According to a survey on gender equality conducted between November 2022 and January 2023, over ** percent of respondents in Japan disagreed with the statement that a husband should work outside of the home while a wife should take care of the household. Disagreement with traditional gender roles was higher among women.

This paper analyses a study done by the authors of this paper on changes on gender role as a factor in gender participation and empowerment in the oil mining industry; a case of Lokichar in Turkana County. The paper centres on three null hypothesis tested. The studies target group was the active labour force aged between 15 to 64 years. Those who retired from work were also targeted. The data was collected from a sample of three hundred (300) respondents selected through systematic random and purposive sampling methods. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews were conducted to supplement the questionnaires given to the sampled respondents. Chi-square was used to test the hypotheses. Major findings indicate that there is a relationship between equal hiring and equal opportunity for men and women to work in mining activities; there is relationship between involvement in oil mining activities and change in livelihood and there is no relationship between involvement in oil min...

A 2020 survey revealed the majority of respondents in India disagreed that men should be paid more than women for the same job, with respectively ***** in **** female and male respondents. In particular, ** percent of female respondents and ** percent of male respondents took a clear stand against the gender pay gap for the same job.

Descriptive statistics for sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes towards gender roles and IPV index, and intimate partner violence (IPV) for Australia-born women compared to women born in conflict-affected countries at baseline and at follow-up.

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Context

The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Women are generally considered to be paid less than men. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. The latter typically takes into account differences in hours worked, occupations were chosen, education, and job experience. In the United States, for example, the non-adjusted average female's annual salary is 79% of the average male salary, compared to 95% for the adjusted average salary.

The reasons link to legal, social, and economic factors, and extend beyond "equal pay for equal work".

The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age.

This dataset aims to replicate the data used in the famous paper "The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations", which provides new empirical evidence on the extent of and trends in the gender wage gap, which declined considerably during the 1980–2010 period.

Citation

fedesoriano. (January 2022). Gender Pay Gap Dataset. Retrieved [Date Retrieved] from https://www.kaggle.com/fedesoriano/gender-pay-gap-dataset.

Content

There are 2 files in this dataset: a) the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) microdata over the 1980-2010 period, and b) the Current Population Survey (CPS) to provide some additional US national data on the gender pay gap.

PSID variables:

NOTES: THE VARIABLES WITH fz ADDED TO THEIR NAME REFER TO EXPERIENCE WHERE WE HAVE FILLED IN SOME ZEROS IN THE MISSING PSID YEARS WITH DATA FROM THE RESPONDENTS’ ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ABOUT JOBS WORKED ON DURING THESE MISSING YEARS. THE fz variables WERE USED IN THE REGRESSION ANALYSES THE VARIABLES WITH A predict PREFIX REFER TO THE COMPUTATION OF ACTUAL EXPERIENCE ACCUMULATED DURING THE YEARS IN WHICH THE PSID DID NOT SURVEY THE RESPONDENTS. THERE ARE MORE PREDICTED EXPERIENCE LEVELS THAT ARE NEEDED TO IMPUTE EXPERIENCE IN THE MISSING YEARS IN SOME CASES. NOTE THAT THE VARIABLES yrsexpf, yrsexpfsz, etc., INCLUDE THESE COMPUTATIONS, SO THAT IF YOU WANT TO USE FULL TIME OR PART TIME EXPERIENCE, YOU DON’T NEED TO ADD THESE PREDICT VARIABLES IN. THEY ARE INCLUDED IN THE DATA SET TO ILLUSTRATE THE RESULTS OF THE COMPUTATION PROCESS. THE VARIABLES WITH AN orig PREFIX ARE THE ORIGINAL PSID VARIABLES. THESE HAVE BEEN PROCESSED AND IN SOME CASES RENAMED FOR CONVENIENCE. THE hd SUFFIX MEANS THAT THE VARIABLE REFERS TO THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, AND THE wf SUFFIX MEANS THAT IT REFERS TO THE WIFE OR FEMALE COHABITOR IF THERE IS ONE. AS SHOWN IN THE ACCOMPANYING REGRESSION PROGRAM, THESE orig VARIABLES AREN’T USED DIRECTLY IN THE REGRESSIONS. THERE ARE MORE OF THE ORIGINAL PSID VARIABLES, WHICH WERE USED TO CONSTRUCT THE VARIABLES USED IN THE REGRESSIONS. HD MEANS HEAD AND WF MEANS WIFE OR FEMALE COHABITOR.

