Abstract (en): Since 1972, the General Social Survey (GSS) has been monitoring societal change and studying the growing complexity of American society. The GSS aims to gather data on contemporary American society in order to monitor and explain trends and constants in attitudes, behaviors, and attributes; to examine the structure and functioning of society in general as well as the role played by relevant subgroups; to compare the United States to other societies in order to place American society in comparative perspective and develop cross-national models of human society; and to make high-quality data easily accessible to scholars, students, policy makers, and others, with minimal cost and waiting. GSS questions include such items as national spending priorities, marijuana use, crime and punishment, race relations, quality of life, and confidence in institutions. Since 1988, the GSS has also collected data on sexual behavior including number of sex partners, frequency of intercourse, extramarital relationships, and sex with prostitutes. In 1985 the GSS co-founded the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The ISSP has conducted an annual cross-national survey each year since then and has involved 58 countries and interviewed over one million respondents. The ISSP asks an identical battery of questions in all countries; the U.S. version of these questions is incorporated into the GSS. The 2016 GSS added in new variables covering information regarding social media use, suicide, hope and optimism, arts and culture, racial/ethnic identity, flexibility of work, spouses work and occupation, home cohabitation, and health. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. All noninstitutionalized, English and Spanish speaking persons 18 years of age or older, living in the United States. Smallest Geographic Unit: census region For sampling information, please see Appendix A of the ICPSR Codebook. computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI), face-to-face interview, telephone interview Please note that NORC may have updated the General Social Survey data files. Additional information regarding the General Social Surveys can be found at the General Social Survey (GSS) Web site.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the "https://www.norc.org/Pages/default.aspx" Target="_blank">National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. The 2016-2020 GSS consisted of re-interviews of respondents from the 2016 and 2018 Cross-Sectional GSS rounds. All respondents from 2018 were fielded, but a random subsample of the respondents from 2016 were released for the 2020 panel. Cross-sectional responses from 2016 and 2018 are labelled Waves 1A and 1B, respectively, while responses from the 2020 re-interviews are labelled Wave 2.

The 2016-2020 GSS Wave 2 Panel also includes a collaboration between the General Social Survey (GSS) and the "https://electionstudies.org/" Target="_blank">American National Election Studies (ANES). The 2016-2020 GSS Panel Wave 2 contained a module of items proposed by the ANES team, including attitudinal questions, feelings thermometers for presidential candidates, and plans for voting in the 2020 presidential election. These respondents appear in both the ANES post-election study and the 2016-2020 GSS panel, with their 2020 GSS responses serving as their equivalent pre-election data. Researchers can link the relevant GSS Panel Wave 2 data with ANES post-election data using either ANESID (in the GSS Panel Wave 2 datafile) or V200001 in the ANES 2020 post-election datafile.

This survey was designed to solicit political, sociological, and economic information from people living in Japan. The data were collected between October 3 and November 3, 2006, using face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. Respondents were asked to give employment information for themselves and their spouses, including industry, size of employer, number of hours worked, level of job satisfaction, and time spent commuting. Respondents were also queried regarding employment information and education level of their parents when the respondent was aged 15. Several questions were asked about household composition, the type of residence, the state of respondents' finances during the last few years and compared to other Japanese families both past and present, sources of financial support, the ease of improving one's standard of living in Japan, and the use of credit cards and consumer financing. Views were also sought on divorce, the roles of each spouse, issues involving children, the responsibility of the government, and taxation issues. In terms of health, questions were asked regarding the physical and mental health of respondents and their household members, the frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption, and their views on genetically modified foods. Quality of life questions addressed the amount of satisfaction respondents received from life, and how often they participated in sports, leisure, and volunteer activities. Additional topics covered were euthanasia, the use of technology, juvenile delinquency, car ownership and usage, their level of trust in various institutions, and whether respondents belonged to religious, trade, or social service organizations. Demographic variables include age, sex, education level, employment status, occupation, labor union membership, marital status, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), household income, perceived social status, political orientation, political party affiliation, and religious affiliation.

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals.

The main question module of ALLBUS 2023 is ´Religion and World View.´ Another focus of the survey was the replication of questions from a broad range of topics. This included questions on lifestyle and personality, political attitudes, ethnocentrism and minorities as well as on social inequality.

ALLBUS 2023 was conducted in a mixed-mode design (CAPI (computer-assisted personal interview), MAIL (postal self-completion) and CAWI (computer-assisted web interview)).
Social monitoring of trends in attitudes, behavior, and societal change in the Federal Republic of Germany. The main topics in 2023 are:

1.) Lifestyle and personality 2.) Social inequality 3.) Religion and world view 4.) Ethnocentrism and minorities 5.) Political attitudes 6.) Other topics 7.) ALLBUS-Demography 8.) Data on the interview (paradata) 9.) Added value

Topics:

1.) Lifestyle and Personality: Internet use: frequency and type of device; frequency of reading books / e-books; importance of life aspects: family and children, work and occupation, free time and recreation, friends and acquaintances, relatives, religion and church, politics and public life, neighbours; social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia), interpersonal trust, overall life satisfaction, self-assessment of overall health.

2.) Social Inequality: Self-assessment of social class, fair share in standard of living, assessment of access to education, perceived prerequisites for success in society, attitudes towards social inequality and the welfare state, evaluation of personal social security; stance on extension or reduction in social services; attitudes towards different ideas of social justice.

3.) Religion and world view: Individual religiousness and attitudes towards religion:
religious belief and reason for being (religious cosmology, meaning of life), self-assessment of religiousness and spirituality, frequency of meditation, religious indifference, religious experiences in personal life, attitude towards alternative forms of belief and parabelief, belief in God; belief in a life after death; belief in heaven, hell, and miracles; belief in reincarnation; religious fundamentalism. Religious affiliation, religious rites and practices:
present and former denominational membership or other religious affiliation; leaving the church (reasons and when), frequency of church attendance or of visiting a house of worship, frequency of prayer; wish for religious funeral, married in church or according to religion, importance of religion in parental home, importance of religion in raising own children, baptism of children. Value orientations: Values and Life Goals Inventory (VaLiGo): wealth, experiencing community, hedonism, tolerance, tradition, self-reliance, achievement, conformity, stimulation, risk avoidance; individual value orientations (Klages): respect law and order, high standard of living, have power and influence, fantasy and creativity, security, help marginalized social groups, ability to assert oneself, industry and ambition, tolerance, political engagement, hedonism, faith in God, occupational achievement, self-realization; materialism / postmaterialism (Inglehart): importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions and influence on governmental decisions; Moral attitudes:
moral assessment of deviant acts; attitude towards techniques of reproductive medicine; attitudes towards assisted suicide.

