Have you ever wanted to create your own maps, or integrate and visualize spatial datasets to examine changes in trends between locations and over time? Follow along with these training tutorials on QGIS, an open source geographic information system (GIS) and learn key concepts, procedures and skills for performing common GIS tasks – such as creating maps, as well as joining, overlaying and visualizing spatial datasets. These tutorials are geared towards new GIS users. We’ll start with foundational concepts, and build towards more advanced topics throughout – demonstrating how with a few relatively easy steps you can get quite a lot out of GIS. You can then extend these skills to datasets of thematic relevance to you in addressing tasks faced in your day-to-day work.

Through the Department of the Interior-Bureau of Indian Affairs Enterprise License Agreement (DOI-BIA ELA) program, BIA employees and employees of federally-recognized Tribes may access a variety of geographic information systems (GIS) online courses and instructor-led training events throughout the year at no cost to them. These online GIS courses and instructor-led training events are hosted by the Branch of Geospatial Support (BOGS) or offered by BOGS in partnership with other organizations and federal agencies. Online courses are self-paced and available year-round, while instructor-led training events have limited capacity and require registration and attendance on specific dates. This dataset does not any training where the course was not completed by the participant or where training was cancelled or otherwise not able to be completed. Point locations depict BIA Office locations or Tribal Office Headquarters. For completed trainings where a participant location was not provided a point locations may not be available. For more information on the Branch of Geospatial Support Geospatial training program, please visit:https://www.bia.gov/service/geospatial-training.

Through the Department of the Interior-Bureau of Indian Affairs Enterprise License Agreement (DOI-BIA ELA) program, BIA employees and employees of federally-recognized Tribes may access a variety of geographic information systems (GIS) online courses and instructor-led training events throughout the year at no cost to them. These online GIS courses and instructor-led training events are hosted by the Branch of Geospatial Support (BOGS) or offered by BOGS in partnership with other organizations and federal agencies. Online courses are self-paced and available year-round, while instructor-led training events have limited capacity and require registration and attendance on specific dates. This dataset does not any training where the course was not completed by the participant or where training was cancelled or otherwise not able to be completed. Point locations depict BIA Office locations or Tribal Office Headquarters. For completed trainings where a participant _location was not provided a point locations may not be available. For more information on the Branch of Geospatial Support Geospatial training program, please visit:https://www.bia.gov/service/geospatial-training.

The Regional Crime Analysis GIS (RCAGIS) is an Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) MapObjects-based system that was developed by the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Staff, in conjunction with the Baltimore County Police Department and the Regional Crime Analysis System (RCAS) group, to facilitate the analysis of crime on a regional basis. The RCAGIS system was designed specifically to assist in the analysis of crime incident data across jurisdictional boundaries. Features of the system include: (1) three modes, each designed for a specific level of analysis (simple queries, crime analysis, or reports), (2) wizard-driven (guided) incident database queries, (3) graphical tools for the creation, saving, and printing of map layout files, (4) an interface with CrimeStat spatial statistics software developed by Ned Levine and Associates for advanced analysis tools such as hot spot surfaces and ellipses, (5) tools for graphically viewing and analyzing historical crime trends in specific areas, and (6) linkage tools for drawing connections between vehicle theft and recovery locations, incident locations and suspects' homes, and between attributes in any two loaded shapefiles. RCAGIS also supports digital imagery, such as orthophotos and other raster data sources, and geographic source data in multiple projections. RCAGIS can be configured to support multiple incident database backends and varying database schemas using a field mapping utility.

This file provides the raw data of an online survey intended at gathering information regarding remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for conservation in academic education. The aim was to unfold best practices as well as gaps in teaching methods of remote sensing/GIS, and to help inform how these may be adapted and improved. A total of 73 people answered the survey, which was distributed through closed mailing lists of universities and conservation groups.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology allows users to make maps and analyze data. Savvy educators have been using GIS since the early 1990s, but online GIS makes it easy for educators to get started quickly, even just learning on their own, online. Here is a sequenced set of resources and activities with which to begin; they start fast and easy, scaffold ideas and skills, and generally take more time and require more background as one progresses, so items should be experienced in order.

