This survey, conducted by Ipsos across 15 countries in February 2014, shows the share of women who believe that women should not aspire to do anything outside of the household and stick to producing children and tending to their family. 10 percent of women agreed somewhat that women should restrict themselves to their traditional roles in society.

In 2022, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) focused on family, work and gender roles. Questions covered issues such as family leave, domestic work and perceptions of gender differences in both employment and childcare. This data consists of a survey of Finns. Respondents were first asked to rate statements on work-life balance and the roles of women and men in the family and in working life. They were also asked how children affect the freedom, finances, employment, career opportunities and social status of parents. Next, respondents' views on family leave were examined. Questions included how leave should be shared between parents and how long paid family leave should be. They also asked about who should cover the costs of family leave, childcare and services for the elderly. In terms of time use, the survey asked how many hours per week the respondent and his/her spouse spend on housework and looking after family members. The survey also asked who takes care of the family finances and who in the family takes care of everyday chores such as planning activities or cooking. Respondents were also asked to reflect on the importance of family ties and friendship in life, as well as on the division of child-rearing responsibilities between the genders. Background variables included, among others, respondent's gender, year of birth, marital status, level of education, occupation, voting behaviour, gross income, current employment status, household size and metropolitan area. In addition, background variables include the education, occupation and labour market status of the respondent's spouse.

The majority of Russian men believed that household activities should be distributed equally between the spouses, according to a survey from 2020. However, more than one quarter of male respondents in Russia considered household activities to be primarily a woman's responsibility.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about family and changing gender roles.
Attitude towards employment of mothers; role distribution of man and woman in occupation and household; preferred extent of employment for women during different stages of child raising; attitudes towards marriage, cohabitation without marriage, and divorce; attitudes towards single-parenting and childcare by same sex female and male couples (alternative family forms); ideal number of children for a family; attitudes towards children: views on the significance of children in life; gender, care and social policy: attitude towards paid leave for full-time working parents and preferred duration of paid leave; source of finance for paid leave; preferred division of this paid leave period between mother and father; best way of organisation of family and work life for a family with a child under school age and the least desirable option; principal payers for childcare for children under school age (family itself, government or public funds or employers); family or institutions that should primarily provide support for the elderly; principal payer for this help to elderly people; time budget for housekeeping and looking after family members for both partners; management of income in marriage or partnership; allocation of duties in the household and in family matters; estimation of fair share of the household work; decision making within partnership in weekend activities and in matters of child raising; principal earner (partner with higher income); frequency of stress caused by family, work and household duties; estimation of general personal happiness; satisfaction with employment situation and family life; assessment of personal health; employment of mother during childhood of respondent; employment of respondent and spouse/partner in various phases of child raising.

Demography: sex; age; year of birth; years in school; education (country specific); highest completed degree; work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; number of employees; supervision of employees; number of supervised employees; type of organization: for-profit vs. non profit and public vs. private; occupation (ISCO-88); main employment status; living in steady partnership; union membership; religious affiliation or denomination (country specific); groups of religious denominations; attendance of religious services; top-bottom self-placement; vote in last general election; country specific party voted in last general election; party voted (left-right); ethnicity (country specific); number of children; number of toddlers; size of household; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); marital status; place of living: urban – rural; region (country specific).

Information about spouse and about partner on: work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship: supervises other employees, occupation (ISCO-88); main employment status; education and age of current spouse/partner; duration of current relationship.

Additionally encoded: date of interview; case substitution flag; mode of data collection; weight.

As of February 2025, approximately 75 percent of women in Great Britain thought that more should be done to achieve gender equality in relation to household responsibilities.

This survey is carried out on the basis of the research collaboration in "The International Social Survey Programme" (ISSP). ISSP is an international organisation that prepares and coordinates annual surveys in its member countries, mainly within the fields of political science and sociology. The topic of the surveys varies, but are repeated at intervals of a few years. In this way, changes in behavioral patterns and attitudes over time as well as differences between countries and cultures are possible to be detected and measured.

The Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD) became a member of ISSP in 1989 and have since been responsible for carrying out the surveys in Norway. In connection with the survey, Norwegain researchers are invited to add supplementary questions to the Norwegian respondents.