4.) Ethnocentrism and minorities: Attitude towards the influx of various groups of immigrants, attitudes towards the foreigners living in Germany, contacts with foreigners, pride in being a German, perceived consequences of presence of foreigners in Germany, ranking of citizenship requirements, social distance to ethnic minorities and foreigners, support for the teaching of Islam in public schools; support for the building of mosques in Germany, attitudes towards Islam (Islamophobia), perceived risks and chances with respect to refugees.

5.) Politics: Willingness to engage in different forms of political participation, confidence in public institutions and organizations (public health service, federal constitutional court, federal parliament (Bundestag), city or municipal administration, churches, judiciary, television, newspapers, universities, federal government, the...

Description of the situation in family, everyday life, home and living environment. Gender role. Health. Knowledge of foreign languages. Occupation. Political issues.

1. Face-to-face interview: Occupation: sex; age (year of birth); employment in the last week; reasons why not employed; employment in the past; age at dismissal of last job; weekly working time in full-time occupation and in possible side jobs; professional position; registration with a temporary employment agency; supervisor function; commuting; travel time to the workplace (hours and minutes); employment in the public service, in a self-employed company, headquarters or branch of a company; sector; profession (ISCO); weekly working days; regular number of hours per week; length of service in years; company size; union membership; job satisfaction; intention to terminate employment; endangerment of employment; assessment of opportunities to find an equivalent job in the case of job loss; current job search.

Family: marital status; description of the employment situation of the partner: weekly working hours in full-time jobs and possible part-time jobs, professional status, supervisor function, sector, profession (ISCO), number of working days per week, regular weekly working hours; length of service in years, size of company; age of partner; cohabitation with the partner; living together with one or both parents of the respondent or his or her partner; details of the respondent´s and partner’s parents: age, marital status, current employment of the parents; number of children (including deceased); details of all children: sex, still living in the parental household, age, marital status, occupation; household size; household composition; information on all family members with regard to: kinship, sex and age; number of family members who are temporarily separated from the family, their relationship to the respondent and reason for living apart from the family; head of the household; sources of household income and main source of income; self-assessment on an top-bottom scale; degree of urbanization; gross household income of the last year; income of the respondent and his or her spouse (n each case altogether and in the main occupation); number of siblings of the respondent and his or her spouse (including deceased); position in the line of siblings.

Related to the respondent when he was 15 years old: size of the place of residence at that time; village character of the place of residence; parent’s style of upbringing; professional position and profession (ISCO) of the father; size of the company of the father´s employer company at that time; professional position of the mother; educational level of respondent, partner and parents; for the respondent and the partner was asked: degree or abandonment of the last school attended; school year if still attending school; attendance of a technical school.

First job after graduation: duration between graduation and start of work; professional position and profession (ISCO) of the respondent; company size.

1. Self-administered questionnaire (drop off): two different questionnaires are used. Methodically variations of questioning for individual questions or question complexes.

Questionnaire A: Daily life: television consumption per day; number of books read monthly; frequency of reading newspapers; communication media: computer use (at home, at work/school), use of mobile phone, searching for information via Internet or mobile phone, Internet shopping, online banking and creation of web pages; frequency of use of a mobile phone; sending e-mails via PC or mobile phone; frequency of: sports activities, family dinners, dinners with friends, cooking dinner, grocery shopping, laundry, house cleaning and disposal of waste; frequency of holidays longer than two days.

Health: self-assessment of the state of health; smoker status; attempts to quit smoking; drinking habits; traumatic experiences in the last five years; satisfaction with: living environment, leisure activities, family life, financial situation of the household, friendships, health, partnership; happiness.

Foreign languages: self-assessment of English skills (language and reading skills); application of English skills: business, social, movies, music, books, Internet use, overseas travel; advantageousness of improved knowledge of English for work, hobby or personal relationships; preferred time for English lessons at school; English lessons are given before secondary school (junior high school).

Living conditions and politics: housing status and type of house (detached house or housing complex); personal use of ecological products: solar energy, night current, gas-powered hot water heating with domestic power generation (Ecowill), heat exchangers (Ecocute), low-emission vehicle (hybrid cars); years in the dwelling; connection with the place of residence; change in the financial situation in the last few years; comparison of the...

All persons (German and non-German) who resided in private households on the day of the interview and were born before 1 January 1990

Abstract

The study included four separate surveys:

1. The LSMS survey of general population of Serbia in 2002

2. The survey of Family Income Support (MOP in Serbian) recipients in 2002 These two datasets are published together separately from the 2003 datasets.

3. The LSMS survey of general population of Serbia in 2003 (panel survey)

4. The survey of Roma from Roma settlements in 2003 These two datasets are published together.

Objectives

LSMS represents multi-topical study of household living standard and is based on international experience in designing and conducting this type of research. The basic survey was carried out in 2002 on a representative sample of households in Serbia (without Kosovo and Metohija). Its goal was to establish a poverty profile according to the comprehensive data on welfare of households and to identify vulnerable groups. Also its aim was to assess the targeting of safety net programs by collecting detailed information from individuals on participation in specific government social programs. This study was used as the basic document in developing Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) in Serbia which was adopted by the Government of the Republic of Serbia in October 2003.

The survey was repeated in 2003 on a panel sample (the households which participated in 2002 survey were re-interviewed).

Analysis of the take-up and profile of the population in 2003 was the first step towards formulating the system of monitoring in the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). The survey was conducted in accordance with the same methodological principles used in 2002 survey, with necessary changes referring only to the content of certain modules and the reduction in sample size. The aim of the repeated survey was to obtain panel data to enable monitoring of the change in the living standard within a period of one year, thus indicating whether there had been a decrease or increase in poverty in Serbia in the course of 2003. [Note: Panel data are the data obtained on the sample of households which participated in the both surveys. These data made possible tracking of living standard of the same persons in the period of one year.]