Bolton & Menk, an engineering planning and consulting firm from the Midwestern United States has released a series of illustrated children’s books as a way of helping young people discover several different professions that typically do not get as much attention as other more traditional ones do.Topics of the award winning book series include landscape architecture, civil engineering, water resource engineering, urban planning and now Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The books are available free online in digital format, and easily accessed via a laptop, smart phone or tablet.The book Lindsey the GIS Specialist – A GIS Mapping Story Tyler Danielson, covers some the basics of what geographic information is and the type of work that a GIS Specialist does. It explains what the acronym GIS means, the different types of geospatial data, how we collect data, and what some of the maps a GIS Specialist creates would be used for.Click here to check out the GIS Specialist – A GIS Mapping Story e-book

Populations of many cold-water species are likely to decline this century with global warming, but declines will vary spatially and some populations will persist even under extreme climate change scenarios. Especially cold habitats could provide important refugia from both future environmental change and invasions by non-native species that prefer warmer waters. The Climate Shield website hosts geospatial data and related information that describes specific locations of cold-water refuge streams for native Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) across the American West. Forecasts about the locations of refugia could enable the protection of key watersheds, inform support among multiple stakeholders, and provide a foundation for planning climate-smart conservation networks that improve the odds of preserving native trout populations through the 21st century. The Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership provided a valuable forum that accelerated this work. The Great Northern and North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperatives generously funded the NorWeST project, which serves as the foundation for Climate Shield. The Climate Shield Cutthroat Trout and Bull Trout models were developed from fish surveys conducted at more than 4,500 locations in over 500 streams, as described in the cited peer-reviewed studies and agency reports. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Digital Maps and ArcGIS Shapefiles. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/ClimateShield/maps.html Information is available here to download as easy-to-use digital maps (.pdf files) and ArcGIS shapefiles for all streams within the historical ranges of native trout across the northwestern U.S. The geographic areas match the NorWeST production units because those stream temperature scenarios are integral to Climate Shield.

The historical GIS layers for the Tokugawa Period (circa 1664 and 1820) were developed for presentation at CEAL, Japanese Librarians Meeting, 2004. This paper will briefly outline existing examples of Japan Historical GIS, the methodology used to develop our demonstration GIS, and the means of searching the data online.

Federation University Australia ’s Centre for eCommerce and Communications were engaged by
DIIRD to assist in researching the business case for a GIS application as part of the GippsLink Project, 2010.

The project stakeholders across six LGAs -Bass Coast Shire; Baw Baw Shire; East Gippsland Shire; Latrobe City; South Gippsland Shire, Wellington Shire participated in an online survey to gauge current usage of online GIS systems and to obtain feedback to ascertain priorities. The results of that survey form this dataset which is stored using Lime survey software. 23 responses were obtained.

The establishment of a BES Multi-User Geodatabase (BES-MUG) allows for the storage, management, and distribution of geospatial data associated with the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. At present, BES data is distributed over the internet via the BES website. While having geospatial data available for download is a vast improvement over having the data housed at individual research institutions, it still suffers from some limitations. BES-MUG overcomes these limitations; improving the quality of the geospatial data available to BES researches, thereby leading to more informed decision-making.

   BES-MUG builds on Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcGIS and ArcSDE technology. ESRI was selected because its geospatial software offers robust capabilities. ArcGIS is implemented agency-wide within the USDA and is the predominant geospatial software package used by collaborating institutions.


   Commercially available enterprise database packages (DB2, Oracle, SQL) provide an efficient means to store, manage, and share large datasets. However, standard database capabilities are limited with respect to geographic datasets because they lack the ability to deal with complex spatial relationships. By using ESRI's ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine) in conjunction with database software, geospatial data can be handled much more effectively through the implementation of the Geodatabase model. Through ArcSDE and the Geodatabase model the database's capabilities are expanded, allowing for multiuser editing, intelligent feature types, and the establishment of rules and relationships. ArcSDE also allows users to connect to the database using ArcGIS software without being burdened by the intricacies of the database itself.