In 1994, the objective was to collect data concerning views on gender roles in family and at work, division of labour etc, attitudes towards family structures, marriage and divorce, attitudes towards children, opinions on welfare benefits for families with children, sexuality and sexual moral, actual family structure; the respondent's marital status, contact with own mother, whether mother worked during respondent's childhood, distribution and disposal of family income, work division in home and spouses' work activity in different stages of the family situation. NSD and ISSP conducted a similar survey in 2002.

The Norwegian supplementary part was in 1994 developed in collaboration with Tove Thagaard, Department of Sociology, University of Oslo, Kari Skrede, Institute of Applied Social Research (INAS, now a part of NOVA), Turid Noack, Statistics Norway. Questions in the Norwegian part deal with issues such as the father role, division of care work in the family, family allowance and family economy, attitudes towards heterosexual and hoomosexual couples living together, divorce and experiences with cohabitation.

The purpose of the study: to analyse Lithuanian residents attitude towards family, coordination of men and women domestic and labour roles. Major investigated questions: it was aimed to find out Lithuanian residents attitude towards marriage and children: if a working mother can establish just as warm and secure relationships with her children as a mother who does not work, if housewives are satisfied with their lives just as much as women who are working for pay. It was asked who should earn to household income - men or women. It was questioned how much women should work when there is a child under school age and after the youngest child starts school. Also, questions about marriage were asked. Further, respondents assessed if one father or mother can bring up a child as well as two parents together. Respondents indicated what the ideal number of children for a family to have should be. Respondents were asked about children: if watching children grow up is life's greatest joy, if raising children restricts the employment and career chances of one or both parents, etc. It as analysed who should take a paid parental leave - mother or father. Respondents indicated who should primarily provide childcare for under school age children and who should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age. Also, questions about help for elderly people. Further, respondents were asked about distribution (real and imaginary right) of household work. It was analysed who has the final say when respondent and his/hers spouse/partner are deciding on weekend activities. Respondents were asked to evaluate total his/hers and spouse/partner income and indicate who has the higher income. A portion of questions was assigned to evaluate roles coordination in the family and home. At the end respondent were asked if they feel happy, are they satisfied with their work and family life. Socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, level of education, membership in organizations, religion, marital status, nationality, political views, political participation, size of household, respondent's average personal income, place of residence, working situation of the respondent and of his/her spouse or partner.

This survey shows the attitude of the U.S. public towards the change of gender roles and family structure in the U.S. in 2011 by generation. 27 percent of Baby Boomers stated that the growing variety of family and living arrangements is a change for the better.

The survey charted Finnish views on family and family roles, work and division of labour. The respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with statements about working women and the roles of men and women in the family, the importance of marriage, parenting capabilities of single parents and same-sex couples, and the importance of children to parents. Opinions on the ideal number of children in a family were investigated. Views on paid parental leave (its length, who should be responsible for its costs and how it should be divided between the mother and father) were examined as well as opinions on the responsibilities of the mother and father in terms of work and childcare. Concerning child day care, the respondents were asked who should primarily offer child day care services and who should mainly be responsible for the costs of day care. Similar questions were asked about the home help services for the elderly. Number of hours per week spent on chores and taking care of family members by the respondents were charted. Those respondents who were cohabiting, married or in a civil union were asked questions focusing on the management of finances, division of chores, decision-making concerning leisure time, and differences in income. Tiredness resulting from work, chores or family duties was investigated as well as self-perceived general health and satisfaction in work, family life and life in general. Those respondents who had children were asked whether they or their spouse had worked outside home when the children were young and who was/had been responsible for raising the children. Background variables included, among others, the respondent's gender, year of birth, marital status, number of years in education, level and length of education, number of hours per week spent working, status in employment, economic activity, spouse's education level and status in employment, self-perceived social class, religious affiliation, political party choice in the previous parliamentary elections, household composition, monthly gross income of the respondent and the household, and the degree of urbanisation of the municipality of residence.