1. intnum68: 1968 INTERVIEW NUMBER
2. pernum68: PERSON NUMBER 68
3. wave: Current Wave of the PSID
4. sex: gender SEX OF INDIVIDUAL (1=male, 2=female)
5. intnum: Wave-specific Interview Number
6. farminc: Farm Income
7. region: regLab Region of Current Interview
8. famwgt: this is the PSID’s family weight, which is used in all analyses
9. relhead: ER34103L this is the relation to the head of household (10=head; 20=legally married wife; 22=cohabiting partner)
10. age: Age
11. employed: ER34116L Whether or not employed or on temp leave (everyone gets a 1 for this variable, since our wage analyses use only the currently employed)
12. sch: schLbl Highest Year of Schooling
13. annhrs: Annual Hours Worked
14. annlabinc: Annual Labor Income
15. occ: 3 Digit Occupation 2000 codes
16. ind: 3 Digit Industry 2000 codes
17. white: White, nonhispanic dummy variable
18. black: Black, nonhispanic dummy variable
19. hisp: Hispanic dummy variable
20. othrace: Other Race dummy variable
21. degree: degreeLbl Agent's Degree Status (0=no college degree; 1=bachelor’s without advanced degree; 2=advanced degree)
22. degupd: degreeLbl Agent's Degree Status (Updated with 2009 values)
23. schupd: schLbl Schooling (updated years of schooling)
24. annwks: Annual Weeks Worked
25. unjob: unJobLbl Union Coverage dummy variable
26. usualhrwk: Usual Hrs Worked Per Week
27. labincbus: Labor Income from...

In 2024, the overall gender gap index score in Japan reached 0.66 points, a slight increase compared to recent years. Japan ranked 118th out of 146 countries covered by the global gender gap index, placing the country far behind other G7 nations. Reasons behind Japan’s low ranking  Japan’s gender gap score in education and health indicated a closed or almost closed gender gap. However, in terms of political empowerment, Japan ranked well below the average global score, placing it among the lowest ranks within East Asia and the Pacific region. A high disparity between men and women in economic participation was another crucial reason for Japan’s poor ranking compared to other industrial nations. The low scores were mainly due to the nation’s small number of female parliamentarians, as well as a low ratio of women in managerial positions. Women in Japan Modern Japanese women enjoy more freedom, have better access to education, and have broader job opportunities compared to previous generations. Yet, traditional gender roles and male favoritism are still pervasive in Japanese culture. Japan's ongoing discussion on gender equality measures, or the lack thereof, is often highlighted in local and international media. The Japanese government currently aims to achieve a significant increase in female proportion in the political, judicial, and economic fields by the end of 2025, targeting 30 percent or more of the female share in a broad range of positions. This might fast-track the long-overdue generational change, which seems necessary to incite diversity in the country.

This study examines the impact of higher education on women’s bargaining power in the household in South Korea. Utilising the nationwide college expansion programs in South Korea in 1979 and 1981 as a natural experiment, this study uses 6181 married women born between 1943 and 1976 and adopts the birth cohort as an instrumental variable to identify women that benefitted from the programs. The results show that more years of schooling increased women’s property ownership and decision-making power at home, which is further explained by three channels. The first channel, related to women’s economic resources, indicates that education increased women’s likelihood of being employed, having a white-collar job, absolute income, and age at marriage. However, it did not increase women’s relative income compared to their husbands’. Second, consistent with the assortative mating theory, higher education encouraged women to marry a partner who has a prestigious job and is closer to their education level and age. Third, the channel of gender role attitudes revealed that more years of schooling led women to realize the need for financial independence from their spouses. These findings show how access to higher education for women improved gender equality in South Korean society.

As of 2018, there was a strong movement in favor of increased gender equality among all age groups in the Netherlands. Support for increased equality was never below ** percent for all groups. The younger generation was strongest in favor of gender equality, at ** percent.

Background

Gender medical knowledge is insufficiently integrated into university teaching in Germany. Gender awareness represents a key competence to integrate this knowledge into one's medical practice. This study is the first survey of the gender awareness of medical students in Germany.

Methods

From April to July 2021, a quantitative cross-sectional survey in an online format using the 'Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale' (2008) was conducted at four German universities (Charité Berlin, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, and the University of Cologne) with a varied implementation of teaching gender medicine. Students indicated their agreement or disagreement with assumptions and knowledge about the influence of gender in everyday medical practice (gender sensitivity), as well as gender role stereotypes towards patients and physicians (gender role ideology).

Results

The 750 included participants showed a relatively high gender sensitivity and low gender role stereotyping towards patients and doctors. The curricular implementation of gender medicine of the universities showed to have a significant influence on the students' gender sensitivity, as well as on their gender role stereotyping towards patients. Students who reported having taken classes in gender medicine showed significantly higher level of gender sensitivity. Cis-males showed significantly lower gender sensitivity and significantly higher gender role stereotyping.

Conclusion

Implementation of gender medicine in the medical curriculum, attending courses on gender education and one's gender have a significant impact on medical students' gender competencies. These results support the need for structural integration of gender in medical education and gender trainings at medical schools in Germany.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacts beyond people’s health that affect different aspects of day-to-day life. All people will be impacted in some way and must adapt to the pandemic, however men and women – or different groups of men and women – will not all be affected in the same ways. This is due to women and men play different roles and have different responsibilities in their homes and communities.