   For an example of how BES-MUG will help improve the quality and timeless of BES geospatial data consider a census block group layer that is in need of updating. Rather than the researcher downloading the dataset, editing it, and resubmitting to through ORS, access rules will allow the authorized user to edit the dataset over the network. Established rules will ensure that the attribute and topological integrity is maintained, so that key fields are not left blank and that the block group boundaries stay within tract boundaries. Metadata will automatically be updated showing who edited the dataset and when they did in the event any questions arise.


   Currently, a functioning prototype Multi-User Database has been developed for BES at the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, using Arc SDE and IBM's DB2 Enterprise Database as a back end architecture. This database, which is currently only accessible to those on the UVM campus network, will shortly be migrated to a Linux server where it will be accessible for database connections over the Internet. Passwords can then be handed out to all interested researchers on the project, who will be able to make a database connection through the Geographic Information Systems software interface on their desktop computer. 


   This database will include a very large number of thematic layers. Those layers are currently divided into biophysical, socio-economic and imagery categories. Biophysical includes data on topography, soils, forest cover, habitat areas, hydrology and toxics. Socio-economics includes political and administrative boundaries, transportation and infrastructure networks, property data, census data, household survey data, parks, protected areas, land use/land cover, zoning, public health and historic land use change. Imagery includes a variety of aerial and satellite imagery.


   See the readme: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/readme.txt


   See the file listing: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/diroutput.txt

Welcome to Apiscrapy, your ultimate destination for comprehensive location-based intelligence. As an AI-driven web scraping and automation platform, Apiscrapy excels in converting raw web data into polished, ready-to-use data APIs. With a unique capability to collect Google Address Data, Google Address API, Google Location API, Google Map, and Google Location Data with 100% accuracy, we redefine possibilities in location intelligence.

Key Features:

Unparalleled Data Variety: Apiscrapy offers a diverse range of address-related datasets, including Google Address Data and Google Location Data. Whether you seek B2B address data or detailed insights for various industries, we cover it all.

Integration with Google Address API: Seamlessly integrate our datasets with the powerful Google Address API. This collaboration ensures not just accessibility but a robust combination that amplifies the precision of your location-based insights.

Business Location Precision: Experience a new level of precision in business decision-making with our address data. Apiscrapy delivers accurate and up-to-date business locations, enhancing your strategic planning and expansion efforts.

Tailored B2B Marketing: Customize your B2B marketing strategies with precision using our detailed B2B address data. Target specific geographic areas, refine your approach, and maximize the impact of your marketing efforts.

Use Cases:

Location-Based Services: Companies use Google Address Data to provide location-based services such as navigation, local search, and location-aware advertisements.

Logistics and Transportation: Logistics companies utilize Google Address Data for route optimization, fleet management, and delivery tracking.

E-commerce: Online retailers integrate address autocomplete features powered by Google Address Data to simplify the checkout process and ensure accurate delivery addresses.

Real Estate: Real estate agents and property websites leverage Google Address Data to provide accurate property listings, neighborhood information, and proximity to amenities.

Urban Planning and Development: City planners and developers utilize Google Address Data to analyze population density, traffic patterns, and infrastructure needs for urban planning and development projects.

Market Analysis: Businesses use Google Address Data for market analysis, including identifying target demographics, analyzing competitor locations, and selecting optimal locations for new stores or offices.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS professionals use Google Address Data as a foundational layer for mapping and spatial analysis in fields such as environmental science, public health, and natural resource management.

Government Services: Government agencies utilize Google Address Data for census enumeration, voter registration, tax assessment, and planning public infrastructure projects.

Tourism and Hospitality: Travel agencies, hotels, and tourism websites incorporate Google Address Data to provide location-based recommendations, itinerary planning, and booking services for travelers.

Discover the difference with Apiscrapy – where accuracy meets diversity in address-related datasets, including Google Address Data, Google Address API, Google Location API, and more. Redefine your approach to location intelligence and make data-driven decisions with confidence. Revolutionize your business strategies today!