Abstract

Facebook’s Survey on Gender Equality at Home generates a global snapshot of women and men’s access to resources, their time spent on unpaid care work, and their attitudes about equality. This survey covers topics about gender dynamics and norms, unpaid caregiving, and life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aggregated data is available publicly on Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX). De-identified microdata is also available to eligible nonprofits and universities through Facebook’s Data for Good (DFG) program. For more information, please email dataforgood@fb.com.

Geographic coverage

This survey is fielded once a year in over 200 countries and 60 languages. The data can help researchers track trends in gender equality and progress on the Sustainable Development Goals.

Analysis unit

• Public Aggregate Data on HDX: country or regional levels
• De-identified Microdata through Facebook Data for Good program: Individual level

Universe

The survey was fielded to active Facebook users.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Respondents were sampled across seven regions: - East Asia and Pacific; Europe and Central Asia - Latin America and Caribbean - Middle East and North Africa - North America - Sub-Saharan Africa - South Asia

For the purposes of this report, responses have been aggregated up to the regional level; these regional estimates form the basis of this report and its associated products (Regional Briefs). In order to ensure respondent confidentiality, these estimates are based on responses where a sufficient number of people responded to each question and thus where confidentiality can be assured. This results in a sample of 461,748 respondents.

The sampling frame for this survey is the global database of Facebook users who were active on the platform at least once over the past 28 days, which offers a number of advantages: It allows for the design, implementation, and launch of a survey in a timely manner. Large sample sizes allow for more questions to be asked through random assignment of modules, avoiding respondent fatigue. Samples may be drawn from diverse segments of the online population. Knowledge of the overall sampling frame allowed for more rigorous probabilistic sampling techniques and non-response adjustments than is typical for online and phone surveys

Mode of data collection

Internet [int]

Research instrument

The survey includes a total of 75 questions, split across into the following sections: - Basic demographics and gender norms - Decision making and resource allocation across household members - Unpaid caregiving - Additional household demographics and COVID-19 impact - Optional questions for special groups (e.g. students, business owners, the employed, and the unemployed)

Questions were developed collaboratively by a team of economists and gender experts from the World Bank, UN Women, Equal Measures 2030, and Ladysmith. Some of the questions have been borrowed from other surveys that employ alternative modes of administration (e.g., face-to-face, telephone surveys, etc.); this allows for comparability and identification of potential gaps and biases inherent to Facebook and other online survey platforms. As such, the survey also generates methodological insights that are useful to researchers undertaking alternative modes of data collection during the COVID-19 era.

In order to avoid “survey fatigue,” wherein respondents begin to disengage from the survey content and responses become less reliable, each respondent was only asked to answer a subset of questions. Specifically, each respondent saw a maximum of 30 questions, comprising demographics (asked of all respondents) and a set of additional questions randomly and purposely allocated to them.

Response rate

Response rates to online surveys vary widely depending on a number of factors including survey length, region, strength of the relationship with invitees, incentive mechanisms, invite copy, interest of respondents in the topic and survey design.

Sampling error estimates

Any survey data is prone to several forms of error and biases that need to be considered to understand how closely the results reflect the intended population. In particular, the following components of the total survey error are noteworthy:

Sampling error is a natural characteristic of every survey based on samples and reflects the uncertainty in any survey result that is attributable to the fact that not the whole population is surveyed.

Other factors beyond sampling error that contribute to such potential differences are frame or coverage error and nonresponse error.

Data appraisal

Survey Limitations The survey only captures respondents who: (1) have access to the Internet (2) are Facebook users (3) opt to take this survey through the Facebook platform. Knowledge of the overall demographics of the online population in each region allows for calibration such that estimates are representative at this level. However, this means the results only tell us something about the online population in each region, not the overall population. As such, the survey cannot generate global estimates or meaningful comparisons across countries and regions, given the heterogeneity in internet connectivity across countries. Estimates have only been generated for respondents who gave their gender as male or female. The survey included an “other” option but very few respondents selected it, making it impossible to generate meaningful estimates for non-binary populations. It is important to note that the survey was not designed to paint a comprehensive picture of household dynamics but rather to shed light on respondents’ reported experiences and roles within households

This statistic illustrates the opinions of Italians on gender roles in Italy in 2012 and 2013, broken down by age and gender. According to the data, roughly 33 percent of women and 46.5 percent of men between 18 and 24 years agreed with the statement that it is better for the family when the man works and the woman takes care of home. The same opinion was stated by 63.7 percent of women and 67.7 percent of men older than 65 years.