Along with these two comprehensive surveys, conducted on national and regional representative samples which were to give a picture of the general population, there were also two surveys with particular emphasis on vulnerable groups. In 2002, it was the survey of living standard of Family Income Support recipients with an aim to validate this state supported program of social welfare. In 2003 the survey of Roma from Roma settlements was conducted. Since all present experiences indicated that this was one of the most vulnerable groups on the territory of Serbia and Montenegro, but with no ample research of poverty of Roma population made, the aim of the survey was to compare poverty of this group with poverty of basic population and to establish which categories of Roma population were at the greatest risk of poverty in 2003. However, it is necessary to stress that the LSMS of the Roma population comprised potentially most imperilled Roma, while the Roma integrated in the main population were not included in this study.

Geographic coverage

The surveys were conducted on the whole territory of Serbia (without Kosovo and Metohija).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample frame for both surveys of general population (LSMS) in 2002 and 2003 consisted of all permanent residents of Serbia, without the population of Kosovo and Metohija, according to definition of permanently resident population contained in UN Recommendations for Population Censuses, which were applied in 2002 Census of Population in the Republic of Serbia. Therefore, permanent residents were all persons living in the territory Serbia longer than one year, with the exception of diplomatic and consular staff.

The sample frame for the survey of Family Income Support recipients included all current recipients of this program on the territory of Serbia based on the official list of recipients given by Ministry of Social affairs.

The definition of the Roma population from Roma settlements was faced with obstacles since precise data on the total number of Roma population in Serbia are not available. According to the last population Census from 2002 there were 108,000 Roma citizens, but the data from the Census are thought to significantly underestimate the total number of the Roma population. However, since no other more precise data were available, this number was taken as the basis for estimate on Roma population from Roma settlements. According to the 2002 Census, settlements with at least 7% of the total population who declared itself as belonging to Roma nationality were selected. A total of 83% or 90,000 self-declared Roma lived in the settlements that were defined in this way and this number was taken as the sample frame for Roma from Roma settlements.

Planned sample: In 2002 the planned size of the sample of general population included 6.500 households. The sample was both nationally and regionally representative (representative on each individual stratum). In 2003 the planned panel sample size was 3.000 households. In order to preserve the representative quality of the sample, we kept every other census block unit of the large sample realized in 2002. This way we kept the identical allocation by strata. In selected census block unit, the same households were interviewed as in the basic survey in 2002. The planned sample of Family Income Support recipients in 2002 and Roma from Roma settlements in 2003 was 500 households for each group.

Sample type: In both national surveys the implemented sample was a two-stage stratified sample. Units of the first stage were enumeration districts, and units of the second stage were the households. In the basic 2002 survey, enumeration districts were selected with probability proportional to number of households, so that the enumeration districts with bigger number of households have a higher probability of selection. In the repeated survey in 2003, first-stage units (census block units) were selected from the basic sample obtained in 2002 by including only even numbered census block units. In practice this meant that every second census block unit from the previous survey was included in the sample. In each selected enumeration district the same households interviewed in the previous round were included and interviewed. On finishing the survey in 2003 the cases were merged both on the level of households and members.

Stratification: Municipalities are stratified into the following six territorial strata: Vojvodina, Belgrade, Western Serbia, Central Serbia (Šumadija and Pomoravlje), Eastern Serbia and South-east Serbia. Primary units of selection are further stratified into enumeration districts which belong to urban type of settlements and enumeration districts which belong to rural type of settlement.

The sample of Family Income Support recipients represented the cases chosen randomly from the official list of recipients provided by Ministry of Social Affairs. The sample of Roma from Roma settlements was, as in the national survey, a two-staged stratified sample, but the units in the first stage were settlements where Roma population was represented in the percentage over 7%, and the units of the second stage were Roma households. Settlements are stratified in three territorial strata: Vojvodina, Beograd and Central Serbia.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

In all surveys the same questionnaire with minimal changes was used. It included different modules, topically separate areas which had an aim of perceiving the living standard of households from different angles. Topic areas were the following: 1. Roster with demography. 2. Housing conditions and durables module with information on the age of durables owned by a household with a special block focused on collecting information on energy billing, payments, and usage. 3. Diary of food expenditures (weekly), including home production, gifts and transfers in kind. 4. Questionnaire of main expenditure-based recall periods sufficient to enable construction of annual consumption at the household level, including home production, gifts and transfers in kind. 5. Agricultural production for all households which cultivate 10+ acres of land or who breed cattle. 6. Participation and social transfers module with detailed breakdown by programs 7. Labour Market module in line with a simplified version of the Labour Force Survey (LFS), with special additional questions to capture various informal sector activities, and providing information on earnings 8. Health with a focus on utilization of services and expenditures (including informal payments) 9. Education module, which incorporated pre-school, compulsory primary education, secondary education and university education. 10. Special income block, focusing on sources of income not covered in other parts (with a focus on remittances).

Response rate

During field work, interviewers kept a precise diary of interviews, recording both successful and unsuccessful visits. Particular attention was paid to reasons why some households were not interviewed. Separate marks were given for households which were not interviewed due to refusal and for cases when a given household could not be found on the territory of the chosen census block.

In 2002 a total of 7,491 households were contacted. Of this number a total of 6,386 households in 621 census rounds were interviewed. Interviewers did not manage to collect the data for 1,106 or 14.8% of selected households. Out of this number 634 households