Literature review dataset

This table lists the surveyed papers concerning the application of spatial analysis, GIS (Geographic Information Systems) as well as general geographic approaches and geostatistics, to the assessment of CoViD-19 dynamics. The period of survey is from January 1^st, 2020 to December 15^th, 2020. The first column lists the reference. The second lists the date of publication (preferably, the date of online publication). The third column lists the Country or the Countries and/or the subnational entities investigated. The fourth column lists the epidemiological data utilized in each paper. The fifth column lists other types of data utilized for the analysis. The sixth column lists the more traditionally statistically-based methods, if utilized. The seventh column lists the geo-statistical, GIS or geographic methods, if utilized. The eight column sums up the findings of each paper. The papers are also classified within seven thematic categories. The full references are available at the end of the table in alphabetical order.

This table was the basis for the realization of a comprehensive geographic literature review. It aims to be a useful tool to ease the "due-diligence" activity of all the researchers interested in the spatial analysis of the pandemic.

The reference to cite the related paper is the following:

Pranzo, A.M.R., Dai Prà, E. & Besana, A. Epidemiological geography at work: An exploratory review about the overall findings of spatial analysis applied to the study of CoViD-19 propagation along the first pandemic year. GeoJournal (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10601-y

To read the manuscript please follow this link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10601-y

PA Geospatial Focus Newsletter Vol. 1 Issue 2 offers insights into upcoming events, exciting developments, and some of the incredible work being done to leverage Geographic Information Systems (GIS) within Pennsylvania.Geospatial Technology enables us to combine Geographic Information Systems (GIS), data science, and geography to analyze, visualize, interpret, and even predict outcomes to some of the most complex questions facing us. We hope you enjoy this quarterly newsletter showing the robust use of Geospatial Technology across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the community who makes it all possible.

Summary data for coverage of legally mandated MPAs in the Coral Triangle countries (June 2013). (DOCX)

This data corresponds to the input parameters used in the paper "Municipal Solid Waste Management with Cost Minimization and Emission Control Objectives: A Case Study of Ankara". Some of these parameters are taken from the literature, some are taken from online sources, some are generated using a GIS tool, and some are the actual values of the municipal solid waste management system in practice in Ankara. The sources of the data are provided in detail in the paper. You can contact the first author regarding detailed results of the case study.

An attempt to collect, format, analyse and disseminate surveyed marine biological data deriving from the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea region is currently under development at the Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR, Greece). The effort has been supported by the MedOBIS project (Mediterranean Ocean Biogeographic Information System) and has been carried out in cooperation with the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki (Greece), the National Institute of Oceanography (Israel) and the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (Ukraine).

    The aim is to develop a taxon-based biogeography database and online data server with a link to survey and provide satellite environmental data. Currently, the primary features of the MedOBIS application are its offline GIS data formatting capabilities and its online Java and JavaScript enabling data server with taxon-based search, mapping and data downloading capabilities. In its completion, the MedOBIS online marine biological data system (http://www.iobis.org/OBISWEB/ObisDynPage1.jsp?content=meta/42.html) will be a single source of biological and environmental data (raw and analysed) as well as an online GIS tool for access of historical and current data by marine researchers. It will function as the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea node of EurOBIS (the European node of the International OBIS initiative, part of the Census of Marine Life).

    INTRODUCTION

    The international and interdisciplinary nature of the biological degradation issue as well as the technological advances of the Internet capabilities allowed the development of a considerable number of interrelated online databases. The free dissemination of valuable historical and current biological, environmental and genetic information has contributed to the establishment of an interdisciplinary platform targeted towards information integration at regional and also at global scales and to the development of information-based management schemes about our common interest.

    The spatial component of these data has led to the integration of the information by means of the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The latter is widely used as the natural framework for spatial data handling (Wright & Bartlett 1999, Valavanis 2002). GIS serves as the basic technological infrastructure for several online marine biodiversity databases available on the Internet today. Developments like OBIS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System, "http://www.iobis.org/"), OBIS-SEAMAP (Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations, "http://seamap.env.duke.edu/") and FIGIS (FAO Fisheries Global Information System, http://www.fao.org/fishery/figis) facilitate the study of anthropogenic impacts on threatened species, enhance our ability to test biogeographic and biodiversity models, support modelling efforts to predict distribution changes in response to environmental change and develop a strong potential for the public outreach component. In addition, such online database systems provide a broader view of marine biodiversity problems and allow the development of management practices that are based on synthetic analysis of interdisciplinary data (Schalk 1998, Decker & O'Dor 2002, Tsontos & Kiefer 2002).