The twelfth of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys within New Zealand, by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Family and gender roles. Attitudes towards employment of mothers and married women; role distribution of man and woman in occupation and household; preferred extent of employment for women during different stages of child raising; attitudes towards marriage, single-parenting, cohabitation before marriage, and divorce; views on the significance of children in life; views on paid maternity leave and on financial aid for working parents; management of income in marriage or partnership; allocation of duties in the household and in family matters; time budget for housekeeping and sharing of housekeeping for both partners; frequency of disagreement about the sharing of housekeeping; decision making in matters of child raising, weekend activities and buying major things for home; principal earner (partner with higher income); stress caused by family, work and household duties (scale); estimation of general personal happiness; satisfaction with employment situation and family life; employment of mother during childhood of respondent; employment in various phases of child raising.Demography: Sex; age, marital status; living together with a partner; years of school education and highest degree; type and time extent of occupation activity; occupation (ISCO-88-Code); working in private or public sector; occupational self-employment and number of employees; supervising function at work; size of household; composition of household; current employment status of spouse; partner employed in public service; working hours per week of partner; union membership; family income; party affiliation and election behaviour; self-classification on a left-right continuum; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance; self-placement of social status; self-classification on a top-bottom-scale.Also encoded were: region; rural or urban area; size of community; ethnic identification; mode of data collection.

Previous research has shown that norms around the role of women in society could help explain the gender gap in mathematics, and that these norms could be transmitted within the family. Using data from the Florida Department of Education combined with birth certificates we uncover important heterogeneity in the transmission of gender biases within the family. We find that gender role norms can explain the lower performance of girls in mathematics only in relatively affluent White families, whereas they do not apparently matter for the performance of Black girls.

The survey focused on attitudes, opinions and experiences related to gender equality in different spheres of life in Finland. The main focus was on equality in working life, education and family life. Questions investigated opinions on the general status of men and women in Finland, estimates for gender equality development in the following 10 years, whether the respondents thought there should be more men or women in certain positions or occupational fields (e.g. in positions of power, in social and health services, ICT), and whether women's possibilities were equal to men's in occupational life. Attitudes were charted on gender roles in the family in terms of money matters and domestic responsibilities, gender roles in politics and in decision-making in different spheres of politics, and ways to reduce unjustified wage differences. Full-time students were asked about their gender-related experiences in study, for example, whether there was gender stereotyping in study materials or in the educational institution, whether a clear majority of students in their field consisted of men or women, did gender affect student treatment or grades, strictness of gender roles/norms in the institution, support for choosing a study field where the respondent's gender was a minority, and whether sexual minorities and rainbow families were taken into account in teaching or teaching material. Other questions investigated occurrences of sexual harassment and hate speech, kinds of harassment, the perpetrators and the context. The respondents were also asked whether there were people who depreciated or belittled their speech or suggestions on account of their gender and who. A number of questions investigated whether gender affected the wage level, fringe benefits, work loads, career advancement, job contracts, autonomy at work etc. in the workplace and whether gender was a hindrance in entrepreneurship and in what kind of situations. Further topics included attitudes in the workplace relating to absences of men and women due to family matters or paternal leaves, division of caring and other household tasks in R's family and who paid what in the household. Background variables included the respondent's age group, gender, region of residence (NUTS3), highest education attained, status in employment, economic activity, occupational status, number of employees R supervised, type of employment contract, average weekly working hours, whether R belonged to a minority group, type of minority group, living arrangements, marital status, gender of the spouse, spouse's economic activity, number and ages of children aged under 18 in the household, how often R met his or her children who lived elsewhere. For students, type of educational institution.