Social monitoring of trends in attitudes, behavior, and societal change in the Federal Republic of Germany. The main topics in 2010 are: 1.) Importance of job characteristics; 2.) Social inequality and the welfare state; 3.) Social networks and social capital; 4.) Social capital; 5.) The political system and social inequality; 6.) Citizenships and country of origin; 7.) National pride; 8.) Other topics; 9.) ALLBUS-Demography; 10.) Data on the interview; 11.) Leisure time and sports (ISSP); 12.) Religion III (ISSP); 13.) Derived indices. Topics: 1.) Importance of life aspects and job characteristics: preferred job characteristics (security, income, career opportunities, prestige, free time, interesting work, autonomy, responsibility, human contact, charitableness, social utility). 2.) Social inequality and the welfare state: self-assessment of social class and classification on a top bottom scale; fair share in standard of living; evaluation of personal success in life; evaluation of equal educational opportunities for everyone; prerequisites for social success; income differences as incentive to achieve; acceptance of social differences and support of the welfare state; attitudes towards expansion or cuts in social services; perceived strength of conflicts between social groups; social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia). 3.) Social networks and social capital: general trust in fellow men; trust and reciprocity in social relations; membership status of respondent in various clubs and organizations; friends and acquaintances (ego centered networks), including information on: gender, age, kinship or type of relationship, school education, employment, occupational position, occupational group, voting behavior, current citizenship and country of origin, spatial distance between alter and ego, comparative economic situation; quality and quantity of contacts, mutual familiarity between friends or acquaintances. 4.) Political attitudes: political interest; postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions, and influence on governmental decisions); self-placement on left right continuum; 5.) Economy: assessments of the present and future economic situation in Germany; assessment of present and future personal economic situation. 6.) Ethnocentrism and minorities: attitudinal scale and contacts with foreigners within the family, at work, in the neighborhood, or among friends; opinion on dual citizenship and on equal rights for foreigners; pride in being a German. 7.) Attitudes relating to the process of German unification: attitude towards the demand for increased willingness to make sacrifices in the West and more patience in the East; unification is advantageous, for East and West respectively; future of the East depends on the willingness of eastern Germans to make an effort; strangeness of citizens in the other part of Germany; performance pressure in the new states; attitude towards dealing with the Stasi past of individuals; evaluation of socialism as an idea. 8.) Other topics: family as a prerequisite for happiness; marriage in case of steady partnership or if child was born; overall health; physical and psychological shape during the last four weeks; Internet use. 9.) ALLBUS Demography: Details about the respondent: attractiveness of respondent, month and year of birth, age, gender, geographical origin, citizenship(s) (nationality), number of citizenships, original citizenship, school education, vocational training, employment status, details about current and former occupation respectively, affiliation to public service, fixed-term or permanent employment contract, working hours per week (primary and secondary job), supervisory functions, fear of unemployment or loss of business, length of unemployment, status of non-employment, date of termination of full or part time employment, marital status, marital biography, co-habitation with spouse or steady partner, lived with parents when child, age when leaving parental home, respondent´s income, type of dwelling, self-description of place of residence, length of residence, distance to previous place of residence, self-assessment of religiousness, religious denomination, frequency of church attendance, voting intention (Sonntagsfrage), participation in last federal elections, overall life satisfaction, place of residence (federal state, administrative district, size of municipality, BIK type of municipality). Details about respondent´s current spouse: month and year of birth, age, school education, vocational training, employment status, details about current occupation, affiliation to public service, fear of unemployment or loss of business status of non-employment. Details about respondent´s steady partner: month and year of birth, age, school education, vocational training, employment status, details about current occupation, affiliation to public service, fear of unemployment or loss of busines

Abstract

The 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) is the seventh in the series of DHS surveys conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service (MoH/GHS) and other stakeholders, with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other partners.

The primary objective of the 2022 GDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the GDHS collected information on: - Fertility levels and preferences, contraceptive use, antenatal and delivery care, maternal and child health, childhood mortality, childhood immunisation, breastfeeding and young child feeding practices, women’s dietary diversity, violence against women, gender, nutritional status of adults and children, awareness regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, tobacco use, and other indicators relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals - Haemoglobin levels of women and children - Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia (rapid diagnostic testing and thick slides for malaria parasitaemia in the field and microscopy in the lab) among children age 6–59 months - Use of treated mosquito nets - Use of antimalarial drugs for treatment of fever among children under age 5

The information collected through the 2022 GDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in designing and evaluating programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, men aged 15-59, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

To achieve the objectives of the 2022 GDHS, a stratified representative sample of 18,450 households was selected in 618 clusters, which resulted in 15,014 interviewed women age 15–49 and 7,044 interviewed men age 15–59 (in one of every two households selected).

The sampling frame used for the 2022 GDHS is the updated frame prepared by the GSS based on the 2021 Population and Housing Census.1 The sampling procedure used in the 2022 GDHS was stratified two-stage cluster sampling, designed to yield representative results at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the country’s 16 regions for most DHS indicators. In the first stage, 618 target clusters were selected from the sampling frame using a probability proportional to size strategy for urban and rural areas in each region. Then the number of targeted clusters were selected with equal probability systematic random sampling of the clusters selected in the first phase for urban and rural areas. In the second stage, after selection of the clusters, a household listing and map updating operation was carried out in all of the selected clusters to develop a list of households for each cluster. This list served as a sampling frame for selection of the household sample. The GSS organized a 5-day training course on listing procedures for listers and mappers with support from ICF. The listers and mappers were organized into 25 teams consisting of one lister and one mapper per team. The teams spent 2 months completing the listing operation. In addition to listing the households, the listers collected the geographical coordinates of each household using GPS dongles provided by ICF and in accordance with the instructions in the DHS listing manual. The household listing was carried out using tablet computers, with software provided by The DHS Program. A fixed number of 30 households in each cluster were randomly selected from the list for interviews.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face computer-assisted interviews [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2022 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ghana. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

The GSS organized a questionnaire design workshop with support from ICF and obtained input from government and development partners expected to use the resulting data. The DHS Program optional modules on domestic violence, malaria, and social and behavior change communication were incorporated into the Woman’s Questionnaire. ICF provided technical assistance in adapting the modules to the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

DHS staff installed all central office programmes, data structure checks, secondary editing, and field check tables from 17–20 October 2022. Central office training was implemented using the practice data to test the central office system and field check tables. Seven GSS staff members (four male and three female) were trained on the functionality of the central office menu, including accepting clusters from the field, data editing procedures, and producing reports to monitor fieldwork.

From 27 February to 17 March, DHS staff visited the Ghana Statistical Service office in Accra to work with the GSS central office staff on finishing the secondary editing and to clean and finalize all data received from the 618 clusters.