    Towards this end, a development of a new online marine biological information system is presented here in its initial phase. MedOBIS (Mediterranean Ocean Biogeographic Information System) intends to assemble, formulate and disseminate marine biological data for the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea regions focusing on the assurance and longevity of historical surveyed data, the assembly of current and new information and the dissemination of raw and integrated biological and environmental data and future products through the Internet.

    MedOBIS DESCRIPTION

    MedOBIS current development consists of four main phases (Fig. 1). The data assembly phase is based on the free contribution of biological data from various national and international scientific surveys in the region. The data formatting phase is based on a GIS (ESRI, 1994), under which the geographic location of data stations is used to convert station data and their attributes to GIS shapefiles. The data analysis phase is based on data integration through GIS and spatial analyses (e.g. species distribution maps, species-environment relations, etc). Finally, the dissemination phase is based on ALOV Map, a free portable Java application for publication of vector and raster maps to the Internet and interactive viewing on web browsers. It supports navigation and search capabilities and allows working with multiple layers, thematic maps, hyperlinked features and attributed data.

    During the on-going data assembly phase, a total number of 776 stations with surveyed benthic biological data was employed. These data include mainly benthic species abundance (for nearly 3000 benthic organisms), benthic substrate types and several environmental parameters. Currently, 100 stations have been assembled for the Ionian Sea, 570 stations for the Aegean Sea and 106 stations for the Black Sea. The temporal resolution of these data extends for the period 1937-2000 while most data cover the period 1986-1996. Additionally, monthly satellite images of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll (Chl-a) were assembled for the period 1998-2003. Satellite data were obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR SST) and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS Chl-a). 

    During the data formatting phase, all assembled surveyed stations were converted to a GIS shapefile (Fig. 2). This GIS information layer includes the geographic coordinates of the stations as well as stations' identification number. Station data attributes were organised in an MS Access Database while satellite data were embedded in a GIS database as GIS regular grids. The MedOBIS data analysis phase is still at the initial stage. Several off line analytical published efforts (e.g. Arvanitidis et al. 2002, Valavanis et al. 2004a,b,c) will be included in the MedOBIS development, which mainly focus on species distribution maps, mapping of productive oceanic processes and species-environment interactions. 

    The MedOBIS dissemination phase ("http://www.medobis.org/") is based on ALOV Map ("http://www.alov.org/"), a joint project of ALOV Software and the Archaeological Computing Laboratory, University of Sydney, Australia. ALOV Map is a Java-based application for publication of GIS data on the Internet and interactive viewing on web browsers. ALOV Map is designed to display geographical information stored in shapefiles or in any SQL database or even in an XML (Extensible Markup Language) document serving as a database. MedOBIS uses ALOV Map's full capabilities and runs in a client-server mode (Fig. 3). ALOV Map is connected to an MS Access database via a servlet container. This architecture was needed to connect the biological data with the spatial data and facilitate search options, such as, which species are found at which stations. Additionally, a JavaScript code is invoked, which searches the data, pops up a window with the results and then shows the relevant stations on the map.

    To provide a taxon-based search capability to the MedOBIS development, the sampling data as well as the relevant spatial data are stored in the database, so taxonomic data can be linked with the geographical data by SQL (Structured Query Language) queries. To reference each species to its location on the map, the database queries are stored and added to the applet as individual layers. A search function written in JavaScript searches the attribute data of that layer, displays the results in a separate window and marks the matching stations on the map (Fig. 4). Finally, selecting several stations by drawing a zooming rectangle on the map provides a list with predefined themes from which the user may select more information (Fig. 5). 

    CURRENT LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE PLANS

    A disadvantage of embedding information from the database as a layer is the relatively long download time due to the current MedOBIS-ALOV Map client-server architecture. An appropriate solution would be a direct search on the server side, which will allow partial data downloading to the client side. This work will be embedded in the MedOBIS application in the future (client-side architecture), when the size of assembled data becomes relatively 'heavy' for the current client-server architecture. This is an on-going process, since the MedOBIS initiative has been endorsed by the "Excellence of the Institute of Marine Biology of Crete (IMBC) in Marine Biodiversity", a Hellenic National Project that has been evaluated and approved by European experts. As more data will be assembled in time-series databases, an additional future work will include the development of MedOBIS data analysis phase, which is planned to include GIS modelling/mapping of species-environment interactions.