Women and girls are disproportionately impacted by crises. Women and girls are likely to: face even higher rates of domestic violence and sexual abuse; are more vulnerable to economic hardship as income generation activities women perform are disrupted; have increased unpaid in the household due to the closure of schools and have reduced access to essential health services. It is important to keep track of how all the different segments of the population are being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and how mitigation measures are affecting people’s lives. This set of indicators has been developed to assist with that purpose.

COVID-19 response strategies that are gender responsive and socially inclusive to address the needs of women, youth, people with disabilities and other segments of the population who are more vulnerable.

The list of indicators is not mandatory nor exhaustive but, hopefully, helpful for people needing to track COVID-19 responses and impacts. The indicators cover seven areas: 1. Health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2. Participation of women, youth, and people with disability in decision making. 3. Sexual and reproductive health. 4. Domestic violence. 5. Economic security. 6. Food security. 7. Unpaid care work.

Abstract (en): What explains substantial variation across countries in household stock market participation? Building on Ke (2018), I hypothesize that the prevailing gender norm in a country is an important cultural factor. In a cross-country analysis, I find that households in countries with strong gender norms are less likely to participate in the stock market. In addition, I present suggestive evidence that gender role attitudes help explain cross-country differences in participation among the wealthy. My findings underscore the role of social norms in shaping household balance sheets across countries.

In a survey conducted in August 2022, around **** percent of female respondents in Japan agreed with the statement that men should work and financially support the household, supporting the traditional image of men as breadwinners. A similar share of women agreed with the statement that women have feminine sensibilities.

The perceived gender ratio of 422 role nouns was evaluated by Chinese- (N = 80), Finnish- (N = 77), and Russian-speaking (N = 135) students using an 11-point rating scale with counterbalanced scale anchors. Data were collected online between 2015 and 2019, via an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. This dataset contains nine files; one PDF/A containing all of the role nouns used and their per-language translations, one PDF/A containing screenshots showing an example of the norming questionnaire (with English used as the example language), one raw data CSV file per language, one PDF/A containing the by-role and by-language results obtained in the study, one RStudio code allowing for easy replication of how the analysis was conducted, one .txt file containing this code, and one readme.txt file.

Main CSV file extracted from zip file download of World Bank gender statistics file.Copy of data as of 25th September 2019.

The files include supplementary results for background analyses performed for the manuscript "Testing the goodness of the EVS gender role attitudes scale" submitted to the journal Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique. One file reports the result from exploratory factor analyses run on the EVS 2008 scale with 7 and 8 items; the other one shows intermediate results from the stepwise regression models performed on the same scale from EVS 2008 and EVS 1999.

Lomazzi, V. (2017). Testing the Goodness of the EVS Gender Role Attitudes Scale. Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1177/0759106317710859

Dataset and replication code for statistical analyses provided in Stata format.

This study contains data from the survey conducted to assess gender roles in household legume utilization for complementary feeding in Dedza and Ntcheu districts of Malawi

This statistic presents the results of a survey conducted in 2019 in India about the perception of the effort put into achieving equal rights between men and women in looking after children and the home. According to data published by Ipsos, the majority of Indian respondents, around ** percent, were of the opinion that not enough is being done to achieve gender equality in home and childcare.

The striking under-representation of women in Japan has been partly attributed to gender stereotypes and prejudice toward female leadership among voters. We examine whether and to what extent candidates get rewarded or punished when they deviate from the behavioral expectations associated with their gender roles and images. Our conjoint experiment results in Japan demonstrate that not only are female candidates disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts, but also that they could lose support when they diverge from gender-based behavioral expectations. Our findings suggest that female candidates face a difficult dilemma in that they must weigh the cost of losing support for failing to conform to gender-based expectations, against the general loss of support they would incur for conforming to these expectations.

This dataset contains replication files for "Childhood Environment and Gender Gaps in Adulthood" by Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Frina Lin, Jeremy Majerovitz, and Benjamin Scuderi. For more information, see https://opportunityinsights.org/paper/gendergaps/. A summary of the related publication follows. We show that differences in childhood environments play an important role in shaping gender gaps in adulthood by documenting three facts using population tax records for children born in the 1980s. First, gender gaps in employment rates, earnings, and college attendance vary substantially across the parental income distribution. Notably, the traditional gender gap in employment rates is reversed for children growing up in poor families: boys in families in the bottom quintile of the income distribution are less likely to work than girls. Second, these gender gaps vary substantially across counties and commuting zones in which children grow up. The degree of variation in outcomes across places is largest for boys growing up in poor, single-parent families. Third, the spatial variation in gender gaps is highly correlated with proxies for neighborhood disadvantage. Low-income boys who grow up in high-poverty, high-minority areas work significantly less than girls. These areas also have higher rates of crime, suggesting that boys growing up in concentrated poverty substitute from formal employment to crime. Together, these findings demonstrate that gender gaps in adulthood have roots in childhood, perhaps because childhood disadvantage is especially harmful for boys.