Response rate

A total of 18,540 households were selected for the GDHS sample, of which 18,065 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 17,933 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 15,317 women age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 15,014 women, yielding a response rate of 98%. In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 7,263 men age 15–59 were identified as eligible for individual interviews and 7,044 were successfully interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2022 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2022 GDHS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the GDHS 2022 is an SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
• Age displacement at age 14/15
• Age displacement at age 49/50
• Pregnancy outcomes by years preceding the survey
• Completeness of reporting
• Standardisation exercise results from anthropometry training
• Height and weight data completeness and quality for children
• Height measurements from random subsample of measured children
• Interference in height and weight measurements of children
• Interference in height and weight measurements of women and men
• Heaping in anthropometric measurements for children (digit preference)
• Observation of mosquito nets
• Observation of handwashing facility
• School attendance by single year of age
• Vaccination cards photographed
• Number of

The General Social Survey (GSS) conducts basic scientific research on the structure and development of American society with a data-collection program designed to both monitor societal change within the United States and to compare the United States to other nations. Begun in 1972, the GSS contains a standard 'core' of demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal questions, plus topics of special interest. Many of the core questions have remained unchanged since 1972 to facilitate time-trend studies as well as replication of earlier findings.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Surveys of Public Attitudes monitored the general public's attitudes toward and interest in science and technology. The survey assessed levels of literacy and understanding of scientific and environmental concepts and constructs such as DNA, probability, and experimental methods, how scientific knowledge and information were acquired, attentiveness to public policy issues, and computer access and usage. Since 1979, the survey was administered at regular intervals (occurring every two or three years), producing 12 cross-sectional surveys through 2006. Respondents were asked how they received information concerning science or news (e.g., via newspapers, magazines, or television), what types of television programming they watched, and what kinds of magazines they read. They were also asked if they agreed with statements concerning science and technology and how they affect everyday living. Respondents were further asked a series of true and false questions regarding science-based statements (e.g., the center of the Earth is hot, all radioactivity is manmade, electrons are smaller than atoms, etc.). Additional topics included whether the respondent had a postsecondary degree, field of highest degree, number of science-based college courses taken, major in college, household ownership of a computer, access to the World Wide Web, number of hours spent on a computer at home or at work, and topics searched for via the Internet. Demographic variables include gender, race, age, marital status, number of people in household, level of education, and occupation.

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals.

Since the mid-1980ies ALLBUS also regularly hosts one or two modules of the ISSP (International Social Survey Programme).

The main goal of the first ALLBUS/GGSS survey in 1980 was to develop a baseline of indicators for the purpose of monitoring attitudes, behavior, and societal change in West Germany. Therefore, the survey covers a wide spectrum of topics ranging from politics, government, and the economy to social norms, individual values, and social capital.
1.) Importance of life aspects and job characteristics: family and children, work and occupation, free time and recreation, friends and acquaintances, kinship, religion and church, politics and public life; preferred job characteristics (security, income, responsibility, etc.).

2.) Attitudes towards marriage, family, and partnership: family as prerequisite for happiness; marriage in case of steady partnership; ideal number of children; importance of educational goals.

3.) Attitudes towards and contacts with the administration: detailed determination of contacts with the administration; personal experiences with the administration and assessment of treatment by the administration; attitudes towards privatization of public services, bureaucratization, and the welfare state.

4.) Perception of social conflicts: perceived strength of conflicts or contradictions (split) between social groups.

5.) Attitudes towards and contacts with foreign guest-workers (Gastarbeiter): scale of attitudes towards foreigners; contacts with foreign guest-workers within the family, at work, in the neighborhood, or among friends.

6.) Political attitudes: political interest; postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions, and influence on governmental decisions); attitude towards the death penalty for terrorists; opinion on nuclear power; voting intention (Sonntagsfrage); party-sympathy-scales for the CDU, SPD, CSU, FDP, NPD, DKP, and the Greens (Die Grünen); self-placement on a left-right continuum.

7.) Other topics: friends and acquaintances (ego-centered networks), including information on kinship, occupational position, party preference of and mutual familiarity between friends or acquaintances; attitudes towards abortion; self-assessment of social class; fair share in standard of living; parts of a scale on the influence of social desirability on respondents (SDS), fear of unemployment or loss of own business.

8.) ALLBUS-Demography: Details about the respondent: gender; year of birth, age; place of residence (federal state, size of municipality, Boustedt-type of municipality, administrative region); religious denomination, frequency of church attendance; voting intention (Sonntagsfrage); general education, vocational training, currently at school or university; employment status; details about current occupation: length of employment, affiliation to public service, industrial sector, size of company; length of unemployment; details about former occupation; date of termination of full- or part-time employment; desire for employment; principal source of livelihood; respondent´s income; marital status; marital biography.

Details about respondent´s current spouse: general education, vocational training; employment status; fear of unemployment or loss of business; length of unemployment; date of termination of full- or part-time employment; details about current and former occupation respectively; religious denomination.

Details about respondent´s former spouse: general education, vocational training; details about current and former occupation respectively; religious denomination.

Details about respondent´s parents: general education and occupation of father.

Composition of household: size of household, number of persons older than 17 in household (reduced household size); household income; number of children; type of dwelling.

Details about household members: relation to respondent; gender; year of birth, age; marital status; income; German citizenship.

Details about children not living in the household: age. Year of birth and year of death of deceased children.

Respondent´s current memberships (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB, blue-collar union), Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft (DAG, white-collar union), Deutscher Beamtenbund (DBB, public service union), farmer´s...

All persons (German and non-German) who resided in private households and were born before 1 January 1978

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The General Household Survey (GHS) was a continuous national survey of people living in private households conducted on an annual basis, by the Social Survey Division of the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The main aim of the survey was to collect data on a range of core topics, covering household, family and individual information. This information was used by government departments and other organisations for planning, policy and monitoring purposes, and to present a picture of households, family and people in Great Britain. From 2008, the General Household Survey became a module of the Integrated Household Survey (IHS). In recognition, the survey was renamed the General Lifestyle Survey (GLF). The GLF closed in 2011.

Secure Access GLF
The Secure Access version includes additional, detailed variables not included in either the standard 'End User Licence' (EUL) version (see under GN 33090). Not all variables are available for all years, but extra variables that can typically be found in the Secure Access version but not in the EUL version relate to:

• geography: postcodes (anonymised prior to 2009)
• employment details, including economic status, self-employment, number of employees
• employment and training schemes
• reason for reduction in income
• looking for work
• benefits
• borrowing money and bill arrears
• nationality
• migration, including when arrived in UK and previous country of residence
• ethnicity
• religious identity

Prospective users of the Secure Access version of the GLF will need to fulfil additional requirements, commencing with the completion of an extra application form to demonstrate to the data owners exactly why they need access to the extra, more detailed variables, in order to obtain permission to use that version. Secure Access users must also complete face-to-face training and agree to Secure Access' User Agreement and Breaches Penalties Policy (see 'Access' section below). Therefore, users are encouraged to download and inspect the EUL version of the data prior to ordering the Secure Access version. Further details and links for all GLF studies available from the UK Data Archive can be found via the General Lifestyle Survey series web page.

