP: Legal frameworks that promote, enforce and monitor gender equality (percentage of achievement, 0 - 100) -- Area 3: employment and economic benefitsSG_LGL_GENEQMAR: Legal frameworks that promote, enforce and monitor gender equality (percentage of achievement, 0 - 100) -- Area 4: marriage and familyTarget 5.2: Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitationIndicator 5.2.1: Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by ageVC_VAW_MARR: Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age (%)Indicator 5.2.2: Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrenceTarget 5.3: Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilationIndicator 5.3.1: Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18SP_DYN_MRBF18: Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 18 (%)SP_DYN_MRBF15: Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 (%)Indicator 5.3.2: Proportion of girls and women aged 15–49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by ageSH_STA_FGMS: Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age (%)Target 5.4: Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriateIndicator 5.4.1: Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and locationSL_DOM_TSPDCW: Proportion of time spent on unpaid care work, by sex, age and location (%)SL_DOM_TSPDDC: Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic chores, by sex, age and location (%)SL_DOM_TSPD: Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic chores and care work, by sex, age and location (%)Target 5.5: Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public lifeIndicator 5.5.1: Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governmentsSG_GEN_PARLN: Number of seats held by women in national parliaments (number)SG_GEN_PARLNT: Current number of seats in national parliaments (number)SG_GEN_PARL: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (% of total number of seats)SG_GEN_LOCGELS: Proportion of elected seats held by women in deliberative bodies of local government (%)Indicator 5.5.2: Proportion of women in managerial positionsIC_GEN_MGTL: Proportion of women in managerial positions (%)IC_GEN_MGTN: Proportion of women in senior and middle management positions (%)Target 5.6: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferencesIndicator 5.6.1: Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health careSH_FPL_INFM: Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care (% of women aged 15-49 years)SH_FPL_INFMSR: Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations (% of women aged 15-49 years)SH_FPL_INFMCU: Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding contraceptive use (% of women aged 15-49 years)SH_FPL_INFMRH: Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding reproductive health care (% of women aged 15-49 years)Indicator 5.6.2: Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and educationSH_LGR_ACSRHE: Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC1: (S.1.C.1) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 1: Maternity Care (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC10: (S.4.C.10) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 10: HIV Counselling and Test ServicesSH_LGR_ACSRHEC11: (S.4.C.11) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 11: HIV Treatment and Care Services (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC12: (S.4.C.12) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 12: HIV Confidentiality (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC13: (S.4.C.13) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 13: HPV Vaccine (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC2: (S.1.C.2) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 2: Life Saving Commodities (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC3: (S.1.C.3) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 3: AbortionSH_LGR_ACSRHEC4: (S.1.C.4) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 4: Post-Abortion Care (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC5: (S.2.C.5) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 5: Contraceptive Services (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC6: (S.2.C.6) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 6: Contraceptive Consent (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC7: (S.2.C.7) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 7: Emergency Contraception (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC8: (S.3.C.8) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 8: Sexuality Education Curriculum Laws (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHEC9: (S.3.C.9) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Component 9: Sexuality Education Curriculum Topics (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHES1: (S.1) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Section 1: Maternity Care (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHES2: (S.2) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Section 2: Contraceptive and Family Planning (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHES3: (S.3) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Section 3: Sexuality Education (%)SH_LGR_ACSRHES4: (S.4) Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education: Section 4: HIV and HPV (%)Target 5.a: Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources,

A survey conducted among journalists in India in 2023, revealed that over 60 percent of women journalists had been discriminated against at work based on their gender identity. In comparison, 80 percent of male journalists had never faced gender-based discrimination in their workplace. Of the overall survey respondents, over 30 percent, including men and women, admitted to having experienced gender discrimination.

This paper takes one of the first, direct approaches to understanding which factors shape which attitudes towards gender equality among political elites. We examine support for gender equality among legislators in 13 Latin American countries, using ten new questions from the 2015-2018 wave of the Latin American Elites survey (PELA). We argue that legislators’ attitudes about gender equality fall into three distinct dimensions: holding egalitarian views, recognizing that gender inequality is a problem, and supporting state action to hasten gender equality. Overall, women express the more gender-equal orientation on all three dimensions, while factors like religiosity and ideology matter differently for different dimensions. These findings demonstrate the need for more nuance in measuring and analyzing attitudes towards gender equality, in order to better understand the link between descriptive and substantive representation.

This contains the derivative data and code to create the figures and tables used in the paper. The data files contain derivative data based on raw data provided by DonorsChoose.org and available via data.donorschoose.org. The code includes an R file that combines the disparate data sets into a single data frame and produces the final analysis. There is also an R file containing functions which were not used to make figures or tables in the final paper, but are used in some analyses mentioned in the paper.

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Gender equality is a core development objective in its own right. It is also smart development policy and sound business practice. It is integral to economic growth, business growth and good development outcomes. Gender equality can boost productivity, enhance prospects for the next generation, build resilience, and make institutions more representative and effective. In December 2015, the World Bank Group Board discussed our new Gender Equality Strategy 2016-2023, which aims to address persistent gaps and proposed a sharpened focus on more and better gender data. The Bank Group is continually scaling up commitments and expanding partnerships to fill significant gaps in gender data. The database hosts the latest sex-disaggregated data and gender statistics covering demography, education, health, access to economic opportunities, public life and decision-making, and agency.

Gender discrimination law of the European Community is a book. It was written by Sacha Prechal and published by Dartmouth in 1990.