    Size reference: 2953 species; 776 stations

    [Source: The information provided in the summary was extracted from the MarBEF Data System at "http://www.marbef.org/data/eurobisproviders.php"]

USGS developed The National Map Gazetteer as the Federal and national standard (ANSI INCITS 446-2008) for geographic nomenclature based on the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). The National Map Gazetteer contains information about physical and cultural geographic features, geographic areas, and locational entities that are generally recognizable and locatable by name (have achieved some landmark status) and are of interest to any level of government or to the public for any purpose that would lead to the representation of the feature in printed or electronic maps and/or geographic information systems. The dataset includes features of all types in the United States, its associated areas, and Antarctica, current and historical, but not including roads and highways. The dataset holds the federally recognized name of each feature and defines the feature location by state, county, USGS topographic map, and geographic coordinates. Other attributes include names or spellings other than the official name, feature classification, and historical and descriptive information. The dataset assigns a unique, permanent feature identifier, the Feature ID, as a standard Federal key for accessing, integrating, or reconciling feature data from multiple data sets. This dataset is a flat model, establishing no relationships between features, such as hierarchical, spatial, jurisdictional, organizational, administrative, or in any other manner. As an integral part of The National Map, the Gazetteer collects data from a broad program of partnerships with federal, state, and local government agencies and other authorized contributors. The Gazetteer provides data to all levels of government and to the public, as well as to numerous applications through a web query site, web map, feature and XML services, file download services, and customized files upon request. The National Map download client allows free downloads of public domain geographic names data by state in a pipe-delimited text format. For additional information on the GNIS, go to https://www.usgs.gov/tools/geographic-names-information-system-gnis. See https://apps.nationalmap.gov/help/ for assistance with The National Map viewer, download client, services, or metadata. Data Refreshed March, 2025

Viabundus.eu is a freely accessible online street map of late medieval and early modern northern Europe (1350-1650). Originally conceived as the digitisation of Friedrich Bruns and Hugo Weczerka's Hansische Handelsstraßen (1962) atlas of land roads in the Hanseatic area, the Viabundus map moves beyond that. It includes among others: a database with information about settlements, towns, tolls, staple markets and other information relevant for the pre-modern traveller; a route calculator; a calendar of fairs; and additional land routes as well as water ways.

Viabundus is a work in progress. Version 1.1, released on 6 December 2021, contains a rough digitisation of the land routes from Hansische Handelsstraßen, as well as a thoroughly researched road network for the current-day Netherlands, Denmark and the German states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt. The roads in the German states Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Brandenburg, as well as the part of the former Duchy of Pomerania now in Poland, have been corrected for historical accuracy. The inclusion of other regions is currently being planned. Additions to the dataset will be released as new versions in the future.

The project's homepage viabundus.eu contains a web map application to explore the data. To allow for more advanced spatial and historical analyses, the underlying dataset is available for download under the CC-BY-SA license.

The dataset is designed as a network model and therefore consists of two main elements: 1) a relational database of nodes, i.e. geographical places, with historical information about settlements, towns, tolls, staple markets, fairs, bridges, ferries, harbours and shipping locks; 2) a database with edges, i.e. the geospatial representations of the land and water routes that connected these nodes. The entire database is available in CSV format (with geospatial geometry as WKT); the edges and the outlines of towns in the 16th century are also separately available as geojson and GML files. For more information about the structure of the dataset, theoretical considerations and sources, please consult the enclosed documentation file.

PA Geospatial Focus Newsletter Vol. 1 Issue 1 offers insights into upcoming events, exciting developments, and some of the incredible work being done to leverage Geographic Information Systems (GIS) within Pennsylvania.Geospatial Technology enables us to combine Geographic Information Systems (GIS), data science, and geography to analyze, visualize, interpret, and even predict outcomes to some of the most complex questions facing us. We hope you enjoy this quarterly newsletter showing the robust use of Geospatial Technology across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the community who makes it all possible.