Geographical references: postcodes
The postcodes available in the Secure Access version of the data prior to 2009 are pseudo-anonymised postcodes. The real postcodes were not available due to the potential risk of identification of the observations. However, these replacement postcodes retain the inherent nested characteristics of real postcodes, and will allow researchers to aggregate observations to other geographic units, e.g. wards, super output areas, etc. In the dataset, the variable of the replacement postcode is 'new_PC'.

History
The GHS started in 1971 and has been carried out continuously since then, except for breaks in 1997-1998 when the survey was reviewed, and in 1999-2000 when the survey was redeveloped. Following the 1997 review, the survey was relaunched from April 2000 with a different design. The relevant development work and the changes made are fully described in the Living in Britain report for the 2000-2001 survey. Following its review, the GHS was changed to comprise two elements: the continuous survey and extra modules, or 'trailers'. The continuous survey remained unchanged from 2000 to 2004, apart from essential adjustments to take account of, for example, changes in benefits and pensions. The GHS retained its modular structure and this allowed a number of different trailers to be included for each of those years, to a plan agreed by sponsoring government departments.

Further changes to the GHS methodology from 2005
From April 1994 to 2005, the GHS was conducted on a financial year basis, with fieldwork spread evenly from April of one year to March the following year. However, in 2005 the survey period reverted to a calendar year and the whole of the annual sample was surveyed in the nine months from April to December 2005. Future surveys will run from January to December each year, hence the title date change to single year from 2005 onwards. Since the 2005 GHS (EUL version held under SN 5640) does not cover the January-March quarter, this affects annual estimates for topics which are subject to seasonal variation. To rectify this, where the questions were the same in 2005 as in 2004-2005, the final quarter of the latter survey was added (weighted in the correct proportion) to the nine months of the 2005 survey. Furthermore, in 2005, the European Union (EU) made a legal obligation (EU-SILC) for member states to collect additional statistics on income and living conditions. In addition to this the EU-SILC data cover poverty and social...

Abstract (en): This survey is part of a continuing series designed to monitor trends in a wide range of social attitudes in Great Britain. The British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) is similar to the General Social Survey carried out by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) in the United States. The BSA questionnaire has two parts, one administered by an interviewer and the other completed by the respondent. The 1993 self-enumerated questionnaire was devoted to a series of questions on a range of social, economic, political, and moral issues. Topics covered (by section) are: (1) government spending, the National Health Service, (2) labor market participation, the workplace, redundancy, employee decision-making, (3) AIDS, the countryside, (4) primary and secondary school education, transportation, the environment, (5) Northern Ireland, the European Community, (6) charitable giving, economic issues and policies (including income and taxation), (7) illegal drugs, social security benefits, child maintenance, (8) sexual relations, (9) housing, (10) religious denomination and attendance, and (11) ethnic origin. Beginning in 1985, an international initiative funded by the Nuffield Foundation, the International Social Survey Program (ISSP), also contributed a module to the BSA. The topic of the ISSP module in this collection was the environment. Additional demographic data included age, education, income, marital status, and religious and political affiliations. All adults aged 18 or over living in private households in Britain whose addresses were included in the electoral registers (excluding the "crofting counties" north of the Caledonian Canal). Multistage stratified random sample consisting of four stages. From 1993 the sample was drawn from the Postcode Address File, whereas in previous years it had been drawn from the electoral register. 2005-07-22 The data and documentation were resupplied by the United Kingdom Data Archive (UKDA). The data are now available as an SPSS portable file and the documentation has been converted to PDF by the UKDA. Funding insitution(s): Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts (Great Britain). Nuffield Foundation (United Kingdom). Economic and Social Research Council (United Kingdom). Department of Employment. Department of Health (United Kingdom). Home Office (United Kingdom). Department of Social Security (United Kingdom). Department of Education. Scottish Office Education Department. Countryside Commission (Great Britain). Charities Aid Foundation (United Kingdom). European Commission. face-to-face interview, computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI), self-enumerated questionnaire (1) In 1999, Social and Community Planning Research (SCPR) became the National Centre for Social Research. (2) Under agreement with the UKDA, the data are disseminated as they were received, without additional processing by ICPSR. This agreement also provides that ICPSR will disseminate the data only for use within its member institutions. Persons from nonmember institutions may request these data directly from the UKDA. (3) The data are provided as an SPSS portable file. (4) The documentation was converted to Portable Document Format (PDF) by the UKDA. The PDF documentation can also be downloaded from the UKDA Web site. (5) The formats for some variables in the SPSS portable file (e.g., REMPLOYE) are not wide enough to accommodate the missing value specifications. For some procedures SPSS will display these missing values as asterisks. Users can widen the formats to display the actual missing value codes. (6) The documentation contains information for two different studies: British Social Attitudes, 1993, and Northern Ireland Social Attitudes, 1993. However, only the British Social Attitudes dataset is provided in this collection. (7) The British Social Attitudes Survey series began in 1983 and was conducted every year since, except in 1988 and 1992 when the core funding from the Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts was devoted to conducting post-election studies of political attitudes and voting behavior in the British Election Study (BES) Survey series. (8) In 1993 a split-sample experiment was carried out whereby a random half of the sample points was allocated to computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and the rest to pencil and paper interviewing (PAPI).