The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) is an ongoing program of crossnational collaboration. Formed in 1983, the group develops topical modules dealing with important areas of social science as supplements to regular national surveys. This collection, the second module on family and changing gender roles (see INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SURVEY PROGRAM: FAMILY AND CHANGING SEX ROLES, 1988 (ICPSR 9591)), contains data from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Respondents were asked to comment on various topics regarding the family and changing gender roles, such as working parents, division of housework, management of household income, sexual advances in the workplace, and relationships with spouse or other partner(s). Demographic variables include respondents' sex, age, education, marital status, personal and family income, employment status, household size and composition, and occupation. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at GESIS at https://doi.org/10.4232/1.2620. We highly recommend using the GESIS version as they have made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

What explains substantial variation across countries in household stock market participation? Building on Ke (2018), I hypothesize that the prevailing gender norm in a country is an important cultural factor. In a cross-country analysis, I find that households in countries with strong gender norms are less likely to participate in the stock market. In addition, I present suggestive evidence that gender role attitudes help explain cross-country differences in participation among the wealthy. My findings underscore the role of social norms in shaping household balance sheets across countries.

Abstract (en): What explains substantial variation across countries in household stock market participation? Building on Ke (2018), I hypothesize that the prevailing gender norm in a country is an important cultural factor. In a cross-country analysis, I find that households in countries with strong gender norms are less likely to participate in the stock market. In addition, I present suggestive evidence that gender role attitudes help explain cross-country differences in participation among the wealthy. My findings underscore the role of social norms in shaping household balance sheets across countries.

According to a survey on gender equality conducted between November 2022 and January 2023, close to 70 percent of female respondents in Japan disagreed with the statement that a husband should work outside of the home while a wife takes care of the household. While a majority of men also disagreed with traditional gender roles, the share among men was slightly lower than among women.

Despite broad progress in closing many dimensions of the gender gap around the globe, recent research has shown that traditional gender roles can still exert a large influence on female labor force participation, even in developed economies. This paper empirically analyzes the role of culture in determining the labor market engagement of women within the context of collective models of household decision making. In particular, we use the epidemiological approach to study the relationship between gender in language and labor market participation among married female immigrants to the U.S. We show that the presence of gender in language can act as a marker for culturally acquired gender roles and that these roles are important determinants of household labor allocations. Female immigrants who speak a language with sex-based grammatical rules exhibit lower labor force participation, hours worked, and weeks worked. Our strategy of isolating one component of culture reveals that roughly two thirds of this relationship can be explained by correlated cultural factors, including the role of bargaining power in the household and the impact of ethnic enclaves, at most one third is potentially explained by language having a causal impact.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents median income data over a decade or more for males and females categorized by Total, Full-Time Year-Round (FT), and Part-Time (PT) employment in Home Brook township. It showcases annual income, providing insights into gender-specific income distributions and the disparities between full-time and part-time work. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based pay disparity trends and explore the variations in income for male and female individuals.

Key observations: Insights from 2023

Based on our analysis ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates, we present the following observations: - All workers, aged 15 years and older: In Home Brook township, the median income for all workers aged 15 years and older, regardless of work hours, was $40,625 for males and $24,000 for females.

These income figures highlight a substantial gender-based income gap in Home Brook township. Women, regardless of work hours, earn 59 cents for each dollar earned by men. This significant gender pay gap, approximately 41%, underscores concerning gender-based income inequality in the township of Home Brook township.

Remarkably, across all roles, including non-full-time employment, women displayed a similar gender pay gap percentage. This indicates a consistent gender pay gap scenario across various employment types in Home Brook township, showcasing a consistent income pattern irrespective of employment status.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. All incomes have been adjusting for inflation and are presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars.

Gender classifications include:

• Male
• Female

Employment type classifications include:

• Full-time, year-round: A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked full time (35 or more hours per week) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year.
• Part-time: A part-time worker is a person who worked less than 35 hours per week during the previous calendar year.

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column presents the data year. Expected values are 2010 to 2023
• Male Total Income: Annual median income, for males regardless of work hours
• Male FT Income: Annual median income, for males working full time, year-round
• Male PT Income: Annual median income, for males working part time
• Female Total Income: Annual median income, for females regardless of work hours
• Female FT Income: Annual median income, for females working full time, year-round
• Female PT Income: Annual median income, for females working part time

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Home Brook township median household income by race. You can refer the same here