The General Household Survey (GHS) is a continuous national survey of people living in private households conducted on an annual basis, by the Social Survey Division of the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The main aim of the survey is to collect data on a range of core topics, covering household, family and individual information. This information is used by government departments and other organisations for planning, policy and monitoring purposes, and to present a picture of house holds, family and people in Great Britain. From 2008, the General Household Survey became a module of the Integrated Household Survey (IHS). In recognition, the survey was renamed the General Lifestyle Survey (GLF/GLS). The GHS started in 1971 and has been carried out continuously since then, except for breaks in 1997-1998 when the survey was reviewed, and 1999-2000 when the survey was redeveloped. Following the 1997 review, the survey was relaunched from April 2000 with a different design. The relevant development work and the changes made are fully described in the Living in Britain report for the 2000-2001 survey. Following its review, the GHS was changed to comprise two elements: the continuous survey and extra modules, or 'trailers'. The continuous survey remained unchanged from 2000 to 2004, apart from essential adjustments to take account of, for example, changes in benefits and pensions. The GHS retained its modular structure and this allowed a number of different trailers to be included for each of those years, to a plan agreed by sponsoring government departments. Further changes to the GHS methodology from 2005: From April 1994 to 2005, the GHS was conducted on a financial year basis, with fieldwork spread evenly from April of one year to March the following year. However, in 2005 the survey period reverted to a calendar year and the whole of the annual sample was surveyed in the nine months from April to December 2005. Future surveys will run from January to December each year, hence the title date change to single year from 2005 onwards. Since the 2005 GHS (held under SN 5640) does not cover the January-March quarter, this affects annual estimates for topics which are subject to seasonal variation. To rectify this, where the questions were the same in 2005 as in 2004-2005, the final quarter of the latter survey was added (weighted in the correct proportion) to the nine months of the 2005 survey. Furthermore, in 2005, the European Union (EU) made a legal obligation (EU-SILC) for member states to collect additional statistics on income and living conditions. In addition to this the EU-SILC data cover poverty and social exclusion. These statistics are used to help plan and monitor European social policy by comparing poverty indicators and changes over time across the EU. The EU-SILC requirement has been integrated into the GHS, leading to large-scale changes in the 2005 survey questionnaire. The trailers on 'Views of your Local Area' and 'Dental Health' have been removed. Other changes have been made to many of the standard questionnaire sections, details of which may be found in the GHS 2005 documentation. Further changes to the GLF/GHS methodology from 2008 As noted above, the General Household Survey (GHS) was renamed the General Lifestyle Survey (GLF/GLS) in 2008. The sample design of the GLF/GLS is the same as the GHS before, and the questionnaire remains largely the same. The main change is that the GLF now includes the IHS core questions, which are common to all of the separate modules that together comprise the IHS. Some of these core questions are simpl y questions that were previously asked in the same or a similar format on all of the IHS component surveys (including the GLF/GLS). The core questions cover employment, smoking prevalence, general health, ethnicity, citizenship and national identity. These questions are asked by proxy if an interview is not possible with the selected respondent (that is a member of the household can answer on behalf of other respondents in the household). This is a departure from the GHS which did not ask smoking prevalence and general health questions by proxy, whereas the GLF/GLS does from 2008. For details on other changes to the GLF/GLS questionnaire, please see the GLF/GLS 2008: Special Licence Access documentation held with SN 6414. Currently, the UK Data Archive holds only the SL (and not the EUL) version of the GLF/GLS for 2008. Changes to the drinking section There have been a number of revisions to the methodology that is used to produce the alcohol consumption estimates. In 2006, the average number of units assigned to the different drink types and the assumption around the average size of a wine glass was updated, resulting in significantly increased consumption estimates. In addition to the revised method, a new question about wine glass size was included in the survey in 2008. Respondents were asked whether they have consumed small (125 ml), standard (175 ml) or large (250 ml) glasses of wine. The data from this question are used when calculating the number of units of alcohol consumed by the respondent. It is assumed that a small glass contains 1.5 units, a standard glass contains 2 units and a large glass contains 3 units. (In 2006 and 2007 it was assumed that all respondents drank from a standard 175 ml glass containing 2 units.) The datasets contain the original set of variables based on the original methodology, as well as those based on the revised and (for 2008 onwards) updated methodologies. Further details on these changes are provided in the Guidelines documents held in SN 5804 - GHS 2006; and SN 6414 - GLF/GLS 2008: Special Licence Access. Special Licence GHS/GLF/GLS Special Licence (SL) versions of the GHS/GLF/GLS are available from 1998-1999 onwards. The SL versions include all variables held in the standard 'End User Licence' (EUL) version, plus extra variables covering cigarette codes and descriptions, and some birthdate information for respondents and household members. Prospective SL users will need to complete an extra application form and demonstrate to the data owners exactly why they need access to t he extra variables, in order to get permission to use the SL version. Therefore, most users should order the EUL version of the data. In order to help users choose the correct dataset, 'Special Licence Access' has been added to the dataset titles for the SL versions of the data. A list of all GHS/GLF/GLS studies available from the UK Data Archive may be found on the GHS/GLF/GLS major studies web page. See below for details of SL datasets for the corresponding GHS/GLF/GLS year (1998-1999 onwards only). UK Data Archive data holdings and formats The UK Data Archive GHS/GLF/GLS holdings begin with the 1971 study for EUL data, and from 1998-1999 for SL versions (see above). Users should note that data for the 1971 study are currently only available as ASCII files without accompanying SPSS set-up files. SPSS files for the 1972 study were created by John Simister, and redeposited at the Archive in 2000. Currently, the UK Data Archive holds only the SL versions of the GHS/GLF/GLS for 2007 and 2008. Reformatted Data 1973 to 1982 - Surrey SPSS Files SPSS files have been created by the University of Surrey for all study years from 1973 to 1982 inclusive. These early files were restructured and the case changed from the household to the individual with all of the household information duplicated for each individual. The Surrey SPSS files contain all the original variabl es as well as some extra derived variables (a few variables were omitted from the data files for 1973-76). In 1973 only, the section on leisure was not included in the Surrey SPSS files. This has subsequently been made available, however, and is now held in a separate study, General Household Survey, 1973: Leisure Questions (held under SN 3982). Records for the original GHS 1973-1982 ASCII files have been removed from the UK Data Archive catalogue, but the data are still preserved and available upon request. Users should note that GHS/GLF/GLS data are also available in formats other than SPSS.

A second version of this data set with a shortened demography module is available as ALLBUScompact 1992 (ZA No. 3716).

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals.

The main question module of ALLBUS/GGSS 2021 focuses on deviant behavior and sanctions. Another focus of the survey was the replication of questions from a broad range of topics. This included questions on politics and political attitudes, social inequality, gender roles, media use, and health.

In contrast to the previous surveys in the ALLBUS series, ALLBUS 2021 was conducted in a self-administered mixed-mode design (MAIL (postal self-completion) and CAWI (computer-assisted web interview)).
1.) Use of media: Frequency and average total time of watching tv, frequency of watching news programs on public and commercial tv, frequency of reading a daily newspaper per week, frequency of reading books / e-books; internet use: frequency and type of device, frequency of using social media for political information, trustworthiness of different news sources with regard to crime and public safety.

2.) Social Inequality: Self-assessment of social class, fair share in standard of living, assessment of access to education, attitudes towards social inequality and the welfare state.

3.) Ethnocentrism and minorities: Attitude towards the influx of various groups of immigrants, attitudes towards the foreigners living in Germany, contacts with foreigners, antisemitic stereotypes and prejudices, attitudes towards Islam (Islamophobia), perceived risks and chances with respect to refugees.

4.) Family and gender roles: Attitudes towards working fathers and mothers, division of labor regarding house and family work., importance of educational goals.

5.) Values: Work orientations, attitudes towards legalizing abortion, materialism / postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions and influence on governmental decisions).

6.) Political attitudes: Pride in being a German, confidence in public institutions and organizations (public health service, federal constitutional court, federal parliament (Bundestag), city or municipal administration, churches, judiciary, television, newspapers, universities, federal government, the police, political parties, European Commission, European Parliament); identification with own community, the Federal Republic of Germany and the EU, preference for lower taxes or more social spending, stance on extension or reduction in social services, perceived strength of conflicts between social groups, political interest, self-placement on left-right continuum, satisfaction with democracy in Germany, voting intention (Sonntagsfrage).

7.) Deviant behavior and sanctions: Assessment of adequacy of court judgments, development of crime rate, moral assessment of deviant acts, crime-specific desire for sanctions (punitivity), desire to prohibit specific behaviors, attitude towards the death penalty, self-reported deviant behavior (past and future), perceived probability of being caught committing various crimes, own victimisation (theft, any crime), respect of the law (norm), deterring crime through punishment, purpose of punishment, self-control (Grasmick), fear of crime, feeling of safety in living environment.

8.) Health: Self-assessment of overall health, physical and psychological shape during the last four weeks, acceptance of state powers to control epidemics.

9.) Religion: Self-assessment of religiousness, denomination, frequency of church attendance / attending a house of God.

10.) Other topics: Assessment of the present and future economic situation in Germany, assessment of present and future personal economic situation, social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia), interpersonal trust, reciprocity, authoritarianism, overall life satisfaction.

11.) ALLBUS-Demography: Details about the respondent: month and year of birth, age, gender, marital status, citizenship (nationality), number of citizenships, geographical origin, school education, vocational training, employment status, details about current or former occupation, affiliation to public service, working hours per week (primary and secondary job), supervisory functions, fear of unemployment, length of unemployment, status of non-employment, date of termination of full-time employment, current or former membership in a trade union, membership in a political party, respondent´s income.
Place of residence (federal state, size...

This study includes data related to the 2021-2022 European Commission, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Action titled: Valvax: Evaluating the Long-Run Socioeconomic Effects of Childhood Vaccination, project #890475. Records containing replication files and underlying data will be populated as research findings are published.This project studies how the Salk vaccine trial broadly affected public health during the 1950s and 1960s. Involving over 1.8 million child participants, the Salk trial is the largest vaccine trials ever conducted. This trial provided access to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), established vaccination programs in schools, and provided many parents information about the safety and benefits of childhood vaccination.OVERVIEW dataset reference and name The VALVAX project uses already gathered data (reused) from both non-sensitive and sensitive sources. Below I describe the data sets constructed. Non-sensitive data DS1 - County by Year panel of mortality by select causes matched with public information on county characteristics and information on Salk trail participation, 1946 to 1970. DS2 - County by Year panel of newspaper articles referencing specific terms matched with public information on county characteristics and information on Salk trail participation, 1950 to 1970.Sensitive data DS3 - Set of annual survey responses of individuals in NORC General Social Survey Data. Matched with geographic information on Salk trial participation by residence at age 16, 1977-2018. Geographic information used for data linkages is confidential due to contract with data owner, NORC. DS4 - Individual level administrative data of complete count 2000 U.S. Census and SSA NUMIDENT. Geographically linked to Salk trial information. Restricted access. Data used under contract with US Census Bureau and Social Security Administration. origin and expected size of the data generated/collected DS1 - approximately 50mb Underlying data re-used in DS1: Salk Polio Vaccine Trial 1953 - 1957 County level information on vaccine trial. -Francis, T., J. A. Napier, and R. F. Voight (1957). Evaluation of the 1954 Field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine. Final report. Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center, department of epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich. Demographic, Economic, and Social Data 1940-2002 Demographic controls for regressions. - Haines, Michael R., and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-2002. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-05-21. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR02896.v3 U.S. County-Level Natality and Mortality Data 1915-2007 Linking health shocks to survey outcomes. -Bailey, Martha, Clay, Karen, Fishback, Price, Haines, Michael R., Kantor, Shawn, Severnini, Edson, and Wentz, Anna. U.S. County-Level Natality and Mortality Data, 1915-2007. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-05-02. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36603.v2 U.S. Vital Statistics, Cause of Death - Annual VSUS pdfs, Compressed Mortality File, Multiple Cause of Death File. National Center of Health Statistics 1946-1988 Linking health shocks to survey outcomes. -National Center for Health Statistics (1958). Vital statistics of the United States 1946- 1958. U.S. Government Printing Office. -National Center for Health Statistics (1967). Multiple Cause of Death Files: 1959-67. -National Center for Health Statistics (1988). Compressed Mortality File: 1968-88. DS2 - approximately 5mb Underlying data re-used in DS2: Demographic, Economic, and Social Data 1940-2002 Demographic controls for regressions. - Haines, Michael R., and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-2002. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-05-21. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR02896.v3 Salk Polio Vaccine Trial 1953 - 1957 County level information on vaccine trial. -Francis, T., J. A. Napier, and R. F. Voight (1957). Evaluation of the 1954 Field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine. Final report. Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluat

This survey, the third in an annual series begun in 1983, is designed to chart movements in a wide range of social attitudes in Britain. It is similar to the General Social Survey in the United States. This survey contains questions on media, politics, international affairs, economic expectations, work orientation, labor market participation, attitudes towards the countryside, attitudes towards social expenditure, welfare state issues, housing, education, social class, religion, racial prejudice, sexual morality, household composition, education level, tenure, occupation, and income. Also included are data on the role of government, the environment, technology and employment, and nuclear war.